Garis besar globalisasi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Globalization sidebar}}
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[[Garis besar]] berikut merupakan tinjauan dan panduan topik globalisasi:
'''[[Globalisasi]]''' adalah proses integrasi internasional yang terjadi berkat pertukaran [[pandangan dunia]], produk, pemikiran, atau aspek [[budaya]] lainnya.<ref name=GCSP>Al-Rodhan, R.F. Nayef and Gérard Stoudmann. (2006). [http://www.sustainablehistory.com/articles/definitions-of-globalization.pdf Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119215401/http://www.sustainablehistory.com/articles/definitions-of-globalization.pdf |date=2012-11-19 }}</ref><ref name="Albrow">Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). ''Globalization, Knowledge and Society ''London: Sage. ISBN 978-0-8039-8324-3 p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society."</ref> Kemajuan sarana [[transportasi]] dan [[telekomunikasi]], termasuk [[Internet]], merupakan faktor pendorong utama globalisasi yang menciptakan [[interdependensi]] ekonomi dan budaya.<ref name=Stever_1972>Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society." ''Journal of Cybernetics'', 2(3):1-3. {{doi|10.1080/01969727208542909}}</ref> Proses globalisasi memengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh [[bisnis]] dan organisasi [[tenaga kerja (ekonomi)|pekerjaan]], [[ekonomi]], sumber daya [[masyarakat|sosial]]-[[budaya]], dan [[lingkungan alam]].
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{{See also|Studi internasional}}
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[[Studi global]] adalah studi akademik interdisipliner dan multidisipliner terhadap kekuatan dan tren global. Studi global juga mencakup pemaaman satu aspek globalisasi atau lebih, namun lebih berfkus pada bagaimana tren global menata ulang hubungan antarnegara, organisasi, masyarakat, komunitas, dan individu, menciptakan tantangan-tantangan baru yang tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh negara atau pasar sendirian.<ref>Harth, Chris. (2005). [http://www.globalstudiesfoundation.org/downloads/gsf_research_report.pdf 'Struggling to Grasp a Moving Target: Global Studies in the US and Emergent International Landscapes.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070510/http://www.globalstudiesfoundation.org/downloads/gsf_research_report.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} Interim Report Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.</ref> Studi faktor-faktor pemicu globalisasi berasal dari berbagai disiplin ilmu seperti [[ilmu politik]], [[ekonomi]], [[sosiologi]], dan lain-lain.
== Sejarah ==
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[[Sejarah globalisasi]] umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga periode: [[globalisasi kuno|kuno]], [[proto-globalisasi]], dan modern.
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Karena globalisasi bukan fenomena independen, melainkan fenomena yang sangat terkait dengan pandangan dunia, produk, pemikiran, dan aspek budaya lainnya, penjelasan mengenai sebab globalisasi terjadi dan dampak globalisasi berkaitan dengan sejumlah teori mulai dari [[pembangunan ekonomi]] sampai [[sosialisme revolusioner]].
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{{div col|3}}
* [[:Kategori:Teori globalisasi|Teori globalisasi]] (kategori)
* [[Sistem manusia–lingkungan terpadu]]
* [[Kritik terhadap kapitalisme|Kapitalisme]]
* [[Teori ketergantungan]]
* [[Modernisasi ekologi]]
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* [[Mazhab regulasi|Teori regulasi]]
* [[Sosialisme revolusioner]]
* [[
* [[Teori sistem dunia]]
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=== Indeks globalisasi ===
* [[:Kategori:Indeks globalisasi|Indeks globalisasi]] (kategori)
* [[
* [[
* [[:Kategori:Indeks globalisasi ekonomi|Indeks globalisasi ekonomi]] (kategori)
* [[Freedom in the World]]
* [[Kota global]]
* [[Rasio perdagangan-PDB]]
== Aspek globalisasi ==
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[[Pembangunan bisnis internasional]] dan organisasi bisnis dan perdagangan dunia merupakan aspek-aspek dasar globalisasi dan perkembangan sistem global.
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* [[:Kategori:Organisasi bisnis global|Organisasi bisnis global]] (kategori)
* [[
* [[Alihdaya global]]
** [[Penyewaan lintas perbatasan]]
** [[Strategi global]]
*** [[Manajemen R&D global]]
** [[Angkutan multimoda]]
** [[Alihdaya negara berbiaya rendah]]
** [[
** [[Manajemen rantai
*** [[Keuangan rantai pasokan global]]
* [[Ekologi
* [[Bisnis internasional]]
* [[Standardisasi]]
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* [[Perdagangan internasional]]
** [[Zona perdagangan bebas]]
** [[
* [[Perusahaan multinasional]]
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{{Main|Globalisasi ekonomi}}
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Globalisasi ekonomi adalah peningkatan interdependensi ekonomi nasional dengan seluruh dunia melalui percepatan pergerakan barang, jasa, teknologi, dan modal lintas perbatasan. Aktivitas ekonomi internasional dan lembaga yang memengaruhi atau menjadi ciri khas globalisasi ekonomi meliputi:
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Semua aspek globalisasi pada dasarnya bersifat sosial-budaya. Di sini dijabarkan aspek-aspek [[globalisasi budaya]], termasuk [[keragaman budaya]], [[homogenisasi budaya]] dan dampaknya, serta [[multikulturalisme]], [[multilingualisme]], [[kewarganegaraan global]], [[pemerintahan dunia|pemerintahan global]], dan perkembangan [[politik]] dan [[gerakan sosial]] lain yang terkait dengan globalisasi.
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* [[:Kategori:Globalisasi sosial-budaya|Globalisasi sosial-budaya]] (kategori)
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Seiring globalisasi bisnis, muncullah [[pembagian tenaga kerja internasional baru|pembagian tenaga kerja spasial baru]] yang terjadi ketika proses produksi tidak lagi terkurung perbatasan negara dan [[ekonomi tenaga kerja|tenaga kerja]] dapat diambil dari berbagai wilayah dunia. [[Tenaga kerja global]] memiliki macam-macam dampak, mulai dari [[kebijakan imigrasi]] sampai [[hak asasi manusia]] dan [[hak tenaga kerja]].
[[Berkas:Brazil visa and stamps.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Visa masuk ganda Brasil di paspor A.S. dan stempel imigrasi dari Brasil, Prancis, dan Amerika Serikat.]]
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* [[:Kategori:Globalisasi tenaga kerja|Globalisasi tenaga kerja]] (kategori)
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[[Lingkungan alam]] berbeda dengan [[lingkungan terbangun]] yang terdiri dari wilayah dan komponen yang dipengaruhi manusia. Di era globalisasi, sedikit sekali lingkungan alami yang tersisa. [[Ekologi manusia|Tantangan manusia]] terhadap lingkungan alam seperti [[perubahan iklim]], [[polusi]] air dan udara lintas perbatasan, [[pemancingan berlebihan]] di lautan, dan persebaran [[spesies invasif]] memerlukan solusi transnasional dan solusi global.
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<imagemap>
File:Nested_sustainability-v2.gif|right|Tiga sistem [[keberlanjutan]] - ekonomi dikurung masyarakat yang juga dikurung oleh lingkungan biofisik|275px|thumb
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Proses globalisasi membanjiri manusia dengan berbagai masalah yang sulit ditangani oleh sebuah kebudayaan, masyarakat, atau beberapa masyarakat.
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* [[:Kategori:Isu globalisasi|Isu globalisasi]] (kategori)
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=== Bacaan lanjutan ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last = Barbara|first = Christopher|title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization|publisher = [[Verlag Dr. Müller]]|year = 2008|location = Saarbrücken|url = http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/|id = |isbn = 3-639-11514-7|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2022-06-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220618090102/http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/|dead-url = no}}▼
* {{cite book|last = von Braun|first = Joachim|author2 = Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla|title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2007|location = Oxford|url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp|id = |isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2023-07-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230728230220/http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp|dead-url = no}}▼
▲* {{cite book|last = Barbara|first = Christopher|title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization|publisher=[[Verlag Dr. Müller]]|year = 2008|location =Saarbrücken|url = http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/|id =|isbn = 3-639-11514-7}}
▲* {{cite book|last = von Braun|first = Joachim|author2=Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla|title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2007|location = Oxford|url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp|id =|isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1}}
* Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," ''[[Fides et Historia]]''. 31:2, 1999 pp. 103–123.
* {{Cite book|last=
* {{cite book|last = Fernando|first = Salvetti (ed.)|title = "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence|publisher = Franco Angeli|year = 2010|location = Milan|url = http://www.cultural-intelligence.info|id = |isbn = 978-88-568-2733-0|access-date = 2021-05-02|archive-date = 2018-04-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180420161433/http://cultural-intelligence.info/|dead-url = yes}}
* {{cite book|last = Glyn|first = Andrew|authorlink = Andrew Glyn|title = Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare|year = 2006|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford|url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795|isbn = 0-19-922679-2|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2010-12-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155428/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795|dead-url = yes}}
* {{cite book|last = Kitching|first = Gavin|authorlink = Gavin Kitching|title = Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective|publisher = Penn State Press|year = 2001|url = http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm|isbn = 0-271-02162-4|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2007-11-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071128130328/http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm|dead-url = yes}}
* {{cite book|last = Kohler|first = Gernot|coauthors =
* {{cite book|last = [[Jerry Mander|Mander, Jerry]]|author2 = [[Edward Goldsmith]]|title = The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local|publisher = [[Sierra Club Books]]|year = 1996|location = San Francisco|url = https://archive.org/details/caseagainstgloba00mand|id = |isbn = 0-87156-865-9
* {{cite book|last = Moore|first = Karl|authorlink = Karl Moore (academic)|author2 = David Charles Lewis|title = Origins of Globalization|publisher = Routledge|year = 2009|location = New York|url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/|isbn = 978-0-415-80598-8|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2014-11-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141107011300/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/|dead-url = no}}
* {{cite book|last = Murray|first = Warwick E.|title = Geographies of Globalization|url = https://archive.org/details/geographiesofglo0000murr|publisher=Routledge|year = 2006|location = New York|isbn = 0-415-31799-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Neumann|first = Iver B.|author2 = Ole Jacob Sending|title = Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality|publisher = University of Michigan Press|year = 2010|location = Ann Arbor|url = http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804|isbn = 978-0-472-07093-0|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2012-09-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120914035757/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804|dead-url = no}}
* {{cite book|last = Osterhammel|first = Jürgen|authorlink = Jürgen Osterhammel|author2 = Niels P. Petersson|title = Globalization: A Short History|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2005|location = Princeton, New Jersey|url = http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656/|id = |isbn = 0-691-12165-6|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2012-01-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107090909/http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656|dead-url = no}}
* {{cite book|last = Pfister|first = Ulrich|authorlink = |title = Globalization|year = 2012|publisher = [[Institute of European History]],|location = Mainz|url = http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507|isbn = |access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2023-07-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230728230202/https://d-nb.info/1043606203/34|dead-url = no}}
* {{cite book|author=Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter|title=International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-70959-8|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book|last = Sen|first = Amartya|authorlink = Amartya Sen|title = [[Development as Freedom]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 1999|location = Oxford, New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0375406190 }}
* {{cite book|last = Sirkin|first = Harold L|coauthors = James W. Hemerling and Arindam K. Bhattacharya|title = Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything|publisher = Business Plus|year = 2008|location = New York|page = 292|url = http://www.bcg.com/globality|id = |isbn = 0-446-17829-2|access-date = 2015-06-21|archive-date = 2008-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080923010617/http://www.bcg.com/globality|dead-url = yes}}
* {{cite book|last = Smith|first = Charles|authorlink = Charles Emrys Smith|title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition|publisher = Anforme|year = 2007|location = Stocksfield|url = https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7|id = |isbn = 1-905504-10-1
* {{cite book|last = Steger|first = Manfred|title = Globalism: the new market ideology|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year = 2002|location = Lanham, Maryland|url = https://archive.org/details/globalismnewmark0000steg|id = |isbn = 0-7425-0072-1
* {{cite book|last = Stiglitz|first = Joseph E.|authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz|title = [[Globalization and Its Discontents]]|publisher=W.W. Norton|year = 2002|location = New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0-393-32439-7 }}
* {{cite book|last = Stiglitz|first = Joseph E.|authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz|title = [[Making Globalization Work]]|publisher=W.W. Norton|year = 2006|location = New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0-393-06122-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Tausch|first = Arno|title = Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process|publisher = Nova Science Publishers|year = 2008|location = Hauppauge, New York|url = https://archive.org/details/multiculturaleur0000taus|id = |isbn = 978-1-60456-806-6}}
* {{cite book|last = Osle|first = Rafael Domingo|title = The New Global Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year = 2010|location = Cambridge|url =|id =|isbn = 9780521193870 }}
* {{cite book|last = Wolf|first = Martin|authorlink = Martin Wolf|title = Why Globalization Works|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2004|location = New Haven|url = https://archive.org/details/whyglobalization00wolf|id = |isbn = 978-0-300-10252-9
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|Globalization}}
* [http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp |date=2009-10-12 }}
* [http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026043416/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ |date=2011-10-26 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111211311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm |date=2009-01-11 }}
* [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html "Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195159/http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html |date=2007-09-28 }}, from the ''[[Ecology and Society]]'' Journal
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/ "Globalization" ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709135751/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/ |date=2010-07-09 }} Analysis of the idea and its history.
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3 OECD Globalization statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720114519/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3 |date=2023-07-20 }}
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization "Globalization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612052640/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization |date=2013-06-12 }}, from ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu YaleGlobal Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031555/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/ |date=2021-06-20 }}
* [http://www.dw.de/program/global-3000/s-11487-9798/ Global 3000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621004002/http://www.dw.de/program/global-3000/s-11487-9798 |date=2015-06-21 }} Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Garis besar globalisasi}}
[[Kategori:Garis besar|Globalisasi]]▼
[[Kategori:Daftar sosiologi]]
[[Kategori:Daftar terkait globalisasi]]
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