Skandal valas: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Skandal valas''' (biasa disebut '''''forex probe''''') adalah skandal keuangan yang melibatkan pengungkapan dan penyelidikan [[bank]]-bank yang [[kolusi|bersekongkol]] selama satu dasawarsa untuk memanipulasi [[nilai tukar]] demi keuntungannya sendiri. Regulator pasar di Asia, [[Swiss]], [[Britania Raya]], dan Amerika Serikat mulai melakukan investigasi pada [[pasar valuta asing]] (valas) yang sirkulasinya mencapai $5,3 triliun per hari setelah ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' melaporkan pada Juni 2013 bahwa para pedagang valas mengaku melakukan ''[[front-running]]'' pada pesanan klien dan memalsukan nilai patok valuta asing WM/Reuters dengan bersekongkol bersama rekan-rekannya dan melakukan perdagangan sebelum dan ketika proses pergantian nilai patok terjadi selama 60 detik. Tindakan ini dilakukan setiap hari di pasar mata uang spot dan terjadi selama hampir satu dasawarsa menurut pengakuan para pedagang valas.<ref name=OriginalReport>{{cite news|last=Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Ambereen Choudhury|title=Traders Said to Rig Currency Rates to Profit Off Clients|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-11/traders-said-to-rig-currency-rates-to-profit-off-clients.html|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

== Investigasi ==

Hal yang menjadi sumber investigasi skandal ini adalah transkrip [[ruang obrolan]] elektronik yang digunakan pedagang valas senior bersama para pesaingnya di bank-bank lain untuk membahas jenis dan volume perdagangan yang hendak mereka manfaatkan. Ruang obrolan elektronik ini diberi nama "The Cartel", "The Bandits’ Club", "One Team, One Dream", dan "The Mafia".<ref>{{cite news|last=Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Bob Ivry|first=|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-19/how-secret-currency-traders-club-devised-biggest-market-s-rates.html|title=Secret Currency Traders’ Club Devised Biggest Market’s Rates|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=2013-12-19|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Katie Martin and David Enrich|first=|url=http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304866904579267901064067572|title=Forex Traders Said to Have Colluded in Effort to Profit|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=2013-12-19|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref name=Reuters/> Diskusi di ruang obrolan ini diselingi lelucon tentang memanipulasi pasar valuta asing serta alkohol, obat-obatan terlarang, dan perempuan.<ref name="Enrich">{{cite news|last=David Enrich and Katie Martin|first=|url=http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303618904579171390414686878|title=Currency Probe Widens as Major Banks Suspend Traders|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=2013-11-01|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> Pihak regulator berfokus pada satu ruang obrolan eksklusif yang diberi nama The Cartel atau The Mafia. Ruang obrolan tersebut digunakan oleh para pedagang paling berpengaruh di [[City of London|London]] dan keanggotaannya sangat eksklusif. Salah satu anggota The Cartel adalah Richard Usher, mantan pedagang senior [[Royal Bank of Scotland|Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS)]] yang menjadi kepala pedagangan valuta asing spot [[JPMorgan]] pada tahun 2010; Rohan Ramchandani, kepala perdagangan spot Eropa [[Citigroup]]; Matt Gardiner, pedagang yang pindah ke [[Standard Chartered]] setelah bekerja di [[UBS]] dan [[Barclays]]; dan Chris Ashton, kepala perdagangan spot di Barclays. Dua di antaranya, Usher dan Ramchandani, merupakan anggota kelompok pedagang utama [[Bank of England]] Joint Standing Committee yang beranggotakan 13 orang.<ref name="Schafer">{{cite news|last=Daniel Schäfer, Alice Ross and Delphine Strauss|first=|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7a9b85b4-4af8-11e3-8c4c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2sG2XPJec|title=Foreign exchange: The big fix|newspaper=Financial Times|date=2013-11-12|accessdate=2014-02-03|archive-date=2014-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122021723/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7a9b85b4-4af8-11e3-8c4c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2sG2XPJec|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Sedikitnya 15 bank, termasuk Barclays, [[HSBC]], dan [[Goldman Sachs]], mengungkapkan adanya investigasi oleh pihak regulator. Barclays, Citigroup, dan [[JPMorgan Chase]] mendiskors atau mencutikan semua pedagang valas senior. [[Deutsche Bank]], bank pinjaman terbesar di benua Eropa, mematuhi permintaan informasi dari para regulator.<ref name="Schafer"/><ref name=Sebag>{{cite news|last=Gaspard Sebag and Aoife White|title=Banks Said to Snitch on FX Rivals in Race to Avoid Fines|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-20/banks-said-to-snitch-on-fx-competitors-in-race-to-avoid-eu-fines.html|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Schafer"/> Barclays, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, JPMorgan Chase, [[Lloyds Banking Group|Lloyds]], RBS, Standard Chartered, UBS, dan [[Bank of England]] telah mendiskors, mencutikan, atau memecat kurang lebih 40 karyawan valas pada Juni 2014.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|title=Forex Chatrooms Show Traders Shared Order, Price Details: Report|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/forex/article-forex-chatrooms-show-traders-shared-order-price-details-report-539899|accessdate=1 July 2014|agency=Reuters|publisher=NDTV Profit|date=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Alice Ross, Daniel Schäfer and Gina Chon|first=|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/03659de2-7dc8-11e3-95dd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2sA4TUFeI|title=Deutsche Bank suspends traders amid global forex probe|newspaper=Financial Times|date=2014-01-15|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nicholas Comfort and Karin Matussek|first=|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-30/deutsche-bank-said-to-suspend-moraiz-in-currency-probe.html|title=Deutsche Bank Said to Suspend Moraiz in Currency Probe|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=2014-01-30|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref name=FTreporters>{{cite news|last=Daniel Schäfer, Patrick Jenkins, Mike Mackenzie, Kara Scannell, Alex Barker, Camilla Hall, Caroline Binham and Delphine Strauss|title=Forex in the spotlight|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a296da48-9579-11e3-8371-00144feab7de.html#axzz2tfdCIcDV|accessdate=18 February 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=16 February 2014}}</ref> Citigroup juga sudah memecat kepala divisi perdagangan valuta asing spot Eropa, Rohan Ramchandani; Ramchandani merupakan anggota kelompok pedagang utama Bank of England Joint Standing Committee yang beranggotakan 13 orang.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bases|first=Daniel|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/forex-citi-probe-idUKL2N0KK29920140110|title=Citi's European spot forex head trader Ramchandani out amid probe|newspaper=Reuters|date=2014-01-10|accessdate=2014-02-03|archive-date=2014-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215092007/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/forex-citi-probe-idUKL2N0KK29920140110|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' melaporkan bahwa ratusan pedagang di seluruh dunia bisa terkena dampak skandal ini.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jamie McGeever|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/european-business/deutsche-bank-suspends-multiple-currency-traders-in-new-york-source/article16340584/|title=Deutsche Bank, Citi feel the heat of widening FX investigation|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=2014-01-15|accessdate=2014-02-03|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116020411/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/european-business/deutsche-bank-suspends-multiple-currency-traders-in-new-york-source/article16340584/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Denda ==

Pada tanggal 20 Mei 2015, lima bank mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan kejahatan berat oleh [[Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat]] dan menyetujui pembayaran denda bernilai total $5,7 miliar. Empat di antaranya, Barclays, Citigroup, JP Morgan, dan Royal Bank of Scotland, mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan manipulasi pasar asing. Meski bank-bank lain sudah didenda duluan setelah investigasi bulan November 2004, Barclays belum dilibatkan dan dijatuhi denda senilai $2,4 miliar. UBS juga mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan [[penipuan transfer]] dan menyetujui pembayaran denda senilai $203 juta. Bank keenam, [[Bank of America]], meski tidak dinyatakan bersalah, dijatuhi denda $204 juta karena melakukan praktik berbahaya di pasar asing.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/20/us-banks-forex-settlement-idUSKBN0O50CQ20150520 | title = Major banks admit guilt in forex probe, fined $6 billion | first1 = Karen | last1 = Friefeld | first2 = Steve | last2 = Slater | first3 = Katharina | last3 = Bart | publisher = [[Reuters]] | date = 20 May 2015 | accessdate = 20 May 2015 | archive-date = 2015-05-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150522110737/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/20/us-banks-forex-settlement-idUSKBN0O50CQ20150520 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32817114 | title = Record fines for currency market fix | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 20 May 2015 | accessdate = 20 May 2015 }}</ref>

== Penangkapan ==

* [[Skandal Libor]]

* [[Pasar valuta asing]]

* [[Kejahatan kerah putih]]

== Pranala luar ==

=== Bank of America ===

=== Barclays ===

* [http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/ea/ea150520.pdf Consent Order in the Matter of Barclays Bank Plc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116063343/http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/ea/ea150520.pdf |date=2017-11-16 }}, United States, [[New York State Department of Financial Services]], 20 May 2015.

=== Citigroup ===

=== HSBC ===

=== JPMorgan ===

=== RBS ===

=== UBS ===

* [http://www.finma.ch/d/aktuell/Documents/ubs-fx-bericht-20141112-d.pdf FINMA Summary Report UBS Foreign Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130185921/http://www.finma.ch/d/aktuell/Documents/ubs-fx-bericht-20141112-d.pdf |date=2014-11-30 }}, Switzerland, [[Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority]], 12 November 2014.

=== Pemerintahan ===

* [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/news/2014/grabiner.pdf Bank of England Foreign Exchange Market Investigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317194150/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/news/2014/grabiner.pdf |date=2017-03-17 }}, United Kingdom, [[Bank of England]], 12 November 2014.

[[CategoryKategori:Pasar valuta asing]]

[[CategoryKategori:Skandal tahun 2015]]

[[CategoryKategori:Skandal keuangan]]

[[CategoryKategori:Sejarah perbankan]]