Penaklukan Petén oleh Spanyol: Perbedaan antara revisi

| conflict = Penaklukan SpanyolPetén dioleh PeténSpanyol

| partof = [[Penaklukan SpanyolGuatemala dioleh GuatemalaSpanyol]] dan [[penaklukan SpanyolYucatán dioleh YucatánSpanyol]]

'''Penaklukan SpanyolPetén dioleh PeténSpanyol''' adalah tahap akhir [[penaklukan SpanyolGuatemala dioleh GuatemalaSpanyol]], yang merupakan konflik panjang selama upaya [[kolonisasi Spanyol di Amerika]]. Petén merupakan dataran rendah yang lebar dan dilapisi oleh hutan hujan yang tebal. Di wilayah ini juga terdapat cekungan dengan beberapa danau dan wilayah [[sabana]]. Selain itu, terdapat perbukitan [[karst]] rendah yang meninggi di wilayah selatan yang berada di dekat [[Dataran Tinggi Guatemala]]. Spanyol memerlukan waktu hampir satu abad untuk menaklukan Petén; penaklukan baru berakhir pada tahun 1697 dengan jatuhnya [[Nojpetén]] (ibukotaibu kota kerajaan [[suku Itza|Itza]]) ke tangan [[Martín de Ursúa|Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi]]. Dengan kekalahan Itza, kerajaan merdeka terakhir di Guatemala pun jatuh ke tangan penjajah Spanyol.

Petén pertama kali dimasuki oleh [[Hernán Cortés]] pada tahun 1525. Pada pertengahan awal abad ke-16, [[Spanyol]] mendirikan koloni di [[Yucatán]] dan Guatemala. Misionaris Spanyol merintis perluasan administrasi kolonial di ujung selatan Petén dari tahun 1596, namun Spanyol tidak berusaha memasuki wilayah pusat Petén hingga tahun 1618 dan 1619, saat para misionaris tiba di ibukotaibu kota Itza setelah berkelana dari kota [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] di Yucatán.

== Petén sebelum penaklukan ==

Walaupun jumlah penduduk pada masa kontak dengan bangsa Spanyol tidak dapat diperkirakan secara akurat karena ketidakcukupan data, laporan-laporan bangsa Spanyol menyatakan bahwa terdapat populasi Maya yang signifikan di Petén, terutama di wilayah danau dan di sepanjang sungai.<ref>Jones 2000, hal. 351.</ref> Sebelum ditaklukan pada tahun 1697, Itza mengontrol atau memengaruhi sebagian besar Petén dan sebagian wilayah Belize. Itza merupakan suku yang suka berperang dan kekuatan mereka membuat kagum tetangga-tetangga Maya mereka. IbukotaIbu kota mereka terletak di Nojpetén, sebuah kota yang terletak di sebuah pulau di [[Danau Petén Itzá]]; kota ini kini telah berkembang menjadi kota Flores yang merupakan ibukotaibu kota [[Departemen Petén]] di Guatemala.<ref name="Jones00p353">Jones 2000, p. 353.</ref>

Yalain tampaknya merupakan salah satu dari tiga politi yang dominan di Petén Postklasik bersamaan dengan Itza dan Kowoj. Pada puncak kejayaannya, wilayah Yalain membentang dari pesisir timur Danau Petén Itzá hingga Tipuj di Belize.<ref name="Cecil99p788">Cecil et al 1999, hal. 788.</ref> Pada abad ke-17, ibukotaibu kota Yalain terletak di pesisir utara [[Danau Macanché]].<ref name="SharerTraxler2006p617">Sharer and Traxler 2006, hal. 617.</ref> Pada saat kontak dengan bangsa Spanyol, Yalain bersekutu dengan Itza, dan persekutuan ini didorong oleh pernikahan antar kaum elit.<ref name="Cecil99p788"/> Pada akhir abad ke-17, catatan kolonial Spanyol mendokumentasikan permusuhan antara kelompok-kelompok Maya di wilayah danau: Kowoj melancarkan serangan ke situs-situs Yalain seperti [[Zacpeten]] di Danau Macanché dan [[Ixlu]] di [[Danau Salpetén]].<ref name="RiceRice05p149">Rice and Rice 2005, p. 149.</ref>

Kejache menduduki wilayah di sebelah utara Itza, di antara danau-danau dan wilayah yang kini disebut [[Campeche]]. Di sebelah mereka terdapat wilayah [[Acalan]], yang dihuni oleh kelompok ber[[bahasa Maya Chontal]] dengan ibukotaibu kota di sebelah selatan wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari negara bagian Campeche. Lakandon yang berbahasa [[Bahasa-bahasa Ch'olan|Maya Cholan]] (tidak sama dengan Lacandon pada masa modern) menguasai wilayah di sepanjang anak sungai Usumacinta yang membentang dari Petén barat daya hingga Chiapas timur.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Xocmo adalah kelompok berbahasa Cholan lainnya; mereka menduduki hutan terpencil di sebelah timur Lakandon.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Karena tidak pernah ditaklukan, Xocmo berhasil menghindari upaya Spanyol untuk menemukan mereka, sehingga nasib mereka masih belum diketahui. Namun, mereka mungkin merupakan nenek moyang [[suku Lacandon]].<ref>Feldman 2000, hal. 221.</ref> Sementara itu, Manche Ch'ol menguasai wilayah di ujung selatan departemen Petén.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Mopan dan Chinamita sendiri menduduki wilayah Petén tenggara.<ref>Rice 2009b, hal. 19.</ref> Wilayah Manche berada di sebelah barat daya Mopan.<ref>Feldman 2000, hal. xxi.</ref>

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:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Caso Barrera, Laura}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Mario Aliphat F.}} |date=April–June 2002 |title=Organización política de los itzaes desde el posclásico hasta 1702 |trans_title=The Political Organisation of the Itza from the Postclassic to 1702 |journal=Historia Mexicana |volume=51 |issue=4 |publisher=[[El Colegio de México]] |pages=713–748 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25139407 |jstor=25139407 |oclc=181416455 |issn=0185-0172 |accessdate=2013-04-08 }} {{es icon}} {{subscription required}}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Chase, Arlen F.}} |authorlink=Arlen F. Chase |year=1976 |month=April |title=Topoxte and Tayasal: Ethnohistory in Archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=154–167 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |location=Washington, D.C., US |url=http://www.caracol.org/include/files/chase/achase76.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-12-02 |issn=0002-7316 |oclc=482285289 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101211923/http://www.caracol.org/include/files/chase/achase76.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Lentz, Mark}} |title="The Mission" That Wasn't: Yucatan's Jesuits, the Mayas, and El Petén, 1703–1767 |journal=World History Connected |url=http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/10.3/forum_lentz.html |publisher=University of Illinois Press |date=October 2013 |volume=10 |issue=3 |location=Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, Hawaii, US |issn=1931-8642 |oclc=475466974 |accessdate=2013-11-15 }}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}}|year=2009c|chapter=The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective|editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.)|title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US|publisher=University Press of Colorado|pages=21–54[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/21 21]–54|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8|oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Salazar, Gabriel}}|year=1620, 2000|title=Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands|url=https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8|chapter=Geography of the Lowlands: Gabriel Salazar, 1620|pages=21–54[https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8/page/n48 21]–54|editor=Lawrence H. Feldman|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=Durham, North Carolina, US|isbn=0-8223-2624-8|oclc=254438823}}

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