Ignaz Semmelweis: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox scientist
| image = Ignaz Borsos & Doctor Semmelweis 1860Ignác cropped.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis yang berumur 42 tahun
| birth_name = Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis
| birth_date = {{birth date|1818|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Buda]], [[Kerajaan HongariaHungaria|HongariaHungaria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1865|8|13|1818|7|1}}
| death_place = [[Wina]], [[Kekaisaran Austria]]
| residence = [[Kerajaan HongariaHungaria|HongariaHungaria]]
| citizenship = [[Kerajaan HongariaHungaria|HongariaHungaria]]
| nationality =[[Kerajaan Hungaria|Hungaria]]
| field = [[Obstetri]], [[operasi]]
| parents = József Semmelweis <br>Teréz Müller
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| work_institutions =
| alma_mater = [[Universitas Wina]] <br>[[Universitas Budapest]]
| known_for = Memperkenalkan standar disinfeksi tangan di klinik [[obstetri]] dari tahunpada 1847
}}
'''Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis''' ({{IPA-de|ɪˈɡnaːts ˈzɛml̩vaɪs|lang}}; {{lang-hu|Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp}}; 1 Juli 1818&nbsp;– 13 Agustus 1865) adalah seorang dokter [[Kerajaan HongariaHungaria|HongariaHungaria]] berketurunan [[orang Jerman di HongariaHungaria|Jerman]].{{sfn|Semmelweis Society International}} Ia dikenal sebagai pelopor prosedur antiseptik. Ia telah dijuluki sebagai "penyelamat ibu-ibu"{{sfn|Semmelweis Society International}} karena ia telah menemukan bahwa kemungkinan terjadinya [[demam puerperal]] dapat dikurangi secara drastis dengan melakukan disinfeksi tangan di klinik [[obstetri]]. Demam puerperal sering terjadi di rumah sakit pada pertengahan abad ke-19 dan seringkalisering kali berakibat fatal. Semmelweis mengusulkan agar dokter mencuci tangan dengan [[kalsium hipoklorit|larutan kapur yang terklorinasi]]. Usulan ini dikemukakan pada tahun 1847 saat ia bekerja di Klinik Obstetri Pertama [[Rumah Sakit Umum Wina]] karena di situ tingkat kematian di bangsal dokter tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada tingkat kematian di bangsal bidan.{{sfn|Hanninen|Farago|Monos|1983}} Ia menulis sebuah buku mengenai penemuannya yang berjudul ''[[Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxe des Kindbettfiebers]]'' (Etiologi, Konsep dan Profilaksis Demam Puerperal).
 
Walaupun telah menerbitkan hasil yang menunjukkan bahwa disinfeksi tangan mengurangi tingkat kematian hingga di bawah 1%, pengamatan Semmelweis bertentangan dengan pendapat medis yang diterima pada saat itu, sehingga komunitas kedokteran menolak gagasan ini. Semmelweis tidak dapat menjelaskan secara ilmiah mengapa penemuannya bisa menurunkan tingkat kematian, dan beberapa dokter merasa tersinggung dengan usulan agar mereka mencuci tangan terlebih dahulu. Praktik Semmelweis baru diterima secara luas setelah ia meninggal, terutama setelah [[Louis Pasteur]] berhasil membuktikan kebenaran teori kuman dan sesudahsetelah [[Joseph Lister]] melakukan operasi dengan metode higenis dan sangat berhasil.
 
Semenjak tahun 1861, Semmelweis mengalami gangguan-gangguan kejiwaan. Ia juga mengalami depresi dan sering melamun. Setelah mendapatkan kritik negatif dari luar negeri, Semmelweis menghujat orang-orang yang menyerangnya. Ia menuduh mereka sebagai "pembunuh yang tidak bertanggung jawab"{{sfn|Carter|Carter|2005|p=73}} dan "orang bodoh".{{sfn|Semmelweis|1983|p=41}} Pada pertengahan tahun 1865, perilakunya mulai mengesalkan dan mempermalukan rekan-rekannya, dan ia juga mulai mabuk-mabukan. Akibatnya, pada tahun yang sama, Semmelweis dimasukkan ke dalam rumah sakit jiwa. Di situ ia meninggal dunia akibat [[piaemia]] pada umur 47 tahun setelah dipukuli hingga mati oleh para penjaganya 14 hari setelah ia dimasukkan ke institusi tersebut.
 
== Catatan kaki ==
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{{Refbegin |60em}}
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* {{citation |first1=Sherwin B. |last1=Nuland |author1-link=Sherwin B. Nuland |year=2003 |title=The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=0-393-05299-0|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite web |url=http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biography/ |title=Dr Semmelweis' Biography |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |work= |author=Semmelweis Society International |accessdate=2 September 2016 |ref=harv |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212057/http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biography/ |dead-url=yes }}
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