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Baris 6:
Di lain pihak, satu teks asli yang diteorikan ada oleh seorang ilmuwan disebut [[urteks (kajian Alkitab)|urteks]] (dalam konteks [[pendalaman Alkitab]]), [[purwarupa]], maupun autograf. Meskipun demikian, bukan berarti harus ada satu teks asli untuk setiap kelompok teks. Sebagai contoh, jika sebuah cerita disebarluaskan melalui [[tradisi lisan]] dan baru kemudian hari dituangkan ke dalam bentuk tulisan oleh berbagai pihak di berbagai tempat, maka akan ada lebih dari satu teks asli yang mungkin saja sangat berlainan satu sama lain.
 
Ada banyak pendekatan atau metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan kritik teks, teristimewa [[#Eklektisisme|eklektisisme]], [[#Stematika|stematika]], dan [[#Sunting teks-dasar|sunting teks-dasar]]. Teknik-teknik kuantitatif juga digunakan untuk menentukan keterkaitan di antara saksi-saksi keberadaan sebuah teks, dalam hal ini metode-metode ilmu biologi evolusioner ([[filogenetika]]) tampaknya efektif diterapkan pada serentang tradisi.<ref>TY  - JOUR
 
AU  - Howe, Christopher
 
AU  - Connolly, Ruth
 
AU  - Windram, Heather
 
PY  - 2012/12/01
 
SP  - 51
 
EP  - 67
 
T1  - Responding to Criticisms of Phylogenetic Methods in Stemmatology
 
VL  - 52
 
DO  - 10.2307/41349051
 
JO  - Sel Studies in English Literature 1500-1900
 
ER  -</ref>
 
Sejumlah bidang, misalnya bidang penyuntingan teks keagamaan dan klasik, mengenal istilah "kritik rendah" yang dimaknai sebagai kritik teks, dan istilah "[[kritik tinggi]]" yang dimaknai sebagai usaha untuk memastikan jati diri penulis, waktu penulisan, dan tempat penulisan [[teks (teori sastra)|teks]] asli.
Baris 166:
Kritik teks Amerika-Inggris pada separuh akhir abad ke-20 didominasi sebuah esai penting berjudul ''"The Rationale of Copy-Text"'', yang ditulis [[Walter Wilson Greg|Sir Walter W. Greg]] pada tahun 1950. Greg mengemukakan bahwa:
 
{{quotation|Kita perlu membedakan bacaan-bacaan teks yang signifikan, atau yang saya sebut "substantif", yakni unsur-unsur yang memengaruhi maksud atau inti ungkapan penulis, dari unsur-unsur lain, yang pada umumnya berupa ejaan, tanda baca, pemisahan kata, dan sejenisnya, yang lebih memengaruhi penyajian formal teks tersebut, yakni unsur-unsur yang dapat dianggap sebagai kekhilafan-kekhilafan tak disengaja, atau yang saya sebut "kecelakaanaksidental".<ref>Greg 1950, hlm. 21</ref>}}
 
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatannya, Greg mengemukakan bahwa para penyusun huruf di bengkel-bengkel cetak cenderung setia mengikuti bacaan-bacaan "substantif" dari salinan yang mereka hasilkan, kecuali bilamana mereka melakukan penyimpangan tanpa sengaja; tetapi lantaran "cuma kecelakaanaksidental, normalnya mereka akan kembali kepada kebiasaan-biasaan atau kecenderungan mereka sendiri, kendati mereka mungkin saja, untuk berbagai alasan dan sampai berbagai taraf, dipengaruhi salinan yang mereka hasilkan."<ref>Greg 1950, hlm. 22</ref>
 
Ia menyimpulkan bahwa:
 
{{quotation|Menurut hemat saya, teori yang sesungguhnya adalah, bahwasanya teks-dasar harus dijadikan patokan (secara umum) dalam soal kecelakaanbacaan-kecelakaanbacaan aksidental, tetapi pilihan dari antara bacaan-bacaan substantif termasuk di dalam teori umum kritik teks dan secara keseluruhan berada di luar dari asas sempit teks-dasar. Dengan demikian mungkin saja terjadi di dalam sebuah edisi kritis bahwasanya teks yang secara tepat dipilih sebagai dasar sama sekali bukanlah teks yang menyajikan bacaan-bacaan tersubstantif dalam kasus-kasus variasi. Kegagalan dalam membedakannya dan dalam menerapkan asas ini secara alamiah telah bermuara kepada ketergantungan yang terlalu dekat dan terlalu umum terhadap teks yang dipilih sebagai dasar sebuah edisi, dan sudah timbul apa yang dapat disebut sebagai tirani teks-dasar, suatu tirani yang menurut saya menurunkan mutu sebagian besar hasil kerja penyuntingan terbaik dari generasi terdahulu.<ref>Greg 1950, hlm. 26</ref>}}<!--
 
Singkatnya, pandangan Greg adalah bahwasanya "teks-dasar tidak dapat dibenarkan mengampu [[otoritas (kritik teks)|otoritas]] untuk melangkahi atau bahkan diistimewakan sejauh menyangkut bacaan-bacaan substantif." Perihal pilihan dari antara bacaan-bacaan yang sama-sama masuk akal, menurutmenurutnya:
 
{{quotation|Ditentukan sebagian oleh opini yang dibentuk penyunting dengan mempertimbangkan hakikat dari teks-dasar yang dari padanya tiap-tiap edisi substantif dicetak, yang merupakan perkara otoritas eksternal; sebagian oleh otoritas intrinsik dari beberapa teks yang dinilai berdasarkan kekerapan relatif kekeliruan-kekeliruan yang termanifestasi di dalamnya; dan sebagian oleh penilaian penyunting terhadap klaim-klaim instrinsik akan keaslian yang terkandung di dalam tiap-tiap bacaan secara tersendiri—dengan kata lain kelayakan intrinsiknya, sepanjang 'kelayakan' tersebut kita pahami sebagai kemungkinannya sebagai teks karya penulis alih-alih sebagai kesesuaiannya dengan selera pribadi penyunting.<ref>Greg 1950, hlm. 29</ref>}}
{{quotation|Akan ditentukan be determined partly by the opinion the editor may form respecting the nature of the copy from which each substantive edition was printed, which is a matter of external authority; partly by the intrinsic authority of the several texts as judged by the relative frequency of manifest errors therein; and partly by the editor's judgment of the intrinsic claims of individual readings to originality—in other words their intrinsic merit, so long as by 'merit' we mean the likelihood of their being what the author wrote rather than their appeal to the individual taste of the editor.<ref>Greg 1950, p. 29</ref>}}
 
Meskipun berpendapat bahwa seorang penyunting harus bebas menggunakan penilaiannya untuk memilih bacaan tertentu dari antara bacaan-bacaan substantif yang sama-sama layak untuk dipilih, Greg menyiratkan bahwa seorang penyunting harus berpatokan kepada teks-dasar bilamana "klaim-klaim dari dua bacaan&nbsp;...&nbsp;tampak betul-betul berimbang.&nbsp;... Dalam kasus semacam ini, manakala tidak ada alasan logis untuk mengutamakan teks-dasar, pada praktiknya, jika tidak ada alasan untuk mengutak-atik bacaannya, maka sudah jelas biarkan sebagaimana adanya."<ref>Greg 1950, hlm. 31</ref> Varian-varian yang "betul-betul berimbang" disifatkan ''indiferen''.
Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings&nbsp;...&nbsp;appear to be exactly balanced.&nbsp;... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand."<ref>Greg 1950, p. 31</ref> The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be ''indifferent''.
 
Penyunting-penyunting yang menganut pandangan Greg menghasilkan edisi-edisi ''eklektis'', dalam arti otoritas untuk "bacaan-bacaan aksidental" diturunkan dari satu sumber tertentu (biasanya yang tertua) yang dianggap otoritatif oleh penyunting, tetapi otoritas untuk "bacaan-bacaan substantif" ditentukan dalam tiap-tiap kasus secara tersendiri berdasarkan penilaian penyunting. Teks-teks yang dihasilkan, kecuali untuk bacaan-bacaan aksidental, disusun tanpa lebih banyak mengandalkan mana-mana saksi.
Editors who follow Greg's rationale produce ''eclectic'' editions, in that the authority for the "accidentals" is derived from one particular source (usually the earliest one) that the editor considers to be authoritative, but the authority for the "substantives" is determined in each individual case according to the editor's judgment. The resulting teks, except for the accidentals, is constructed without relying predominantly on any one witness.
 
=== Greg–Bowers–Tanselle ===
 
W. W. Greg didwafat nottanpa livesempat longmenerapkan enough to apply his rationalegagasan-gagasannya ofmengenai copyteks-textdasar todalam anykegiatan actualpenyuntingan editionssuatu ofkarya workstulis. HisGagasannya rationalediadopsi wasdan adopteddiperluas andsecara significantlysignifikan expanded byoleh [[Fredson Bowers]] (1905–1991). StartingSejak indasawarsa the 1970s1970-an, [[G. Thomas Tanselle]] vigorouslydengan tookpenuh upsemangat themembela method'smetode defenseini anddan addedmenambahkan significantkontribusi-kontribusi contributionshasil ofpemikirannya his ownsendiri. Gagasan Greg's rationalesebagaimana asyang practiceddiamalkan byoleh Bowers anddan Tanselle hasdikenal comedengan tosebutan be known as themetode "Greg–Bowers" oratau themetode "Greg–Bowers–Tanselle" method.
 
==== ApplicationPenerapan toatas workskarya-karya oftulis alldari periodssegala zaman ====
[[Image:A Midsummer Night's Dream.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[WilliamImpian Shakespearedi Tengah Musim]], '', karangan [[AWilliam Midsummer Night's DreamShakespeare]]'' ([[First Folio pertama]])]]<!--
In his 1964 essay, "Some Principles for Scholarly Editions of Nineteenth-Century American Authors", Bowers said that "the theory of copy-text proposed by Sir Walter Greg rules supreme".<ref>Bowers 1964, p. 224</ref> Bowers's assertion of "supremacy" was in contrast to Greg's more modest claim that "My desire is rather to provoke discussion than to lay down the law".<ref>Greg 1950, p. 36</ref>
 
Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers arguedberpandangan thatbahwa thegagsan rationaletersebut wasadalah "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[John Dryden|Dryden]], [[Henry Fielding|Fielding]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], oratau [[Stephen Crane]]. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period."<ref>Bowers 1973, p. 86</ref> For works where an author's manuscript survived—a case Greg had not considered—Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:
 
{{quotation|When an author's manuscript is preserved, this has paramount authority, of course. Yet the fallacy is still maintained that since the first edition was proofread by the author, it must represent his final intentions and hence should be chosen as copy-text. Practical experience shows the contrary. When one collates the manuscript of ''[[The House of the Seven Gables]]'' against the first printed edition, one finds an average of ten to fifteen differences per page between the manuscript and the print, many of them consistent alterations from the manuscript system of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and word-division. It would be ridiculous to argue that Hawthorne made approximately three to four thousand small changes in proof, and then wrote the manuscript of ''[[The Blithedale Romance]]'' according to the same system as the manuscript of the ''Seven Gables'', a system that he had rejected in proof.<ref name="Bowers 1964, p. 226">Bowers 1964, p. 226</ref>}}
Baris 319:
Sejumlah program dan standar komputer sudah ada untuk mendukung para penyunting edisi-edisi kritis. Ini termasuk:
* [[Text Encoding Initiative]]. The Guidelines of the TEI provide much detailed analysis of the procedures of critical editing, including recommendations about how to mark up a computer file containing a text with critical apparatus. See especially the following chapters of the Guidelines: [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/MS.html 10. Manuscript Description], [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/PH.html 11. Representation of Primary Sources], and [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/TC.html 12. Critical Apparatus].
* [http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about/ Juxta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511153533/http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about/ |date=2018-05-11 }} is an open-source tool for comparing and collating multiple witnesses to a single textual work. It was designed to aid scholars and editors examine the history of a text from manuscript to print versions. Juxta provides collation for multiple versions of texts that are marked up in plain text or TEI/XML format.
* The [http://tug.org/edmac EDMAC] macro package for Plain [[TeX]] is a set of macros originally developed by John Lavagnino and Dominik Wujastyk for typesetting critical editions. "EDMAC" stands for "EDition" "MACros." EDMAC is in [[maintenance mode]].
* The [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ledmac ledmac] package is a development of EDMAC by Peter R. Wilson for typesetting critical editions with [[LaTeX]]. [[ledmac]] is in [[maintenance mode]].<ref>See further the useful guidelines offered by {{cite web|last=Dekker|first=D-J.|title=Typesetting Critical Editions with LaTeX: ledmac, ledpar and ledarab|url=http://www.djdekker.net/ledmac/|accessdate=14 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905044748/http://www.djdekker.net/ledmac/|archivedate=5 September 2014|df=}}</ref>
Baris 370:
* ''[[Editio Critica Maior]]''&nbsp;– German Bible Society edition
;Critical Translations
* ''The Comprehensive New Testament''&nbsp;– standardized Nestle-Aland 27 edition<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/6583_7128.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2018-05-23 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193743/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/6583_7128.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible''&nbsp;– dengan peta tektual kepada varian-varian [[Teks Masoret]], Dead Sea Scrolls, and Septuaginta
* ''[[New English Translation of the Septuagint]]'', suatu terjemahan kritis dari bagian-bagian yang lengkap dari "Göttingen Septuagint", sisanya dari "Rahlf's manual edition"
Baris 393:
* {{Cite journal|last=Bowers|first=Fredson|year=1972|title=Multiple Authority: New Problems and Concepts of Copy-Text|journal=Library, Fifth Series|volume=XXVII|issue=2|pages=81–115}}
* Bradley, Sculley, ''Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum of the Printed Poems'', (1980), NYU Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-9444-0}}
* {{Cite book |author=Comfort, Philip Wesley |title=Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism |url=https://archive.org/details/encounteringmanu0000comf |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=0-8054-3145-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Tom|year=1977|title=The CEAA and Modern Textual Editing|journal=Library, Fifth Series|volume=XXXII|issue=32|pages=61–74}}
* {{Cite book |title=[[Misquoting Jesus]]: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why |author=Ehrman, Bart D. |year=2005 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-073817-4 |authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman}}
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* {{Cite book |author=Greetham, D. C. |title=Theories of the text |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-811993-3}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Greg|first=W. W.|authorlink=Walter Wilson Greg|year=1950|title=The Rationale of Copy-Text|journal=Studies in Bibliography|volume=3|pages=19–36|url=http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-sb?id=sibv003&images=bsuva/sb/images&data=/texts/english/bibliog/SB&tag=public&part=2&division=div|accessdate=2006-06-04|archive-date=2013-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912121346/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-sb?id=sibv003&images=bsuva%2Fsb%2Fimages&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fbibliog%2FSB&tag=public&part=2&division=div|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite book |author=Habib, Rafey |title=A history of literary criticism: from Plato to the present |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofliterar0000habi_e2b4 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2005 |isbn=0-631-23200-1}}
* Hartin, Patrick J., Petzer J. H., Manning, Bruce. ''Text and Interpretation: New Approaches in the Criticism of the New Testament''. (1991), BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-09401-6}}
* Jarvis, Simon, ''Scholars and Gentlemen: Shakespearian Textual Criticism and Representations of Scholarly Labour, 1725–1765'', Oxford University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-19-818295-3}}
* Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes, ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' (1980), p.&nbsp;14, BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-06263-7}}
* {{Cite book |author=Maas, Paul |title=Textual Criticism: |url=https://archive.org/details/textualcriticism0000maas |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=0-19-814318-4}}
* {{Cite book |author= McCarter, Peter Kyle Jr |title=Textual criticism: recovering the text of the Hebrew Bible |url= https://archive.org/details/textualcriticism00mcca |publisher=Fortress Press |location=Philadelphia, PA |year=1986 |isbn=0-8006-0471-7}}
* {{Cite book |author=McGann, Jerome J. |title=A critique of modern textual criticism |url=https://archive.org/details/critiqueofmodern00mcga |publisher=University Press of Virginia |location=Charlottesville |year=1992 |isbn=0-8139-1418-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=McKerrow|first=R. B.|authorlink=Ronald B. McKerrow|year=1939|title=Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare|url=https://archive.org/details/prolegomenaforox0000mcke|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Montgomery, William Rhadamanthus |author2=Wells, Stanley W. |author3=Taylor, Gary |author4=Jowett, John |title=William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-31667-X}}
* {{Cite book |author=Parker, D.C. |title=An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000park |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2008 |isbn=0-521-71989-5}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=von Reenen |editor-first=Pieter |editor2=Margot van Mulken |year=1996|title=Studies in Stemmatology|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinstemmat0000unse |location=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company}}
* {{Cite book |author=Rosemann, Philipp |title=Understanding scholastic thought with Foucault |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=73 |isbn=0-312-21713-7}}
* {{Cite book |author= Schuh, Randall T. |title=Biological systematics: principles and applications |url= https://archive.org/details/biologicalsystem0000schu |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y |year=2000 |isbn=0-8014-3675-3}}
Baris 422:
* {{Cite book |author=Tenney, Merrill C. |authorlink=Merrill C. Tenney |editor=Dunnett, Walter M. |title=New Testament survey |publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=1985 |isbn=0-8028-3611-9}}
* {{Cite book |author=Tov, Emanuel |title=Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible |publisher=Fortress |location=Minneapolis |year=2001 |isbn=90-232-3715-3}}
* {{Cite book |author=Van Mulken, Margot ; Van Reenen, Pieter Th van. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Studies in Stemmatology |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinstemmat0000unse |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Co |year=1996 |isbn=90-272-2153-7}}
* {{Cite book| last=Vincent|first=Marvin Richardson|title= A History of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament| url=https://archive.org/details/textualcriticism00vincuoft|year=1899|publisher= Macmillan. Original from Harvard University| isbn=0-8370-5641-1}}
* {{Cite book| last=Wegner|first=Paul|title= A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible |year=2006|publisher= InterVarsity Press| isbn=0-8308-2731-5}}
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