Gereja yang Mengaku: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gereja yang Mengaku''' (aslinya {{lang-de|Bekennende Kirche}}; {{lang-en|Confessing Church}} juga disebut ''Confessional Church'') adalah suatu gerakan perlawanan [[Kristen]] di [[Jerman Nazi]]. Pada [[1933]] ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' memaksa gereja-gereja [[Kristen]] [[Protestan]] untuk bergabung ke dalam [[Gereja Protestan Reich]] dan mendukung [[Naziism#teori ideologis|ideologi Nazi]]. Mereka yang menentang terpaksa mengadakan pertemuan "di bawah tanah". Pada [[1934]], sekelompok pendeta dan jemaat mengukuhkan kembali dalam "[[Deklarasi Barmen]]" fokus Gereja kepada [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]] dan perlawanan mereka terhadap ideologi Nazi.

Banyak dari para pemimpin "Gereja yang Mengaku" ini, seperti [[Martin Niemöller]] dan [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], dimasukkan ke dalam [[kamp konsentrasi]], dan sebagian di antaranya mati di sana. Orang-orang [[Kristen]] yang tidak setuju dengan Nazi kehilangan pemimpin mereka, dan terpaksa beribadah seperti yang pernah dilakukan oleh mereka yang hidup pada masa-masa gereja awal pada zaman [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Namun pemerintah Nazi lebih tidak toleran terhadap perbedaan-perbedaan dalam pemahaman keagamaan, dibandingkan dengan pemerintah Romawi. "Gereja yang Mengaku" terlibat dalam berbagai perlawanan, terutama sekali menyembunyikan [[orang Yahudi]] dari penangkapan rezim Nazi.

* {{cite book |title = Nazism, Liberalism, & Christianity: Protestant social thought in Germany & Great Britain, 1925–1937|url = https://archive.org/details/nazismliberalism0000barn|first =Kenneth C. |last = Barnes|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year= 1991|isbn = 0-8131-1729-1 }}

* {{cite book |title = For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler|url = https://archive.org/details/forsoulofpeoplep0000barn|first =Victoria |last = Barnett|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year= 1992|

* {{cite book|title =The Holocaust Encyclopedia|url =https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo0000unse|first=Judith Tydor |last=Baumel |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-300-08432-3 }}

* {{cite book|title=A Concise History of the Third Reich |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00benz|first=Wolfgang |last=Benz |

publisher = University of California Press|year= 2006 |isbn= 0-520-23489-8 }}

* {{cite book |first = Doris L. |last = Bergen |title=Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich|url = https://archive.org/details/twistedcrossgerm0000berg|location = Chapel Hill |publisher=UNC Press|year = 1996 |isbn = 0-8078-4560-4 }}

* {{cite book |last = Evans|first = Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Evans |title = The Third Reich in Power|url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe0000evan|publisher=Penguin Books|year = 2006|location = London

* {{cite book |first = Matthew D. |last = Hockenos |title = A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past|url = https://archive.org/details/churchdividedger0000hock|location = Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 2004 |ISBN = 978-0-253-34448-9 }}

* {{cite book |last=Kershaw|first=Ian|isbn = 0-393-04671-0 |author-link=Ian Kershaw|title= Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1999 }}

* {{cite book |title =The Forger: An Extraordinary Story of Survival in Wartime Berlin |first = Cioma |last = Schonhaus |author-link = Cioma Schonhaus |publisher=Da Capo Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 0-306-81770-5 }}

* {{cite book |last = Shirer |first = William L. |author-link = William L. Shirer|title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr1959unse|location = New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster|year = 1960 |isbn = 0-671-72868-7 }}

* {{cite book |last = Toland |first = John |title = Adolf Hitler|url = https://archive.org/details/adolfhitler02tola|author-link=John Toland|publisher=Doubleday & Company |year = 1976 |location = New York |isbn = 0-385-03724-4 }}

* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/ConfessiCh.html Gereja yang Mengaku dalam Columbia Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109030224/http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/ConfessiCh.html |date=2009-01-09 }}

* [http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/modern/stories/confessing-church.htm Lutheran educational website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052409/http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/modern/stories/confessing-church.htm |date=2022-06-25 }}

* [http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/hist/jpetropoulos/church/keithpage/protesta.htm University affiliated website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231816/http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/hist/jpetropoulos/church/keithpage/protesta.htm |date=2012-04-17 }}

* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/barmen.htm Barmen Declaration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317065859/https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/barmen.htm |date=2023-03-17 }}

* {{YouTube|drq9hz5tYDI|Karl Barth on the Confessing Church}}

[[Kategori:KristenKekristenan di Jerman]]