Rumpun bahasa Uto-Aztek: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 30 November 2018 17.49 sunting AABot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot, Pengecualian blokir IP 913.941 suntingan k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika Tag: PAWS [1.2] ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 13.24 sunting balikkan InternetArchiveBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 695.973 suntingan Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231209)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
(6 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 26: Rumpun bahasa ini merupakan salah satu rumpun bahasa terbesar di benua Amerika berdasarkan jumlah penuturnya, jumlah bahasanya, dan persebaran geografisnya.{{sfn\|Caballero\|2011}} Bahasa Uto-Aztek yang terletak di wilayah paling utara adalah [[bahasa Shoshone]], yang dituturkan hingga ke kota [[Salmon, Idaho]], sementara bahasa yang paling selatan adalah [[bahasa Pipil]] di El Salvador. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' menyatakan bahwa jumlah bahasa yang termasuk ke dalam rumpun bahasa ini mencapai 61, dan jumlah penuturnya kurang lebih sebesar 1.900.412 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/family\|title=Summary by language family\|accessdate=July 2, 2014\|author=Ethnologue\|publisher=SIL International\|date=2014}}</ref> Penutur [[bahasa Nahuatl]] yang berjumlah 1,7-1,9 juta meliputi sekitar 4/5 (78,9%) dari jumlah penutur bahasa Uto-Aztek secara keseluruhan. Rumpun bahasa ini ~~seringkali~~sering kali dibagi menjadi dua cabang, yaitu cabang utara yang meliputi semua bahasa di Amerika Serikat, serta cabang selatan yang mencakup semua bahasa di Meksiko, meskipun saat ini masih dibahas apakah pembagian ini merupakan pembagian genetik atau geografis. Di bawah tingkatan ini, terdapat beberapa cabang utama yang telah diterima keberadaannya oleh para ahli bahasa. Bahasa-bahasa [[rumpun bahasa Numik\|Numik]] (termasuk [[bahasa Comanche]] dan [[bahasa Shoshone\|Shoshone]]) dan Kalifornia (sebelumnya disebut kelompok [[rumpun bahasa Takic\|Takic]], termasuk [[bahasa Cahuilla]] dan [[bahasa Luiseño\|Luiseño]]) mencakup sebagian besar bahasa Uto-Aztek di utara, walaupun terdapat juga [[bahasa Hopi]] dan [[bahasa Tübatulabal\|Tübatulabal]] yang berada di luar pengelompokan tersebut. Di selatan, bahasa Uto-Aztek terbagi menjadi [[rumpun bahasa Tepima]] (termasuk [[bahasa O'odham]] dan [[bahasa Tepehuá\|Tepehuá]]), [[rumpun bahasa Tarahumara]] (termasuk [[bahasa Tarahumara\|bahasa Raramuri]] dan [[bahasa Guarijio\|Guarijio]]), [[rumpun bahasa Cahitan]] (termasuk [[bahasa Yaqui\|Yaqui]] dan [[bahasa Mayo\|Mayo]]), [[rumpun bahasa Corachola]] (termasuk [[bahasa Cora\|Cora]] dan [[bahasa Huichol\|Huichol]]), serta [[rumpun bahasa Nahua]]. Wilayah yang dianggap sebagai tempat asal penutur bahasa Uto-Aztek adalah [[Amerika Serikat Barat Daya]] atau mungkin Meksiko Barat Laut. Baris 36: {{refbegin\|indent=yes\|colwidth=30em}} :{{cite journal \|ref=harv \|last=Brown \|first=Cecil H. \|title=Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter) \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \|year=2010 \|volume=107 \|issue=15 \|pages=E34 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914859107 \|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E34.full.pdf+html \|pmid=20231478 \|pmc=2841887 \|access-date=2018-11-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153306/http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E34.full.pdf+html \|dead-url=yes }} }} :{{Cite journal \|last=Caballero\|first=G. \|year=2011\|title=Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto‐Aztecan Languages\|journal=Language and Linguistics Compass\|volume=5\|issue=7\|pages=485–504\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x}} :{{cite book \|ref= harv \|last1=Campbell \|first1=Lyle \|year=1997 \|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America \|url= https://archive.org/details/americanindianla0000camp \|location= ~~\|location=~~ \|publisher= Oxford University Press }} :{{cite book \|ref=harv \|last=Campbell \|first=Lyle \|year=2003 \|chapter=What drives linguistic diversification and language spread? \|title=Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis \|editor1-last=Bellwood \|editor1-first=Peter \|editor2-last=Renfrew \|editor2-first=Colin \|publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research \|location=Cambridge(U.K.) \|pages=49–63 }} :{{cite book \|ref=harv \|last1=Campbell \|first1=Lyle \|last2=Poser \|first2=William J. \|year=2008 \|title=Language classification, history and method \|url=https://archive.org/details/languageclassifi0000camp \|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}▼ ~~:{{cite book~~ ▲\|ref=harv \|last1=Campbell \|first1=Lyle \|last2=Poser \|first2=William J. \|year=2008 \|title=Language classification, history and method \|publisher=Cambridge University Press }} :{{cite journal\|last=Cortina-Borja\|first= M\|last2=Valiñas-Coalla\|first2=L\|year=1989\|title=Some remarks on Uto-Aztecan Classification. \|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics\|volume=55\|pages=214–239\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1086/466114}} :{{cite journal\|last=Cortina-Borja\|first= M.\|last2=Stuart-Smith\|first2=J.\|last3=Valiñas-Coalla\|first3=L. \|year=2002\|title=Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan family\|journal=Journal of Quantitative Linguistics\|volume=9\|issue=2\|pages=97–124\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485}} :{{cite journal \|ref=harv \|last=Dakin \|first=Karen \|url=https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_21_04.pdf \|title=Long vowels and morpheme boundaries in Nahuatl and Uto-Aztecan: comments on historical developments \|year=1996 \|journal=Amerindia \|volume=21 \|pages= \|access-date=2018-11-18 \|archive-date=2018-11-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113061700/https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_21_04.pdf \|dead-url=yes }} }} :{{cite journal\|last=Fowler\|first=Catherine S. \|year=1983\|title=Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory\|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics\|volume=49\|issue=3\|pages=224–257\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1086/465789}} :{{cite book\|ref= harv \|last1= Goddard \|first1= Ives \|authorlink1= \|editor1-first= Ives \|editor1-last= Goddard Baris 61 ⟶ 57: :{{cite journal\|ref=harv \|last=Hill\|first=Jane H. \|title=Proto-Uto-Aztecan \|journal=American Anthropologist \|date=December 2001 \|series=New Series \|volume=103 \|number=4 \|pages= 913–934\| doi = 10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913 \|jstor=684121 }} :{{cite journal \|ref=harv \|last=Hill \|first=Jane H. \|year= 2010 \|title=New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto-Uto-Aztecan \|journal =PNAS \|volume=107 \|issue=11 \|pages=E33 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914473107 \|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E33.full.pdf+html \|pmid=20231477 \|pmc=2841890 \|access-date=2018-11-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153301/http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E33.full.pdf+html \|dead-url=yes }} }} :{{cite journal\|last=Hill\|first=J. H. \|year=2011\|title=Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan. Language Dynamics and Change\|volume=1\|issue=2\|pages=241–278\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1163/221058212x643978\|journal=Language Dynamics and Change}} :{{cite book\|first=David\|last=Iannucci\|year=1972\|title=Numic historical phonology\|publisher=Cornell University PhD dissertation}} :{{cite book \|ref= harv \|last1= Kaufman \|first1= Terrence \|title= Nawa linguistic prehistory \|url= http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm \|year= 2001 \|publisher= Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project \|access-date= 2018-11-18 \|archive-date= 2016-03-03 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175905/http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm \|dead-url= yes }} ~~\|url= http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm\|year= 2001 \|publisher= Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project~~ }} :{{cite book\|last=Kaufman\|first=Terrence \|editor=Lyle Campbell \|publisher=Unpublished manuscript\|title=Comparative Uto-Aztecan Phonology\|year=1981\|ref=harv}} :{{cite journal \|ref=harv \|last1=Kemp \|last2=González-Oliver \|last3=Malhi \|last4=Monroe \|last5=Schroeder \|last6=McDonough \|last7=Rhett \|last8=Resendéz \|last9=Peñalosa-Espinoza \|last10=Buentello-Malo \|last11=Gorodetsky \|last12=Smith \|title=Evaluating the farming/language dispersal hypothesis with genetic variation exhibited by populations in the Southwest and Mesoamerica \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \|year=2010 \|volume=107 \|issue=15 \|pages=6759–6764 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.0905753107 \|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/15/6759.full.pdf+html \|pmid=20351276 \|pmc=2872417 \|access-date=2018-11-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153349/http://www.pnas.org/content/107/15/6759.full.pdf+html \|dead-url=yes }} }} :{{cite book\|last=Kroeber\|first=Alfred Louis\|authorlink=Alfred L Kroeber\|title=Shoshonean dialects of California\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2MSAAAAYAAJ\|accessdate=24 August 2012\|year=1907\|publisher=The University Press\|ref=harv}} :{{cite book\|last=Kroeber\|first=Alfred Louis\|authorlink=Alfred L Kroeber\|year=1934\|title=Uto-Aztecan Languages of Mexico\|volume=8\|publisher=University of California Press\|ref=harv}} Baris 78 ⟶ 70: :{{cite book\|last=Langacker\|first=R. W. \|year=1976\|title=Non-distinct arguments in Uto-Aztecan\|location=Berkeley\|publisher=University of California Press}} :{{cite journal\|title=A Northern Uto-Aztecan Sound Law: *-c- → -y-¹\|first=Alexis \|last=Manaster Ramer\|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics\|volume=58\|issue=3\|year=1992\|pages=251–268\|ref=harv\|jstor=3519784 }} :{{cite journal \|ref=harv \|last1=Merrill \|first1=William L. \|last2=Hard \|first2=Robert J. \|last3=Mabry \|first3=Jonathan B. \|last4=Fritz \|last5=Adams \|last6=Roney \|last7=MacWilliams \|year=2010 \|title=Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \|volume=107 \|issue=11 \|pages=E35-E36 \|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E35.full.pdf+html \|doi=10.1073/pnas.1000923107 \|pmc=2841871 \|access-date=2018-11-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153311/http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/E35.full.pdf+html \|dead-url=yes }} ~~\|pmc=2841871}}~~ :{{cite journal\|last=Merrill\|first=W\|year=2013\|title=The genetic unity of southern Uto-Aztecan\|journal= Language Dynamics and Change\|volume=3\|pages=68–104\|ref=harv}} :{{cite journal\|first=William L. \|last=Merrill\|title=The Historical Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan Agriculture\|journal=Anthropological Linguistics\|volume=54\|issue=3\|year=2012\|pages=203–260\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1353/anl.2012.0017}} Baris 103 ⟶ 94: :{{cite journal\|last=Whorf\|first=B. L. \|year=1935\|title=THE COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS OF UTO‐AZTECAN\|journal=American Anthropologist\|volume=37\|issue=4\|pages=600–608\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00050}} {{refend}} {{bahasa-stub}}