Nicolaus Copernicus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.JPG|thumb|250px|Monumen Copernicus di [[Toruń]], [[Polandia]].]]
'''Nicolaus Copernicus''' ([[bahasa Polandia]] ''Miko[[ł]]aj Kopernik''; [[bahasa Latin|bahasa jerman]]: ''Nikolaus Kopernikus''; {{lahirmati|[[Toruń]]|19|2|1473|[[Frombork]]|24|5|1543}}) adalah seorang [[astronomi|astronom]], [[matematika]]wan, [[Kanonik (imam)|Kanonik]] [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik]] dan [[ekonomi|ekonom]] berkebangsaan [[Polandia]], yang mengembangkan [[teori]] [[heliosentrisme]] (berpusat di [[matahari]]) [[Tata Surya]] dalam bentuk yang terperinci, sehingga teori tersebut bermanfaat bagi [[sains]]. Ia juga seorang [[kanon]] gereja, gubernur dan administrator, [[hakim]], astrolog, dan tabib.
Teorinya tentang Matahari sebagai pusat Tata Surya, yang menjungkirbalikkan [[teori geosentris]] tradisional (yang menempatkan [[Bumi]] di pusat [[alam semesta]]) dianggap sebagai salah satu penemuan yang terpenting sepanjang masa, dan merupakan titik mula fundamental bagi astronomi modern dan sains modern (teori ini menimbulkan [[revolusi ilmiah]]). Teorinya memengaruhi banyak aspek kehidupan manusia lainnya. [[Universitas Nicolaus Copernicus di Torun]], didirikan tahun [[1945]], dinamai untuk menghormatinya.
Kepada [[Paus Paulus III]], Copernicus menulis surat:
{{Kutipan|“Ada beberapa 'pembual' yang berupaya mengkritik karya saya, padahal mereka sama sekali tidak tahu [[matematika]], dan dengan tanpa malu menyimpangkan makna beberapa ayat dari Tulisan-Tulisan Kudus agar cocok dengan tujuan mereka, mereka berani mengecam dan menyerang karya saya; saya tidak khawatir sedikit pun terhadap mereka, bahkan saya akan mencemooh kecaman mereka sebagai tindakan yang gegabah”.}}
Copernicus mencantumkan kata-kata itu dalam karya terobosannya yang berjudul ''On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'' (mengenai perputaran bola-bola langit), yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1543. Mengenai pandangan yang dinyatakan dalam karyanya ini, Christoph Clavius, seorang [[imam Yesuit]] pada abad ke-16, mengatakan, "Teori Kopernikus memuat banyak pernyataan yang tidak masuk [[akal]] atau salah". Teolog Jerman, Martin Luther, menyayangkan, "Si dungu itu akan mengacaukan seluruh [[ilmu astronomi]]".
== Latar belakang pemuda yang haus pengetahuan ==
Lahir pada tanggal 19 Februari 1473 di [[Toruń]], yang pada waktu itu di bawah kekuasaan suatu ordo [[
Pendidikan Nicolaus dimulai di kampung halamannya, tetapi belakangan dilanjutkan di [[Chełmno]] yang tidak jauh dari situ. Di sana ia belajar [[bahasa Latin]] dan mempelajari karya para penulis kuno. Pada usia 18 tahun, ia pindah ke [[Kraków]], [[
Akan tetapi, Nicolaus yang berusia 23 tahun ingin memuaskan dahaganya akan pengetahuan dan berhasil membujuk pamannya untuk mengizinkan dia mempelajari [[hukum gereja]] Katolik, [[kedokteran]], dan matematika di berbagai universitas di [[Bologna]] dan [[Padua]], Italia. Di sana, Nicolaus bergabung dengan astronom Domenico Maria Novara dan filsuf Pietro Pomponazzi. [[Sejarawan]] Stanisław Brzostkiewicz mengatakan bahwa ajaran Pomponazzi telah "membebaskan pikiran astronom muda ini dari cengkraman ideologi abad pertengahan".
Di waktu senggangnya, Copernicus mempelajari karya para astronom zaman dahulu, menjadi begitu larut dalam karya tersebut sampai-sampai ketika ia mengetahui karya Latin itu tidak lengkap, ia mempelajari [[bahasa Yunani]] agar dapat meneliti [[naskah]] aslinya. Pada akhir pendidikannya, Nicolaus telah menjadi doktor hukum gereja, matematikawan, dan [[dokter]]. Ia juga pakar bahasa Yunani, menjadi orang pertama yang menerjemahkan sebuah dokumen dari [[bahasa Yunani]] langsung ke bahasa Polandia.
Baris 39 ⟶ 28:
Ptolemeus mendukung gagasan Aristoteles bahwa bumi tidak bergerak di pusat [[alam semesta]] dan dikelilingi oleh serangkaian bola bening yang saling bertumpukan, dan bola-bola itu tertancap Matahari, planet-planet, dan bintang-bintang. Ia menganggap bahwa pergerakan bola-bola bening inilah yang menggerakan planet dan bintang. Rumus matematika Ptolemeus menjelaskan, dengan akurasi hingga taraf tertentu, pergerakan planet-planet di langit [[malam]].
Namun, kelemahan teori Ptolemeus itulah yang mendorong Copernicus untuk mencari penjelasan alternatif atas pergerakan yang aneh dari planet-planet. Untuk menopang teorinya, Kopernikus merekonstruksi peralatan yang digunakan oleh para astronom zaman dahulu. Walaupun sederhana dibandingkan dengan standar modern, peralatan ini memungkinkan dia menghitung jarak relatif antara planet-planet dan Matahari. Selama bertahun-tahun, ia berupaya menetukan secara persis
tanggal-tanggal manakala para pendahulunya telah membuat beberapa pengamatan penting di bidang astronomi. Diperlengkapi dengan [[data]] ini, Copernicus mulai mengerjakan dokumen kontroversial yang menyatakan bahwa bumi dan [[manusia]] di dalamnya bukanlah pusat alam semesta.
== Kontroversi manuskrip ==
[[Berkas:Warszawa,
Copernicus menggunakan tahun-tahun terakhir kehidupannya untuk memperbaiki dan melengkapi berbagai argumen dan [[rumus]] matematika yang menopang teorinya. Lebih dari 95 persen dokumen akhir itu memuat perincian teknis yang mendukung kesimpulannya. Dokumen tulisan tangan orisinal ini masih ada dan disimpan di [[Universitas Jagiellonian]] di Kraków, [[Polandia]]. Dokumen ini tidak berjudul. Oleh karena itu, astronom Fred Hoyle menulis, "Kita benar-benar tidak tahu bagaimana Copernicus ingin menamai bukunya itu".
Baris 52 ⟶ 41:
{{cquote|'''Dalam pemikiran manusia, ia juga “menghentikan Matahari dan menggerakkan bumi”.'''}}
== Karya Revolusioner ==
Perubahan yang dibuat Osiander pada mulanya meluputkan buku itu dari kecaman. Asronom dan [[fisikawan]] [[Italia]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], belakangan menulis, "Sewaktu dicetak, buku itu diterima oleh Gereja suci dan telah dibaca dan dipelajari oleh setiap orang tanpa sedikit pun kecurigaan bahwa gagasan ini bertentangan dengan doktrin-doktrin gereja. Namun, mengingat sekarang ada berbagai pengalaman dan bukti penting yang memperlihatkan bahwa gagasan itu memiliki bukti yang kuat, muncullah orang-orang yang hendak mendiskreditkan pengarangnya tanpa membaca bukunya sedikit pun".
Baris 59 ⟶ 48:
Dewasa ini, '''Copernicus''' disanjung oleh banyak orang sebagai '''Bapak Astronomi Modern'''. Memang, uraiannya tentang alam semesta telah dimurnikan dan diperbaiki oleh ilmuwan yang tekemudian, seperti Galileo, [[Kepler]], dan [[Newton]]. Akan tetapi, astofisikawan Owen Gingerich mengomentari, "Copernicuslah yang dengan karyanya memperlihatkan kepada kita bagaimana rapuhnya konsep ilmiah yang sudah diterima untuk waktu yang lama". Melalui penelitian, pengamatan, dan matematika, Kopernikus menjungkirkbalikkan konsep ilmiah dan agama yang berurat berakar tetapi keliru. Dalam pemikiran manusia, ia juga “menghentikan Matahari dan menggerakkan bumi”.
== Kewarganegaraan ==
Kewarganegaraan Copernicus mulai [[abad ke-19]] menjadi bahan perdebatan sengit. Namun sebenarnya ia bisa dikategorisasikan baik sebagai warga Jerman maupun Polandia. Dalam bahasa Jerman namanya secara umum dieja sebagai ''Kopernikus'' dan merupakan versi Latin dari nama Jerman ''Koppernigk''. Dalam bahasa Polandia namanya dieja sebagai ''Mikołaj Kopernik''. Ibu Kopernikus yang bernama Barbara Watzenrode merupakan seorang warga Jerman. Sedangkan kewarganegaraan ayahnya tidak diketahui. Kota kelahirannya [[Toruń]] tidak lama sebelum ia lahir dikuasai raja-raja Polandia, sehingga ia bisa dianggap sebagai warga Polandia.
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| url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl
| last=Sedlar |first=Jean W.
| publisher=University of Washington Press
| isbn = 978-0-295-97290-9
|year = 1994}}
* [[Dava Sobel]], ''A More Perfect Heaven: How Copernicus Revolutionized the Cosmos'', New York, Walker & Company, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-8027-1793-1}}. {{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} Features a fictional play about [[Rheticus]]' visit to Copernicus, sandwiched between chapters about the visit's pre-history and post-history.
* {{cite book|author=Barbara A. Somervill|title=Nicolaus Copernicus: Father of Modern Astronomy|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0812-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795|url=https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston|date=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5}}
* {{citation
| title =The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory—A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary
| first= Noel
| last= Swerdlow
| journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
| volume=117
| number=6
| date =December 1973
| pages= 423–512
}}
* {{citation| title=Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus'<!--no "s" in original"--> De Revolutionibus: In Two Parts
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHPgBwAAQBAJ
| first1=Noel Mark
| last1=Swerdlow
| author1-link=Noel Swerdlow
| first2=Otto Eduard
| last2=Neugebauer
| author2-link=Otto E. Neugebauer
| publisher=Springer Verlag
| location=New York
| year=1984
| isbn=978-1-4613-8264-5
}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Lord of Uraniborg
| first= Victor E.
| last= Thoren
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| date = 1990
| isbn = 978-0-521-35158-4
| location = Cambridge
| ref = thoren-1990}} (A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist [[Tycho Brahe]].)
* {{cite book
|editor1-last=Valls-Gabaud
|editor1-first=D.
|editor2-last=Boskenberg
|editor2-first=A.
|title=The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture
|series=Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 260
|year=2009
}}
* {{cite book|author=Manfred Weissenbacher|title=Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History|date=September 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35626-1}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEueQqLQyiIC
| first= Robert S.
| last= Westman
| publisher=University of California Press
| date = 2011
| isbn = 978-0-520-25481-7
| location = Los Angeles
| ref = westman-2011}}
* Awake! July 22, 2005, p. 14-7, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
== Pranala luar ==
{{
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Copernicus}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Nicolaus+Copernicus |name=Nicolaus Copernicus}}
{{lifetime|1473|1543|}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Copernicus, Nicolaus}}
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