Glutaraldehida: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Glutaraldehida''', antara lain dijual dengan merek '''Cidex''' dan '''Glutaral''', merupakan [[disinfektan]], obat, pengawet, dan [[Fiksasi (histologi)|pengawet jaringan biologis]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse | year = 2009 | isbn = 9789241547659 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = [https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/323 323], 325}}</ref><ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/825 825]|edition=69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bonewit-West|first1=Kathy|title=Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455776610|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2023-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112183036/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sullivan |first1=John Burke |last2=Krieger |first2=Gary R. |title=Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures |date=2001 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780683080278 |page=601 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PyUSgdZUGr4C&pg=PA601 |language=en |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016092603/https://books.google.ca/books?id=PyUSgdZUGr4C&pg=PA601 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sebagai disinfektan, zat ini digunakan untuk mensterilkan [[Alat bedah|peralatan bedah]] dan bagian lain rumah sakit.<ref name=WHO2008/> Sebagai obat, glutaraldehida digunakan untuk mengobati [[Kutil|kutil pada telapak kaki]].<ref name=BNF69/> Glutaraldehida berbentuk cairan bening.<ref name=WHO2008/>

Efek simpangnya meliputi iritasi kulit.<ref name=BNF69/> Paparan dalam jumlah besar dapat menimbulkan mual, sakit kepala, dan sesak napas.<ref name=WHO2008/> Sangat dianjurkan untuk menggunakan [[alat pelindung diri]] ketika sedang mengaplikasikan zat ini, terutama pada konsentrasi tinggi.<ref name=WHO2008/> Glutaraldehida efektif untuk beragam [[mikroorganisme]] termasuk [[spora]].<ref name=WHO2008/><ref name=Fr2012/> Glutaraldehida merupakan suatu [[dialdehida]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfafflin |first1=James R. |last2=Ziegler |first2=Edward N. |title=Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering: A-L |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780849398438 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=ylktfmkJQZwC&pg=PA235 |language=en |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016092604/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=ylktfmkJQZwC&pg=PA235 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Ia bekerja melalui beragam mekanisme.<ref name=Fr2012>{{cite book|last1=Fraise|first1=Adam P.|last2=Maillard|first2=Jean-Yves|last3=Sattar|first3=Syed|title=Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118425862|page=Chapter 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Pz6kMw3akC&pg=PT50|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Pz6kMw3akC&pg=PT50|archivedate=2017-09-23}}</ref>

Glutaraldehida digunakan dalam bidang pengobatan mulai tahun 1960an.<ref name="Sterilization of Medical Devices">{{cite book|last1=Booth|first1=Anne|title=Sterilization of Medical Devices|date=1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574910872|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-HfyG5XuM8C&pg=PA8|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-HfyG5XuM8C&pg=PA8|archivedate=2017-09-23}}</ref> Ia terdaftar pada [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]], obat-obatan yang paling aman dan efektif dalam [[sistem kesehatan]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> Harga grosir di [[negara berkembang]] berkisar pada US$1,50–7,40 per Liter larutan 2%.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Glutaraldehyde|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=375&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016|archive-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114504/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=375&searchYear=2014|dead-url=no}}</ref> Terdapat sejumlah fungsi komersial lainnya seperti [[Penyamakan|penyamakan kulit]].<ref name="Fisher's Contact Dermatitis">{{cite book|last1=Rietschel|first1=Robert L.|last2=Fowler|first2=Joseph F.|last3=Fisher|first3=Alexander A.|title=Fisher's Contact Dermatitis|date=2008|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=9781550093780|page=359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&pg=PA359|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&pg=PA359|archivedate=2017-09-23}}</ref>

Glutaraldehida digunakan sebagai [[disinfektan]] dan obat.<ref name=WHO2008 /><ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=825|edition=69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bonewit-West|first1=Kathy|title=Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455776610|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTwcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|archivedate=2017-09-23}}</ref>

Selain itu, glutaraldehida kadang-kadangjuga digunakan dalam [[Penyamakan|penyamakan kulit]] dan pembalseman[[pembalsaman]].<ref>{{cnCite web|title=Glutaraldehyde|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3485|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=January19 2020Mei 2021|archive-date=2023-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407174937/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3485|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Sejumlah mekanisme telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan sifat-sifat biosidal glutaraldehida.<ref name=Fr2012>{{cite book|last1=Fraise|first1=Adam P.|last2=Maillard|first2=Jean-Yves|last3=Sattar|first3=Syed|title=Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118425862|page=Chapter 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Pz6kMw3akC&pg=PT50|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Pz6kMw3akC&pg=PT50|archivedate=2017-09-23}}</ref> Seperti aldehida lainnya, senyawa ini bereaksi dengan gugus amina dan tiol, yang merupakan [[gugus fungsi]] yang umum terdapat dalam protein. Sebagai senyawa dengan gugus fungsi ganda, glutaraldehida juga berpotensi membentuk ikatan silang.<ref name=biocide>{{Ullmann |author1=H. Uhr |author2=B. Mielke |author3=O. Exner |author4=K. R. Payne |author5=E. Hill |title=Biocides |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a16_563.pub2}}</ref>

Produksi glutaraldehida dalam skala industri dilakukan melalui oksidasi [[siklopentena]]. Alternatif lain adalah, sintesis melalui [[reaksi Diels-Alder]] senyawa [[akrolein]] dan [[enol eter|vinil eter]] diikuti dengan [[hidrolisis]].<ref name=UllAld>{{Ullmann |author1=Christian Kohlpaintner |author2=Markus Schulte |author3=Jürgen Falbe |author4=Peter Lappe |author5=Jürgen Weber|title=Aldehydes, Aliphatic|year=2008|doi= 10.1002/14356007.a01_321.pub2}}</ref>

Monomer glutaraldehida mengalami [[polimerisasi]] melalui reaksi [[kondensasi aldol]], menghasilkan alfa, beta-tak jenuh poli-glutaraldehida. Reaksi ini biasanya terjadi pada pH alkalis.<!--{{MCN|date=January 2020}}-->

Glutaraldehida digunakan dalam bidang pengobatan mulai tahun 1960an.<ref name="Sterilization of Medical Devices"/> Ia terdaftar pada [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]], obat-obatan yang paling aman dan efektif dalam [[sistem kesehatan]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> Harga grosir di [[negara berkembang]] berkisar pada US$1,50–7,40 per Liter larutan 2%.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Glutaraldehyde|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=375&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref> Terdapat sejumlah fungsi komersial lainnya seperti [[Penyamakan|penyamakan kulit]].<ref name="Fisher's Contact Dermatitis"/>

* [http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/glutaraldehyde/index.html National Pollutant Inventory - Glutaraldehyde Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503201607/http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/glutaraldehyde/index.html |date=2013-05-03 }}

* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/glutaraldehyde/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Glutaraldehyde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123200925/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/glutaraldehyde/ |date=2011-01-23 }}

* [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=glutaraldehyde&Units=SI NIST WebBook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061425/http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=glutaraldehyde&Units=SI |date=2017-04-12 }}

* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/glutaraldehyde | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Glutaraldehyde | access-date = 2020-03-23 | archive-date = 2020-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102182425/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/glutaraldehyde | dead-url = no }}