Prinsip antropik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Prinsip antropik''' adalah sekelompok [[prinsip]] yang mencoba menentukan seberapa besar kemungkinan pengamatan kita terhadap [[alam semesta]], mengingat bahwa kita hanya bisa berada di jenis alam semesta tertentu untuk memulai pengamatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anthropic-principle.com/|title=Was the Universe Made for Us?|last=Bostrom|first=Nick|date=9 February 2020|website=Anthropic Principle|quote = The data we collect about the Universe is filtered not only by our instruments' limitations, but also by the precondition that somebody be there to “have” the data yielded by the instruments (and to build the instruments in the first place). }}</ref> Dengan kata lain, pengamatan ilmiah tentang alam semesta bahkan tidak akan mungkin terjadi jika hukum alam semesta tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan [[makhluk hidup]]. Para pendukung prinsip antropik berpendapat bahwa hal itu menjelaskan mengapa alam semesta ini memiliki usia dan konstanta fisik fundamental yang diperlukan untuk mengakomodasi kehidupan sadar, karena jika keduanya berbeda, kita tidak akan pernah ada untuk melakukan pengamatan. Penalaran antropik sering digunakan untuk menjelaskan gagasan bahwa alam semesta tampaknya disetel dengan baik.<ref>
Ada banyak rumusan berbeda tentang prinsip antropik. Filsuf [[Nick Bostrom]] berpendapat bahwa terdapat tiga puluh rumusan berbeda, tetapi prinsip-prinsip itu dapat dibagi menjadi bentuk "lemah" dan "kuat", bergantung pada jenis klaim kosmologis yang dimilikinya. Prinsip antropik lemah (WAP) seperti yang didefinisikan oleh [[Brandon Carter]], menyatakan bahwa alam semesta yang teratur adalah hasil dari bias seleksi (khususnya bias survivorship). Seringkali argumen semacam itu didasarkan pada beberapa gagasan tentang alam semesta paralel agar terdapat populasi statistik alam semesta untuk dipilih. Namun demikian, satu alam semesta yang luas cukup untuk sebagian besar bentuk WAP yang tidak secara khusus menangani penyetelan halus. Prinsip antropik yang kuat (SAP), seperti yang dikemukakan oleh [[John D. Barrow]] dan [[Frank Tipler]], menyatakan bahwa alam semesta dalam keadaan tertentu pada akhirnya memiliki kesadaran, dan kehidupan manusia muncul sekonyong-konyong di dalamnya.
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* [[Victor J. Stenger|Stenger, Victor J.]] (1999), "Anthropic design," ''The Skeptical Inquirer 23'' (August 31, 1999): 40-43
* [[Mosterín, Jesús]] (2005). "Anthropic Explanations in Cosmology." In P. Háyek, L. Valdés and D. Westerstahl (ed.), ''Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the LMPS''. London: King's College Publications, pp. 441–473. {{ISBN|1-904987-21-4}}.
*{{cite book | author = Taylor | author2 =Stuart Ross | date = 1998 | title = Destiny or Chance: Our Solar System and Its Place in the Cosmos | url = https://archive.org/details/destinyorchanceo0000tayl_y4d6 | publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78521-1}}
* {{cite journal | author = Tegmark, Max | author-link = Max Tegmark | date = 1997 | url = http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/dimensions.html | title = On the dimensionality of spacetime | journal = Classical and Quantum Gravity |volume = 14 | pages = L69–L75
| doi = 10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002|arxiv = gr-qc/9702052 |bibcode = 1997CQGra..14L..69T | issue = 4 | s2cid = 15694111 }} A simple anthropic argument for why there are 3 spatial and 1 temporal dimensions.
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* Chown, Marcus, [http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/toe_frames.html Anything Goes], ''New Scientist'', 6 June 1998. On Max Tegmark's work.
* [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Alexander Vilenkin]], [[David Gross]] and [[Lawrence Krauss]]: [http://www.phys.cwru.edu/events/cerca_video_archive.php Debate on Anthropic Reasoning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410165653/http://www.phys.cwru.edu/events/cerca_video_archive.php |date=2020-04-10 }} Kavli-CERCA Conference Video Archive.
* Sober, Elliott R. 2009, "[http://sober.philosophy.wisc.edu/selected-papers/PS-2009-AbsenseOfEvidenceAndEvidenceOfAbsence.pdf Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence -- Evidential Transitivity in Connection with Fossils, Fishing, Fine-Tuning, and Firing Squads.]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" Philosophical Studies, 2009, 143: 63–90.
* "[http://www.starlarvae.org/Star_Larvae_Anthropic_Coincidence.html Anthropic Coincidence]"—the anthropic controversy as a segue to [[Lee Smolin]]'s theory of cosmological natural selection.
* [[Leonard Susskind]] and [[Lee Smolin]] debate the [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/smolin_susskind04/smolin_susskind.html Anthropic Principle].
* [https://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/OR+ti:+AND+anthropic+principle+abs:+AND+anthropic+principle/0/1/0/all/0/1 debate among scientists on arxiv.org.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502002523/http://www.epicidiot.com/evo_cre/13cards.htm Evolutionary Probability and Fine Tuning]
* [https://archive.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223140116/http://www.epicidiot.com/evo_cre/vr_privileged_planet.htm Critical review of "The Privileged Planet"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070227160115/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_anthropic_principle.asp The Anthropic Principle] - a review.
* Berger, Daniel, 2002, "[http://www.bluffton.edu/~bergerd/essays/impert.html An impertinent résumé of the Anthropic Cosmological Principle.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201803/http://www.bluffton.edu/~bergerd/essays/impert.html |date=2016-03-04 }}" A critique of Barrow & Tipler.
* [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]]: [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/computeruniverse.html Papers on algorithmic theories of everything] and the Anthropic Principle's lack of predictive power.
* [[Paul Davies]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030190754/http://www.wpr.org/book/070415a.html Cosmic Jackpot] Interview about the Anthropic Principle (starts at 40 min), 15 May 2007.
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