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'''Sir Marc Aurel Stein''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society|FRAS]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]]<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |title=Obituary, Sir Aurel Stein, K.C.I.E., F.B.A |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] | date= 19 Februari 1944 |pages=216–217 |volume=153 |doi=10.1038/153216a0 |quote= |last1=Gray |first1=Basil |issue=3877}}</ref> ({{lang-hu|Stein Márk Aurél}}) ({{lahirmati||26|11|1862||26|10|1943}}) adalah seorang [[arkeolog]] Hungaria-Britania Raya yang terkenal dari penjelajahan dan penemuan arkeologinya di Asia Tengah. Ia juga adalah seorang profesor di beberapa universitas di [[India]]. Stein juga seorang etnografer, geografer, linguistikawan, dan surveyor. Koleksi buku-buku dan naskah-naskahnya dari gua-gua [[Dunhuang]] adalah bagian penting dari penelitian sejarah [[Asia Tengah]] serta kesenian dan kesusastraan [[agama Buddha]]. Ia menulis beberapa catatan perjalanan dan penemuannya di antaranya berjudul ''Ancient Khotan'' ("[[Khotan]] Kuno"), ''Serindia'', dan ''Innermost Asia'' ("Asia Terdalam").
== Kehidupan ==
Stein adalah putra dari Nathan Stein dan Anna Hirschler, pasangan Yahudi dari [[Budapest]] di [[Austria-Hungaria|Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria]]. Orang tuanya dan saudara perempuannya masih beragaman Yahudi ketika Stein dan seorang saudara laki-lakinya, Ernst Eduard, dibaptis sebagai penganut [[Gereja Lutheran|Lutheran]]. Hal itu disebut
Stein tidak pernah menikah namun ia memiliki anjing bernama "Dash" (yang totalnya berjumlah tujuh).<ref>[http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news18/idpnews_18.a4d#3 IDP Newsletter Issue No. 18]. Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.</ref><ref>[http://idp.bl.uk/education/dash/index.htm Dash The Dog]. Idp.bl.uk. Diakses pada 2014-06-06.</ref> Stein meninggal di [[Kabul]] pada tanggal 26 Oktober 1943 dan dimakamkan di Pemakaman Britania Kabul.<ref>North, Andrew. (2012-06-09) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18369101 Afghanistan's 'graveyard of foreigners']. Bbc.co.uk. Diakse pada 2014-06-06.</ref>
== Penjelajahan ==
[[
Stein melaksanakan empat ekspedisi besar di [[Asia Tengah]] yaitu pada tahun 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916, dan pada tahun 1930.<ref>''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. 15th Edition. (1977). Vol. IX, p. 547.</ref> Ia menyoroti kembali harta-harta tersembunyi dari peradaban-peradaban besar yang saat itu tidak diketahui dunia. Salah satu temuan terbesarnya pada penjelajahannya yang pertama tahun 1900–1901 adalah Oasis [[Dandan Oilik]] di [[Gurun Taklamakan]] tempat ia menemukan beberapa artefak. Pada penjelajahannya yang ketiga pada tahun 1913–1916, ia melakukan penggalian di [[Khara-Khoto]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite book
[[
[[
Koleksi Stein yang dimiliki [[British Library]] yang mencakup naskah Tiongkok, Tibet,
Ketika Stein mengunjungi [[Khotan]], ia dapat menerjemahkan bagian bahasa Persia dari [[Shahnama]] setelah sempat mendengar Shahnama di Turki.<ref name="Mirsky1998">{{cite book|author=Jeannette Mirsky|title=Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC&pg=PA146&dq=turki+merchants+gifts&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBTgUahUKEwjy8ZWIhLfIAhWFGT4KHdxlC3w#v=onepage&q=turki%20merchants%20gifts&f=false|date=1 October 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53177-9|pages=146–}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1901, Stein berperan dalam mengungkap pemalsuan yang dilakukan oleh [[Islam Akhun]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|title=Foreign Devils on the Silk Road|url=https://archive.org/details/foreigndevilsons0000hopk_p1x3|year=1980|isbn=0-87023-435-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foreigndevilsons0000hopk_p1x3/page/102 102]}}</ref>
Penemuan terbesar Stein ada pada penjelajahannya pada tahun 1907 di [[Gua Mogao]] yang juga dikenal sebagai
Ketika ia beristirahat dalam perjalanannya di Asia Tengah, ia biasanya tinggal di dalam tenda di sebuah padang
Penjelajahannya yang keempat di Asia Tengah tidak begitu membuahkan hasil. Stein tidak menulis catatan resmi apapun, namun penulis lain menyebutkan adanya perseteruan antara kepentingan Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat di Tiongkok, lebih spesifiknya antara Museum Fogg Harvard dan British Museum serta antara [[Paul J. Sachs]] dan [[Langdon Warner]], dua orang Harvard yang mensponsori ekspedisi.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brysac, Shareen Blair |url=http://archive.archaeology.org/9711/abstracts/stein.html |title=Last of the "Foreign Devils"|journal=Archaeology|volume =50 |issue=6|date=November–Desember 1997}}</ref>
=== "Permainan Besar" ===
{{main|Permainan Besar}}
Stein,
== Karya ==
* 1896. "Notes on the Ancient Topography of the Pīr Pantsāl Route." ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. LXIV,
* 1896. ''Notes on Ou-k'ong's account of Kaçmir.'' Wien
* 1898. ''Detailed Report on an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force'', Lahore, Punjab Government Press.
* 1900. ''{{IAST |Kalhaṇa's [[Rajatarangini|Rājataraṅgiṇī]]}} – A Chronicle of the Kings of {{IAST |Kaśmīr}}'', 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1904
* 1905. ''Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan'', Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Frontier Province.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1907. ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan'', 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.]<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp">[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en M. A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books<!-- bot-generated title -->] at dsr.nii.ac.jp</ref> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/ Ancient Khotan
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHRCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1912. ''Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China'', 2 vols. London, Macmillan & Co.] Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990. [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-8/V-1/ Ruins of Desert Cathay
* 1918. "Routes from the Panjab to Turkestan and China Recorded by William Finch (1611)." ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 51, No. 3 (Mar., 1918), pp. 172–175.
* 1921a. ''Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China'', 5 vols. London & Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp" /> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-1/ Serindia
* ''The Thousand Buddhas
* 1921b “A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747.” ''Indian Antiquary'' 1923.<ref>http://www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/TR-ENG/aurel.htm{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [https://archive.org/details/1923MemoirOnMapsOfChineseTurkistanBySteinS 1923 Memoir On Maps Of Chinese Turkistan]
* 1923 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-11/V-1/ Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu
* 1928. ''Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran'', 5 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp" /> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-1/ Innermost Asia
* 1929. ''On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier of India''. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.
* 1932 ''On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China''. Reprinted with Introduction by [[Jeannette Mirsky]]. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.
* 1933 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/ On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks
* 1937 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/XIII-6-A-4/V-1/ Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and South-Eastern Īrān
* 1940 ''Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Journey Carried out and Recorded'', MacMillan and co., limited. St. Martin's Street, London.
* 1944. "Archaeological Notes from the Hindukush Region". [[Royal Asiatic Society|''J.R.A.S.'']], pp. 1–24 + fold-out.
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Daftar rinci karya-karya Stein dapat dilihat di ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK'',<ref name="Wang" /> pp. 49–61.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Sándor Kőrösi Csoma]]
* [[Ármin Vámbéry]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
=== Bacaan lebih lanjut ===
* Baumer, Christoph. 2000. ''Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin''. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
* Brysac, Shareen. "Sir Aurel Stein’s Fourth ‘American’ Expedition."
* Falconer, John et al. 2002. ''Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences''. Budapest, LHAS and British Museum. ISBN 963-7451-11-0.
* Falconer, John et al. 2007. "Supplement to the Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS. ISBN 978-963-508-545-3.
* Hansen, Valerie. 2012. ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press
* [[Peter Hopkirk|Hopkirk, Peter]]. 1980. ''Foreign Devils On The Silk Road''. John Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, [[University of Massachusetts Press]] 1984. ISBN 0-87023-435-8.
* {{cite book |last1 = Meyer |first1 = Karl E. |last2 = Brysac |first2 = Shareen Blair |title = Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia |
* {{citation | last = Mirsky |first = Jeannette |year = 1977 |title = Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location = Chicago | publisher =University of Chicago Press| others = Paperback edition, 1998 | ref = harv}}
* Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Conrad, ''Journeys on the Silk Road: a desert explorer, Buddha’s secret library, and the unearthing of the world’s oldest printed book'', Picador Australia, 2011, ISBN
* Pandita, S.N., ''Aurel Stein in Kashmir: Sanskrit of Mohand Marg''. Om Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-
* [[Annabel Walker|Walker, Annabel]]. 1999. ''Aurel Stein: Pioneer of the Silk Road''. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97730-2.
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 1999. ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK''. British Museum Occasional Paper 129. ISBN 0-86159-129-1, [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2008/handbook_stein_collection.aspx fully available online].
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2002. ''Sir Aurel Stein in The Times''. London, Saffron Books. ISBN 1-872843-29-8.
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2004. ''Sir Aurel Stein. Proceedings of the British Museum Study Day, 2002''. British Museum Occasional Paper 142. ISBN 0-86159-142-9.[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_publications/online_research_publications/sir_aurel_stein.aspx]
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2012. ''Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections'', British Museum Research Publication 184, ISBN 978-
* Wang, Helen and Perkins, John (eds). 2008. ''Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK''. British Museum Research Publication 129 (edisi pembaruan dari ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK'', 1999). ISBN 978-
* Wang Jiqing, Photographs in the British Library of Documents and Manuscripts from Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth Central Asian Expedition.<ref>http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1998articles/pdf/article3.pdf</ref>
* Whitfield, Susan. 2004. ''Aurel Stein On The Silk Road''. Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-11-3; also: The British Museum Press, London. ISBN 0-7141-2416-8.
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Aurél Stein|Aurel Stein}}
* [http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/departments-central-asian-antiquity.asp?lk=dp5 Central Asian Antiquities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415175751/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/departments-central-asian-antiquity.asp?lk=dp5 |date=2015-04-15 }} di Museum Nasional India, New Delhi.
* [http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/ Aurel Stein in Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719093833/http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/ |date=2009-07-19 }}, Kashmir Bhawan Center, Luton, Britania Raya.
* [http://idp.bl.uk/ The International Dunhuang Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084858/http://idp.bl.uk/ |date=2011-07-20 }} dari [[International Dunhuang Project|usaha]] untuk mengkonservasi, mencatat, dan mendigitasi artefak yang ditemukan di gua di Dunhuang.
* [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/language/en.html.en Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books]. Versi digital dari buku-buku Marc Aurel Stein.
* [http://dunhuang.mtak.hu/index-en.html Aurel Stein and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas.] Pameran arsip foto Stein di Perpustakaan Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Hungaria, 2007.
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* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Stein, Mark Aurel|year=1920 |short=x}}
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/stein-marc-aurel Aurel Stein] di ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''
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