Charles Darwin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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* [[Medali Wollaston]] (1859)
* [[Medali Copley]] (1864)
* Gelar Doctor of Laws [[Universitas Cambridge]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Darwin Endless Forms » Darwin in Cambridge|url=http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|website=|language=en-US|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=2017-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205747/http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}
|signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg
|signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"
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{{Zoologi}}
'''Charles Robert Darwin''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name="frs" /> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.</ref> 12 Februari 1809 – 19 April 1882) adalah seorang [[sejarah alam|naturalis]] dan ahli [[geologi]] Inggris,<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> paling dikenal untuk kontribusinya
Darwin menerbitkan teori evolusi dengan bukti kuat dalam bukunya terbitan tahun 1859 ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', mengatasi penolakan ilmiah dari konsep awal dari [[transmutasi spesies]]<!-- tidak jelas maksudnya -->.<ref>{{cite book|title=Why Evolution is True|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846|last = Coyne|first=Jerry A.|authorlink=Jerry Coyne|year=2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location= Oxford|isbn=0-19-923084-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17 17]|quote=In ''The Origin'', Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution, but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling, but not completely decisive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Forerunners of Darwin|last=Glass|first=Bentley|authorlink=Bentley Glass|year=1959|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn= 0-8018-0222-9|page=iv|quote=Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness}}</ref> Pada 1870-an, [[komunitas ilmiah]] dan kebanyakan masyarakat umum menerima [[evolusi sebagai teori dan fakta|evolusi sebagai fakta]]. Namun, banyak yang menyukai [[
Minat awal Darwin di alam membuatnya mengabaikan [[pendidikan kedokteran]] yang dia tempuh di [[Universitas Edinburgh]]. Dia justru membantu penelitian [[invertebrata]] laut. Studinya di [[Universitas Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) mendorong ketertarikannya terhadap [[ilmu alam]].<ref name="whowas">{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> [[Pelayaran kedua HMS Beagle|Pelayarannya selama lima tahun]] di {{HMS|Beagle}} mengukuhkan dirinya sebagai ahli geologi terkemuka yang observasi dan teorinya mendukung ide [[Uniformitarianisme|uniformitarian]] [[Charles Lyell]] dan publikasi [[The Voyage of the Beagle|jurnal tentang pelayaran]] itu membuatnya terkenal sebagai penulis populer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>
Darwin memulai penyelidikan rinci dan pada 1838 menyusun teorinya tentang seleksi alam setelah merasa bingung dengan distribusi geografis satwa liar dan [[fosil]] yang ia kumpulkan dalam pelayaran.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Meskipun ia membahas ide-idenya dengan beberapa naturalis, ia butuh waktu untuk penelitian dan masih memiliki pekerjaan geologi.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> Ia menuliskan teorinya pada tahun 1858 ketika [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] mengirimnya esai yang menggambarkan ide yang sama. Hal ini mendorong publikasi bersama dari [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|kedua teori mereka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Beddall |first1 = B. G. |title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection |journal = Journal of the History of Biology |volume = 1 |issue = 2 |pages = 261–323 |year = 1968 |doi = 10.1007/BF00351923 |url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf |format = PDF |access-date = 2015-12-31 |archive-date = 2012-10-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030050913/http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Karya Darwin mendirikan penurunan dengan modifikasi evolusioner sebagai penjelasan ilmiah yang dominan dari diversifikasi di alam.<!-- tidak jelas maksudnya --><ref name = JvW/> Pada tahun 1871 ia membahas [[evolusi manusia]] dan [[seleksi seksual]] dalam ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', diikuti oleh ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''. Penelitiannya pada tanaman diterbitkan dalam serangkaian buku. Dalam buku terakhirnya, ia membahas [[cacing tanah]] dan efeknya pada tanah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref>
Darwin terkenal secara internasional dan telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu tokoh paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist}}</ref> Dia dihormati sebagai ilmuwan dengan pemakaman di [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=DarwinsBurial>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}<br/>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=60–61}}</ref>
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[[Berkas:Charles Darwin 1816.jpg|jmpl|190px|Charles Darwin, tujuh tahun, pada 1816, setahun sebelum ibunya tiba-tiba meninggal dunia.]]
Charles Darwin lahir di [[Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], [[Inggris]], di rumah keluarganya, ''The Mount House''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-12-06|title=The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin)|url=
Kedua keluarga orang tuanya berasal dari keluarga Inggris terkemuka, [[keluarga Darwin — Wedgwood]] yang mendukung gereja [[Unitarianisme|Unitarian]]. Ibunya meninggal dunia ketika Charles masih berusia delapan tahun. Tahun berikutnya, 1818, ia bersekolah di [[Sekolah Shrewsbury]] yang tidak begitu jauh dari rumahnya dan tinggal di asrama sekolah.
Berkat kekayaan orang tuanya, Darwin menikmati kenyamanan dan mempunyai akses untuk mengenyam fasilitas-fasilitas pendidikan yang bagus. Namun, ayahnya kuatir akan masa depan Darwin, karena ia hanya bersenang-senang dengan berburu, main-main dengan anjing dan menangkap tikus. Ayahnya khawatir bahwa Darwin akan membawa malu keluarga. Walaupun Darwin sudah sejak dini tertarik [[biologi]], untuk menyenangkan ayahnya, ia mengambil studi kedokteran.{{Butuh rujukan}}
Pada 1825, Charles menjalani musim panas sebagai dokter magang, menolong ayahnya merawat orang-orang miskin di [[Shropshire]], sebelum melanjutkan ke [[Universitas Edinburgh]] untuk belajar kedokteran.{{Butuh rujukan}} Namun, ia sangat membenci kebrutalan praktik bedah sehingga ia meninggalkan studinya.{{
[[Berkas:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier cropped.jpg|jmpl|200px|Semasa hidupnya dan setelah kematiannya, Charles Darwin terkenal secara internasional sebagai ilmuwan berpengaruh yang meneliti topik-topik kontroversial.]]
Pada 1827, ayahnya yang tidak
Tuntutan residensi mewajibkan Darwin tinggal di Cambridge hingga Juni 1831. Mengikuti teladan dan nasihat Henslow, ia tidak tergesa-gesa untuk menjadi pendeta. Ia
=== Perjalanan dengan ''Beagle'' ===
[[Berkas:HMS Beagle by Conrad Martens.jpg|jmpl|245px|ka|Sementara [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] menyelidiki pantai-pantai liar [[Amerika Selatan]], Darwin mulai mengembangkan teori tentang keajaiban alam di sekitarnya.]]
Darwin sudah memutuskan bahwa sudah menjadi jalan hidupnya untuk menjadi pendeta dan hidup dengan tenang ketika ia menerima tawaran yang sangat menggoda. Darwin diundang untuk mendampingi Kapten [[Robert FitzRoy]] di kapal [[HMS Beagle]].<ref name=":0" /> Pada waktu itu, sudah menjadi kebiasaan bahwa kapten kapal mempunyai pendamping selama ekspedisi kapal yang biasanya berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun. Karena kedudukan Kapten FitzRoy yang cukup tinggi, hanya seorang '
Survai ''Beagle'' berlangsung lima tahun. Darwin menghabiskan dua pertiga dari waktunya ini untuk menjelajani daratan. Ia menyelidiki beraneka ragam penampilan geologis, [[fosil]] dan organisme hidup, dan menjumpai beraneka ragam manusia, baik masyarakat pribumi maupun kolonial. Secara metodik ia mengumpulkan sejumlah besar spesimen, banyak di antaranya baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan. Hal ini mengukuhkan reputasinya sebagai seorang naturalis dan menjadikannya salah seorang perintis dalam bidang [[ekologi]], khususnya pemahaman tentang [[biokoenosis]]. Catatan-catatan terincinya yang panjang lebar memperlihatkan karunianya untuk membangun teori dan membentuk dasar bagi pekerjaannya di kemudian hari, serta memberikan pemahaman [[antropologi]]s sosial, politik yang mendalam tentang daerah-daerah yang dikunjunginya.
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[[Berkas:Charles Darwin by G. Richmond.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Ketika masih muda, Charles Darwin bergabung dengan elit ilmiah.]]
Ketika masih dalam pelayaran, [[John Stevens Henslow|Henslow]] dengan hati-hati memperkuat reputasi bekas muridnya dengan memberikan kepada sejumlah naturalis terpilh akses kepada contoh-contoh fosil dan salinan-salinan tercetak tulisan-tulisan geologis Darwin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Darwin Online: Letters on Geology|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html|website=darwin-online.org.uk|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Ketika ''Beagle'' kembali pada
[[Charles Lyell]] Di London Charles tinggal dengan saudaranya, [[Erasmus Alvey Darwin|Erasmus]], seorang [[pemikiran bebas|pemikir bebas]]. Pada pesta-pesta jamuan makan ia berjumpa dengan sejumlah [[cendikiawan]] yang berpendapat bahwa Tuhan telah menetapkan kehidupan sebelumnya dengan hukum-hukum alam, ketimbang dengan ciptaan-ciptaan yang ajaib untuk sementara. Sahabat saudaranya, Nn. [[Harriet Martineau]] adalah seorang penulis yang cerita-ceritanya mempromosikan pembaruan-pembaruan [[Hukum orang miskin]] [[Whig]] [[Thomas Malthus|Malthus]]. Kalangan ilmiah heboh dengan gagasan-gagasan tentang [[transmutasi spesies]] yang secara kontroversial dikaitkan dengan [[Radikalisme (historis)|kehebohan ''Radikal'']]. Darwin lebih suka akan teman-temannya yang terhormat, para profesor Cambridge, meskipun gagasan-gagasannya melampaui keyakinan mereka bahwa sejarah alam harus membenarkan agama dan tatanan sosial.
Pada
Di bawah tekanan untuk menata ''Zoologi'' dan mengoreksi naskah-naskah untuk ''Journal''-nya, kesehatan Darwin mengalami kemunduran. Pada [[20 September]] [[1837]] ia menderita "jantung yang berdebar-debar" dan pergi ke daerah pedesaan untuk memulihkan kesehatannya. Ia mengunjungi [[Maer Hall]] tempat bibinya yang invalid diasuh oleh anak perempuannya yang tetap melajang, [[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]], dan menghibur sanak keluarganya dengan cerita-cerita mengenai perjalanannya. Pamannya, [[Josiah Wedgwood II|Jos]] menunjukkan sebuah tempat di tanah di mana
''cinders'' menghilang di bawah [[loam]] dan mengatakan bahwa itu semua adalah pekerjaan cacing tanah. Darwin memperoleh gagasan untuk sebuah percakapan yang disampaikannya kepada Perhimpunan Geologis pada
[[Berkas:Emma Darwin.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Charles memilih menikahi sepupunya, [[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]].]]
Setelah sembuh total, ia kembail ke rumahnya di Shrewsbury. Ia memikirkan karier dan prospeknya secara ilmiah, dan karena itu ia menyusun sebuah daftar dengan dua kolom dengan judul ''"Menikah"'' dan ''"Tidak Menikah"''. Daftar yang dimasukkan di bawah kolom pro-perhikahan mencakup "pendamping tetap dan teman pada usia tua ... betapapun lebih baik daripada seekor anjing," sementara daftar di antara yang kontra adalah "lebih sedikit uang untuk buku" dan "hilangnya waktu yang sangat menyedihkan." Pertimbangan pro akhirnya menang. Ia membicarakan hal ini dengan ayahnya lalu pergi mengunjungi sepupunya Emma pada
=== Pernikahan dan anak-anak ===
[[Berkas:Charles and William Darwin.jpg|jmpl|185px|Darwin pada 1842 dengan anak sulungnya, [[Darwin — Wedgwood family|William Erasmus Darwin]].]]
Pada
Setelah pertama-tama tinggal di Gower Street, [[London]], pasangan ini pindah pada
* William Erasmus Darwin (
* [[Anne Darwin|Anne Elizabeth Darwin]] (
* Mary Eleanor Darwin (
* Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin (
* [[George Darwin|George Howard Darwin]] (
* [[Darwin — Wedgwood family|Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin]] (
* [[Francis Darwin]] (
* [[Leonard Darwin]] (
* [[Horace Darwin]] (
* [[Charles Waring Darwin]] (
Beberapa dari anak-anak mereka menderita penyakit atau lemah tubuhnya. Charles Darwin kuatir bahwa hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena garis keturunannya dengan Emma cukup dekat. Hal ini diungkapkannya dalam tulisan-tulisannya tentang akibat-akibat buruk yang ditimbulkan dari perkawinan antar kerabat dekat dan keuntungan dari perkawinan silang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 Mei 2010|title=Darwin A Case Study In His Own Theory: Inbreeding|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126637625|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>
=== Pengembangan teori ===
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== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Biologi}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi]]
* [[Penjelajahan ilmiah pelayaran Amerika dan Eropa]]
* [[Harriet (kura-kura)]]
* [[Sejarah biologi]]
* [[Sejarah pemikiran evolusi]]
* [[Darwinisme universal]]
* [[Daftar pustaka Charles Darwin]]
{{div col end}}
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'''<small>V</small>.''' {{Note_label|E|V|none}} [[Genetics|Geneticists]] studied human heredity as [[Mendelian inheritance]], while [[eugenics]] movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this as impractical [[pseudoscience]]. A shift from voluntary arrangements to "negative" eugenics included [[compulsory sterilisation]] laws in the United States, copied by [[Nazi Germany]] as the basis for [[Nazi eugenics]] based on virulent racism and "[[racial hygiene]]".<br />({{Cite news|last = Thurtle|first =Phillip|date =17 December 1996|title =the creation of genetic identity|periodical =SEHR|volume = 5|issue =Supplement: Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism|url =http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-supp/text/thurtle.html|accessdate =11 November 2008|ref = harv}}{{Cite news|last = Edwards|first =A. W. F.|date = 1 April 2000|title =The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
|periodical = Genetics|volume = 154|issue =April 2000|pages = 1419–1426|url =http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/4/1419#The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism|accessdate =11 November 2008|pmid = 10747041|pmc = 1461012|ref = harv}}<br />{{cite web |last = Wilkins |first = John |title = Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics |url = http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php |accessdate = 11 November 2008 |archive-date = 2008-12-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205154013/http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php |dead-url = yes }})
'''<small>VI</small>.''' {{Note_label|F|VI|none}} Darwin did not share the then common view that other races are inferior, and said of his [[taxidermy]] tutor [[John Edmonstone]], a freed black slave, "I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man".<ref name=eddy/>
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{{refend}}
==
{{reflist|20em}}
==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite news|last=Anonymous|first=|date=|year=1882|title=Obituary: Death Of Chas. Darwin|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|issue=21 April 1882|url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html|work=|accessdate=30 October 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Balfour
Baris 192 ⟶ 181:
|date = 11 May 1882
|title = [[s:Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh/Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin|Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin]]
|url=|journal=[[Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh]]
|volume=|issue = 14
|pages = 284–298|doi=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bannister|first=Robert C.|date=|year=1989|url=|title=Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought.|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=0-87722-566-4|pages=|ref=harv|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|date=|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8|title=Evolution: The History of an Idea|edition=3rd|pages=|location=|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-23693-9|ref=harv|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Browne|first=E. Janet|authorlink=Janet Browne|url-status=live|date=|year=1995|url=|title=Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=Jonathan Cape|isbn=1-84413-314-1|Ref={{Sfnref|Browne|1995}}|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Browne|first=E. Janet|date=|year=2002|url=|title=Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=Jonathan Cape|isbn=0-7126-6837-3|ref=harv|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1835|title=Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow|publication-place=Cambridge|pages=|location=|publisher=[privately printed]|isbn=|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=1 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1837|title=Notebook B: (Transmutation of species)|location=|publisher=Darwin Online|isbn=|pages=|id=CUL-DAR121|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1|accessdate=20 December 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1839|title=Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836.|location=London|publisher=Henry Colburn|isbn=|volume=III|pages=|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|author-link=|date=|year=1842|publication-date=1909|pages=|contribution=Pencil Sketch of 1842|contribution-url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33|url-status=live|editor-last=Darwin|editor-first=Francis|editor-link=Francis Darwin|title=The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|isbn=0-548-79998-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|author-link=|date=|year=1845|title=Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition|location=London|publisher=John Murray|isbn=|pages=|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Darwin
Baris 292 ⟶ 199:
|first2 = Alfred Russel
|author2-link = Alfred Russel Wallace
|date=|year = 1858
|title =[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]]
|url=|edition =
|series = Zoology 3
|publication-place =
Baris 302 ⟶ 209:
|volume = 3
|issue = 9}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1859|title=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|edition=1st|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=John Murray|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=1-4353-9386-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|author-link=|date=|year=1868|title=The variation of animals and plants under domestication|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=John Murray|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=1 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=1-4191-8660-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1871|title=The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex|edition=1st|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=John Murray|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=0-8014-2085-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1872|title=The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|edition=6th|pages=|location=London|publisher=John Murray|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=1 November 2009|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=1-4353-9386-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1887|editor-last=Darwin|editor-first=Francis|editor-link=Francis Darwin|pages=|title=The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter|location=London|publisher=John Murray|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html|accessdate=4 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=0-404-08417-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=|year=1958|editor-last=Barlow|editor-first=Nora|editor-link=Nora Barlow|pages=|title=The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text|Ref={{Sfnref|Darwin|1958}}|location=London|publisher=Collins|isbn=|accessdate=28 September 2013|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
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{{refend}}
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