Delapan pengkhianat: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 1:
[[FileBerkas:The Traitorous Eight.jpg|rightka|thumbjmpl|400px|Kiri ke kanan: [[Gordon Moore]], [[Sheldon Roberts|C. Sheldon Roberts]], [[Eugene Kleiner]], [[Robert Noyce]], [[Victor Grinich]], [[Julius Blank]], [[Jean Hoerni]], dan [[Jay Last]]. (1960)]]
 
'''Delapan pengkhianat''' adalah delapan orang yang mengundurkan diri dari [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] pada tahun 1957. Tahun 1956, [[William Shockley]] merekrut beberapa sarjana PhD muda untuk mengembangkan dan memproduksi perangkat semikonduktor baru. Meski Shockley dianugerahi [[Hadiah Nobel]] Fisika dan merupakan peneliti dan guru berpengalaman, ia tidak mampu menangani karyawannya dan memicu kondisi kerja yang terlampau keras.<ref group=note name=NESP/> Ia memilih strategi desain sirkuit yang gagal dan menciptakan suasana kerja yang tak tertahankan.<ref group=note name=PARA/> Para sarjana PhD ini meminta agar Shockley diganti dengan orang lain. Karena permintaan mereka tidak dituruti, mereka memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri.
Baris 6:
 
== Sejarah ==
[[FileBerkas:William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|thumbjmpl|200px|Shockley tahun 1975]]
 
Pada musim dingin 1954–1955, William Shockley, penemu transistor dan dosen tamu di [[universitas Stanford]], memutuskan untuk memproduksi transistor canggih dan [[dioda Shockley]] secara massal.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=67}} [[Raytheon]] menjadi sponsornya, namun Raytheon membatalkan proyek tersebut setelah satu bulan berjalan.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=69}} Pada bulan Agustus 1955, Shockley meminta saran kepada [[Arnold Beckman]], pemilik [[Beckman Instruments]].{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=67}}{{sfn|Shurkin|2008|pp=164–165}} Shockley butuh satu juta dolar.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=69}} Beckman tahu bahwa Shockley tidak mampu bertahan dalam bisnis ini, tetapi percaya bahwa temuan Shockley bermanfaat bagi perusahaannya dan enggan memberikannya kepada para pesaingnya.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|pp=68, 86: For example, the field-effect transistor with a p-n junction proposed by Shockley ideally suited for DC modulators was produced by Beckman Instruments.}} Beckman setuju untuk mendirikan dan mendanai laboratorium dengan syarat semua temuannya harus diproduksi massal dalam kurun dua tahun.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=68}}
Baris 48:
Anggota "Delapan Pengkhianat" berusia antara 26 (Last) dan 33 (Kleiner); enam di antaranya memegang gelar PhD.{{sfn|Brock|2010|p=9}} Hoerni adalah ilmuwan berpengalaman dan manajer berbakat. Menurut [[Bo Lojek]], Hoerni sama inteleknya seperti Shockley.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=125}}{{sfn|Lécuyer|2006|p=276}} Hanya Noyce yang terlibat dalam penelitian semikonduktor,{{sfn|Lécuyer|2000|p=160}} dan hanya Grinich yang berpengalaman di bidang elektronika.{{sfn|Brock|2010|p=56}}
 
== Warisan ==
{{see also|Silicon Valley}}
 
[[FileBerkas:IC Plaque.jpg|rightka|thumbjmpl|250px|Plakat bersejarah di gedung Fairchild, tempat para "delapan pengkhianat" mendirikan toko dan menemukan sirkuit terpadu komersial pertama]]
 
Pada tahun 1960–1965, Fairchild merupakan pemimpin pasar semikonduktor, baik dari segi teknologi maupun penjualan.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|pp=157–159}} Pada awal 1965, tanda-tanda permasalahan manajemen mulai bermunculan.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=158}} Bulan November 1965, pencipta amplifier operasional terpadu [[Bob Widlar]] dan David Talbert pindah ke [[National Semiconductor]].{{sfn|Lojek|2007|pp=282–283}} Bulan Februari 1967, jejak mereka diikuti oleh lima manajer tingkat atas yang tidak sepakat dengan Noyce.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=159}} Noyce mengajukan tuntutan bersama para pemegang saham dan mengundurkan diri dari manajemen operasional.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=158}} Pada Juli 1967, perusahaan merugi dan status penguasa pasar semikonduktor pun beralih ke Texas Instruments.{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=159}}
Baris 57:
Bulan Maret 1968, Moore dan Noyce memutuskan keluar dari Fairchild dan kembali lagi ke Arthur Rock. Pada musim panas 1968, mereka mendirikan [[N-M Electronics]].{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=162}} Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Hoerni, dan Roberts melupakan perselisihan mereka dan saling urun dana untuk membantu perusahaan Moore dan Noyce.{{sfn|Shurkin|2008|p=184}} Setahun kemudian, N-M Electronics membeli hak merek dagang dari jaringan hotel Intelco dan berubah nama menjadi [[Intel]]. Moore menduduki jabatan senior di Intel sampai 1997, lalu diangkat sebagai Ketua Emeritus Intel Corporation. Noyce keluar dari Intel tahun 1987 untuk memimpin konsorsium nirlaba [[Sematech]]. Noyce meninggal dunia tahun 1990 dan menjadi orang pertama yang meninggal dalam komplotan ini.
 
Grinich keluar dari Fairchild tahun 1968 untuk istirahat sejenak,{{sfn|Lojek|2007|p=161}} lalu mengajar di [[UC Berkeley]] dan [[Stanford]]. Ia menerbitkan buku teks lengkap pertama mengenai sirkuit terpadu.<ref>{{cite book |title = Introduction to integrated circuits|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin0000grin|authors = Victor H. Grinich, Horace G. Jackson |publisher = McGraw-Hill |year = 1975 |isbn = 0-07-024875-3}}</ref> Ia kemudian mendirikan dan memimpin beberapa perusahaan yang mengembangkan penanda [[Identifikasi frekuensi radio|RFID]] kelas industri.<ref name=G1/>
 
Blank merupakan orang terakhir dari Delapan Pengkhianat yang meninggalkan Fairchild; ia keluar tahun 1969. Ia mendirikan badan keuangan [[Xicor]] yang bergerak di bidang perusahaan rintisan inovatif. Pada tahun 2004, ia menjual Xicor dengan nilai $529 juta.<ref name=B1/>
Baris 67:
Tahun 1972, Kleiner dan Tom Perkins dari [[Hewlett-Packard]] mendirikan badan modal usaha Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers yang kelak terlibat dalam pendirian dan/atau penanaman modal Amazon.com, Compaq, Genentech, Intuit, Lotus, Macromedia, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Symantec, dan puluhan perusahaan lainnya. Kleiner kemudian menulis bahwa tujuannya adalah menyebarkan pendanaan usaha secara geografis.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=106}}
 
== Penghargaan ==
Pada Mei 2011, [[California Historical Society]] menganugerahkan "Legends of California Award" kepada para Delapan Pengkhianat. Blank, Last, Moore, dan putra Roberts, Dave, menghadiri upacara penganugerahannya di San Francisco.<ref name=r12/><ref name=MW01/>
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[PayPal Mafia]]
 
== Catatan ==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
<ref group=note name=NESP>Berlin, pp. 86–87; Coller, p. 174; Elkus, 2008, p. 91: "Shockley's paranoid, micromanaging personality ... kept his company from producing any viable commercial product"; Lojek, 2007, p. 77; Plotz, 2010, p. 90: "A disastrously bad businessman and a worse manager"; Thackray, 2000, p. 246; Shurkin, pp. 173–174: "In truth, he had no idea how to manage ... One physicist swore that Shockley could actually see electrons [but] He had trouble seeing people". <br>Shockley's managing abilities were even mentioned in his Stanford University obituary: {{cite web
| url = http://histsoc.stanford.edu/pdfmem/ShockleyW.pdf
| author = Linvill, J.
| publisher = Stanford University
| year = 1989
| title = Memorial Resolution: William Shockley (1910–1989)
|quote = In retrospect, it is clear that the kind of intellectual leadership Bill Shockley so brilliantly exercised at the Bell Laboratories did not directly translate into business management success
| accessdate = 2012-03-07
|display-authors = etal}}</ref>
|archive-date = 2011-10-20
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020124203/http://histsoc.stanford.edu/pdfmem/ShockleyW.pdf
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref group=note name=PARA>Shurkin, 2008, pp. 231–235; Berlin 2005, p. 87; Coller, 2009, p. 174; Elkus, 2008, p. 91; Manners, 1995, p. 36; Plotz 2005, p. 90; Robinson 2010; Thackray, 2000, p. 245; etc.</ref>
}}
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name=BW>{{cite web
|url = http://www.businessweek.com/pdfs/fairkid.pdf
|title = Fairchild's Offspring
|date = 1997-12-25
|publisher = BusinessWeek
|accessdate = 2012-02-28
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=B1>{{cite web
|author = Vitello, P.
|title = Julius Blank, Who Built First Chip Maker, Dies at 86
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/technology/julius-blank-who-built-first-chip-maker-dies-at-86.html
|work = The New York Times
|date = 2011-09-23
|page = A33
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=G1>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/11/business/victor-grinich-75-co-founder-of-upstart-electronics-company.html
|title = Victor Grinich, 75, Co-Founder Of Upstart Electronics Company
|author = Chris Gaither
|date = 2011-11-12
|publisher = The New York Times
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=G2>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/02/05/MN24669.DTL
|title = Jean A. Hoerni
|date = 1997-02-05
|publisher = San Francisco Chronicle
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r1>{{cite journal
|author = Hoerni, Jean.
|title = Diffraction of Electrons in Graphite
|journal = Nature
|year = 1949
|volume = 164
|pages = 1045–1046
|doi = 10.1038/1641045a0
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r2>{{cite journal
|author = Hoerni, Jean A.; Ibers, James A.
|title = Complex Amplitudes for Electron Scattering by Atoms
|url = http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4426591
|journal = Physical Review
|year = 1953
|volume = 91
|number = 5
|pages = 1182–1185
|doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.91.1182
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r3>{{cite web
|url = http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/silicongenesis/moore-ntb.html
|title = Interview with Gordon Moore. March 3, 1995, Los Altos Hills, California
|author = Walker, R.
|date = 1995-03-05
|work = Silicon Genesis: An Oral History of Semiconductor Technology
|publisher = Stanford University
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r4>{{cite web
|url = http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/silicongenesis/moore-ntb.html
|title = Interview with Gordon Moore. March 3, 1995, Los Altos Hills, California
|author = Walker, R.
|date = 1995-03-05
|work = Silicon Genesis: An Oral History of Semiconductor Technology
|publisher = Stanford University
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
|quote=Anyhow, by accident, the people from Hayden Stone were introduced to Sherman Fairchild
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r5>{{cite web
|url = http://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/david-manners-semiconductor-blog/2009/02/how-switzerland-lost-out-to-ja.html
|title = How Switzerland Lost Out To Japan In Watch Chips
|author = Manners, David
|date = 2009-02-27
|publisher = Electronics Weekly
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r6>{{cite journal|author=Berlin, Leslie R. |title=Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, 1957–1968|doi=10.2307/3116557|journal=Business History Review|volume=75|issue= 1|year=2001|pages= 63–101}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r7>Berlin, Leslie R. (2001) [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/enterprise_and_society/v004/4.4berlin.html "Entrepreneurship and the Rise of Silicon Valley: The Career of Robert Noyce, 1956–1990,"] Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.</ref>
 
<ref name=r8>Wolfe, Tom [http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html "The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227111808/http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html |date=2009-02-27 }} ''Esquire Magazine,'' December 1983, pp. 346–374</ref>
<ref name=r9>[[Henry Norr|Norr, Henry]] (1999-12-27). [http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/GROWTH-OF-A-SILICON-EMPIRE-Bay-Area-s-fertile-2888303.php "Growth of a Silicon Empire,"] ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' p. D1</ref>
<ref name=r10>Pollack, Andrew (1988-04-16). [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/16/business/fathers-of-silicon-valley-reunited.html "Fathers of Silicon Valley Reunited,"] ''New York Times,'' p. 41.</ref>
<ref name=r11>{{cite book |title=In the Company of Owners: The Truth About Stock Options (And Why Every Employee Should Have Them)|author=Blasi, Joseph; Kruse, Douglas and Bernstein, Aaron |pages=6–7 |publisher=Basic Books |year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tiZDKlanrFQC&pg=PA7}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name=r12>[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20110513063943/http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/cal/callegends2011.html "Legends of California"], California Historical Society 2011 announcement. Retrieved 2011-05-18.</ref>
 
<ref name=MW01>Poletti, Therese (2011-05-10). [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/traitorous-eight-feted-as-california-icons-2011-05-10?link=MW_story_investinginsight "'Traitorous Eight' feted as California icons"], ''[[MarketWatch]]''.</ref>
 
<ref name=SL>{{cite web
|url = http://www.semi.org/en/About/P042813
|title = Oral History Interview: Jay T. Last, interviewed by Craig Addison, SEMI (September 15, 2007)
|author = Addison, Craig
|date = 2007-09-15
|publisher = SEMI
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
|archive-date = 2012-06-06
}}
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/68CuY7vIt?url=http://www.semi.org/en/About/P042813
</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
<ref name=SR>{{cite web
|url = http://rpi.edu/president/bot/roberts.html
|title = Board of Trustees – C. Sheldon Roberts '48
|date = 2011-04-10
|work = Board of Trustees
|publisher = Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
|accessdate = 2012-02-29
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=r6/>{{cite web
|url = http://hdl.huntington.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16003coll4
|title = Jay T. Last Collection of Lithographic and Social History
|author = Huntington Digital Library
|publisher = Huntington Digital Library
|accessdate = 2012-02-28
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=H1>{{cite web
|url = http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni
|title = Jean A. Hoerni, 1972 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient
|year = 1972
|publisher = IEEE Computer Society
|accessdate = 2012-02-28
|archive-date = 2012-06-06
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/68CuSW3ka?url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=SFG>
{{cite web
|author = Berlin, L.
|title = Tracing Silicon Valley's roots
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/09/30/BULBSDUFM.DTL
|series = San Francisco Chronicle
|date = 2007-09-30
}}</ref>
 
}}
 
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last = Berlin|first= L
|title = The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8LA3WWaXj38C
|place = New York
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|year = 2005
|pages = 85–89
|isbn = 9780199839773
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Brock|first= D
|title = Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC
|editor = Lécuyer, C.
|publisher = MIT Press
|year = 2010
|isbn = 9780262014243
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Castilla|first= E
|chapter = Social Networks in Silicon Valley
|title = The Silicon Valley edge: a habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=eK52augjU98C
|editor = Chong-Moon Lee
|series = Stanford Business Books
|publisher = Stanford University Press
|year = 2000
|isbn = 9780804740630
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Coller|first= J|coauthor=Chamberlain, C.
|title = The lives, loves and deaths of splendidly unreasonable inventors
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=dT9WIpsloUMC
|series = Infinite Ideas Series
|place = Oxford, UK
|publisher = Infinite Ideas
|year = 2009
|pages = 173–177
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781906821258
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Elkus|first= R. J.
|title = Winner take all: how competitiveness shapes the fate of nations
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=AqZQrTtNbFEC
|place = New York
|publisher = Basic Books
|year = 2008
|pages = 91–92
|isbn = 9780465003150
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Holbrook|first= D
|chapter = The Nature, Sources and Consequences of Firm Differences in the Early History of Semiconductor Industry
|title = The SMS Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Capabilities: Emergence, Development, and Change
|url = https://archive.org/details/smsblackwellhand0000unse|series = Strategic Management Society Book Series
|publisher = John Wiley & Sons
|year = 2003
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/smsblackwellhand0000unse/page/43 43]–75
|pages = 43–75
|isbn = 9781405103046
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Lécuyer|first=C
|title = Making Silicon Valley: innovation and the growth of high tech, 1930–1970
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5TgKinNy5p8C
|publisher = MIT Press
|year = 2006
|isbn = 9780262122818
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Lojek|first =B
|title = History of semiconductor engineering
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2cu1Oh_COv8C
|publisher = Springer
|year = 2007
|pages = 178–187
|isbn = 9783540342571
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Manners|first= D|coauthor= Makimoto, T.
|title = Living with the chip
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Vei8IyFxSpIC
|publisher = Springer
|year = 1995
|isbn = 9780412616907
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last= Plotz|first= D |title = The genius factory: the curious history of the Nobel Prize sperm bank
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=k-QkAAAAYAAJ
|place = Oxford, UK
|publisher = Random House
|year = 2005
|page = 90
|isbn = 9781400061242
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|author = Robinson, A
|title = Sudden Genius?
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=k0ffIUIc5U0C
|place = Oxford, UK
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2010
|isbn = 9780191624926
}}
* {{cite book
|last= Shurkin|first =J|title = Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=cRb_qzEwWWAC
|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
|series = International series on advances in solid state electronics and technology
|year = 2008
|isbn = 9780230551923
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Thackray|first1= A|last2=Myers|first2= M
|title = Arnold O. Beckman: one hundred years of excellence
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=edtL_hIi8M0C
|series = Chemical Heritage Foundation series in innovation and entrepreneurship
|publisher = Chemical Heritage Foundation
|year = 2000
|volume = 3
|pages = 238–250
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780941901239
}}
{{refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9905/19/1958.idg/index.html 1999 Computerworld interview with Eugene Kleiner, Julius Blank and Jay Last]
* [http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/eight/index.html Transistorized! (PBS)]
 
[[CategoryKategori:Pendirian tahun 1957 di Amerika Serikat]]
[[CategoryKategori:Sejarah perangkat keras komputasi]]
[[CategoryKategori:Artikel tentang beberapa tokoh]]