Penaklukan Guatemala oleh Spanyol: Perbedaan antara revisi

Pada awal abad ke-16, wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari Guatemala dikuasi oleh beberapa politi yang saling berseteru.<ref>Polo Sifontes 1986, hal. 14.</ref> Politi yang paling penting adalah [[Suku K'iche'|K'iche']], Kaqchikel, Tz'utujil, [[Chajoma]],<ref>Hill 1998, hal. 229, 233.</ref> [[suku Mam|Mam]], [[suku Poqomam|Poqomam]], dan [[suku Pipil|Pipil]].<ref name="RestallAsselbergs07p6">Restall and Asselbergs 2007, hal. 6.</ref> Kelompok-kelompok ini adalah kelompok Maya, kecuali Pipil yang merupakan kelompok [[Nahua]]. Kelompok Pipil memiliki sejumlah [[Negara kota|negara-kota]] di sepanjang pesisir Pasifik di Guatemala selatan dan [[El Salvador]]<ref name="RestallAsselbergs07p25">Restall and Asselbergs 2007, hal. 25.</ref> dan beribu kota di Itzcuintepec.<ref>Polo Sifontes 1981, hal. 123.</ref> [[Suku Xinca|Xinca]] adalah kelompok non-Maya lainnya yang menguasai wilayah pesisir Pasifik tenggara.<ref>Restall and Asselbergs 2007, hal. 26. Jiménez 2006, hal. 1. n. 1.</ref> Bangsa Maya tidak pernah disatukan, namun pada saat bangsa Spanyol datang peradaban Maya telah berusia ribuan tahun dan [[kota Maya|kota-kota besar]] sebelumnya telah bangkit dan runtuh.<ref name="RestallAsselbergs07p4">Restall and Asselbergs 2007, hal. 4.</ref>

Pada tahun 1519 dan 1520, sebelum kedatangan bangsa Spanyol, epidemi menyebar ke Guatemala selatan.<ref>Restall and Asselbergs 2007, hal. 3.</ref> Pada saat Spanyol sedang sibuk berperang melawan [[Aztek]], wabah menyebar ke ibu kota Kaqchikel di Iximche, sementara ibu kota K'iche' di [[Q'umarkaj]] mungkin juga mengalami nasib yang sama.<ref>Carmack 2001b, hal. 172.</ref> Kemungkinan wabah yang sama menyebar ke seluruh Dataran Tinggi Guatemala.<ref>Lovell 2005, hal. 70.</ref> Menurut pemahaman modern, diperkirakan 33-50% penduduk dataran tinggi tewas karena tidak memiliki resistensi. Jumlah penduduk di dataran tinggi Guatemala tetap berada di bawah jumlah penduduk sebelum penaklukan hingga pertengahan abad ke-20.<ref name="Lovel05p71">Lovell 2005, hal. 71.</ref> Pada tahun 1666, [[tifus murine]] menyebar di departemen Huehuetenango. Variola juga dilaporkan menyebar di San Pedro Saloma pada tahun 1795.<ref name="Hinz0810p37">Hinz 2008, 2010, hal. 37.</ref> Setelah Nojpetén jatuh ke tangan bangsa Spanyol pada tahun 1697, diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 60.000 orang Maya yang tinggal di sekitar Danau Petén Itzá, termasuk pengungsi-pengungsi dari wilayah lain. Namun, 88% antara mereka tewas setelah sepuluh tahun dijajah akibat penyakit dan perang.<ref>Jones 2000, hal. 364.</ref>

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:{{cite book|author={{aut|Feldman, Lawrence H.}}|year=2000|title=Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands|url=https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=Durham, North Carolina, US|isbn=0-8223-2624-8|oclc=254438823}}

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:{{cite book|author={{aut|Hinz, Eike}}|year=2008, 2010|title=Existence and Identity: Reconciliation and Self-organization through Q'anjob'al Maya Divination|format=PDF|location=Hamburg, Germany and Norderstedt, Germany|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/mesoamerikanistik/eike_hinz/quanjobal.pdf|accessdate=2011-09-25|publisher=[[Universität Hamburg]]|oclc=299685808|isbn=978-3-8334-8731-6|archive-date=2012-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004151/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/mesoamerikanistik/eike_hinz/quanjobal.pdf|dead-url=yes}}

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:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Jones, Grant D.}} |year=1981 |coauthors={{aut|Don S. Rice}} and {{aut|Prudence M. Rice}} |title=The Location of Tayasal: A Reconsideration in Light of Peten Maya Ethnohistory and Archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |publisher=[[Society for American Archaeology]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |month=July |location=Washington, D.C., USA |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/280599 |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=2012-12-02 |issn=0002-7316 |oclc=482285289 |jstor=280599 }} {{subscription required}}

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:{{cite web |author={{aut|Limón Aguirre, Fernando}} |year=2008 |title=La ciudadanía del pueblo chuj en México: Una dialéctica negativa de identidades |publisher=El Colegio de la Frontera Sur&nbsp;– Unidad San Cristóbal de Las Casas |location=San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico |url=http://www.ciesas.edu.mx/proyectos/relaju/cd_relaju/Ponencias/Mesa%20Valladares-Castro/LimonAguirreFernando.pdf |accessdate=2011-09-15 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122802/http://www.ciesas.edu.mx/proyectos/relaju/cd_relaju/Ponencias/Mesa%20Valladares-Castro/LimonAguirreFernando.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{es icon}}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Lovell, W. George}} |coauthors={{aut|Christopher H. Lutz}} and {{aut|William R. Swezey}} |title=The Indian Population of Southern Guatemala, 1549-1551: An Analysis of López de Cerrato's Tasaciones de Tributos |journal=The Americas |volume=40 |issue=4 |month=April |year=1984 |pages=459–477 |publisher=Academy of American Franciscan History |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/980856 |accessdate=2012-11-07 |jstor=980856 }} {{subscription required}}

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:{{cite book|author={{aut|Matthew, Laura E.}}|year=2012|title=Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA|isbn=978-0-8078-3537-1|oclc=752286995|format=hardback|series=First Peoples|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RVAFbknbo_EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|format=hardback}}

:{{cite web |author={{aut|Mendoza Asencio, Hilda Johanna}} |year=2011 |url=http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/EPS/07/07_1606.pdf |title=Módulo pedagógico para desarrollo turístico dirigido a docentes y estudiantes del Instituto Mixto de Educación Básica por Cooperativa de Enseñanza, Pasaco, Jutiapa |accessdate=2012-09-24 |publisher=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Facultad de Humanidades |format=[[PDF]] |archive-date=2013-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531135838/http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/EPS/07/07_1606.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{es icon}}

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:{{cite web |author={{aut|Ortiz Flores, Walter Agustin}} |year=2008 |title=Segundo Asiento Oficial de la Ciudad según Acta |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110714085615/http://www.miciudadvieja.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 |accessdate=2011-10-25 |publisher=www.miciudadvieja.com |location=Ciudad Vieja Sacatepéquez, Guatemala |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714085615/http://www.miciudadvieja.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 |dead-url=unfit }} {{es icon}}

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:{{cite book|author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}}|year=2009|chapter=Who were the Kowoj?|editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.)|title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|pages=17–19[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/17 17]–19|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8|oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}}|coauthors=and {{aut|Don S. Rice}}|year=2009|chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors|editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.)|title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|pages=3–15[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/3 3]–15|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8|oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}}|coauthors={{aut|Don S. Rice}}, {{aut|Timothy W. Pugh}} and {{aut|Rómulo Sánchez Polo}}|year=2009|chapter=Defensive Architecture and the Context of Warfare at Zacpetén|editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.)|title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|pages=123–140[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/123 123]–140|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8|oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Salazar, Gabriel}}|year=1620, 2000|title=Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands|url=https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8|chapter=Geography of the Lowlands: Gabriel Salazar, 1620|pages=21–54[https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8/page/n48 21]–54|editor=Lawrence H. Feldman|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=Durham, North Carolina, US|isbn=0-8223-2624-8|oclc=254438823}}

:{{cite book|author={{aut|Schele, Linda}}|authorlink=Linda Schele|coauthors=and {{aut|Peter Mathews}}|year=1999|title=The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs|url=https://archive.org/details/codeofkingslangu00lind|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York, US|isbn=978-0-684-85209-6|oclc=41423034}}

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:{{cite journal |title=Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Reports on the Chol Mayas | author={{aut|Thompson, J. Eric S.}} |journal=American Anthropologist |date=October-December 1938 |volume=40 |issue=4 (Part 1) |series=New Series |pages=584-604 |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/661615 |jstor=661615 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association |accessdate=22/10/2013 }} {{subscription required}}

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:{{cite book|author={{aut|Webster, David L.}}|year=2002|title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs|location=London, UK|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=0-500-05113-5|oclc=48753878}}