Bencana lingkungan Oder 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Oder.png|jmpl|[[Daerah aliran sungai]] Oder seluas 119.074 km² (45.975 sq mi) di Ceko, Polandia, dan Jerman.]]
[[Berkas:Fischsterben-Oder-1.jpg|jmpl|Ikan-ikan yang mati di sungai Oder]]

Selama musim panas 2022, [[Peristiwa kematian massal|kematian massal]] ikan, [[berang-berang]], dan satwa liar lainnya terjadi di [[Sungai Oder, Polandia|sungai Oder]], antara [[Polandia]] dan [[Jerman]], menyebabkan [[Krisis lingkungan|krisis kesehatan dan lingkungan]] di sebagian besar wilayah Polandia.

Pada 11 Agustus 2022, relawan dan pemancing memindahkan setidaknya 10 ton ikan mati dari aliran sungai sepanjang {{Cvt|200|km}} di utara [[Oława|Olawa]] di barat daya Polandia. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Strzelecki|first=Marek|date=11 August 2022|title=Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/|work=Reuters|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811171008/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=11 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten tonnes of dead fish hauled out of polluted River Odra|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/ten-tonnes-of-dead-fish-hauled-out-of-polluted-river-odra-32345|website=www.thefirstnews.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811205141/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/ten-tonnes-of-dead-fish-hauled-out-of-polluted-river-odra-32345|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=11 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tonnes of dead fish pulled from River Oder in Poland as officials warn of possible contamination|url=https://news.sky.com/story/tonnes-of-dead-fish-pulled-from-river-oder-in-poland-as-officials-warn-of-possible-contamination-12670933|website=Sky News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812075152/https://news.sky.com/story/tonnes-of-dead-fish-pulled-from-river-oder-in-poland-as-officials-warn-of-possible-contamination-12670933|archive-date=12 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/poland-investigates-ecological-catastrophe-fish-die-off-8828771 Ecological catastrophe], ABCnews.go.com. Accessed 13 August 2022.</ref> Penemuan itu dilakukan oleh nelayan setempat, di mana seharusnya itu menjadi tugas dari lembaga pemerintah atau pengujian (kualitas lingkungan) setempat. <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Wędkarz znad Odry: "boimy się". Czy poznamy prawdę?|url=https://kobieta.onet.pl/wiadomosci/co-skazilo-rzeke-odre-moze-prawdy-nigdy-sie-nie-dowiemy/kt5zdly|website=OnetKobieta|language=pl|trans-title=Angler from the Oder: "we are afraid". Will we know the truth?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811181246/https://kobieta.onet.pl/wiadomosci/co-skazilo-rzeke-odre-moze-prawdy-nigdy-sie-nie-dowiemy/kt5zdly|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rekaman peawat[[Pesawat nirawak|pesawat tanpa awak]] terhadap sungai menunjukkan skala kerusakan yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drone views of European river's massive fish kill|url=https://news.yahoo.com/drone-views-european-rivers-massive-133539038.html|website=news.yahoo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013015/https://news.yahoo.com/drone-views-european-rivers-massive-133539038.html|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dugaan awal penyebab bencana adalah keracunan zat yang belum diketahui jenisnya. <ref>{{Cite news|date=12 August 2022|via=www.reuters.com|title=Germany and Poland search for cause of mass fish die-off in river Oder|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mass-fish-die-off-german-polish-river-blamed-unknown-toxic-substance-2022-08-12/|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002223/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mass-fish-die-off-german-polish-river-blamed-unknown-toxic-substance-2022-08-12/|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Sampel air yang diambil pada tanggal 28 Juli menunjukkan kemungkinan besar kontaminasi disebabkan oleh [[mestilena|mesitylene]], meskipun zat ini tidak terdapat pada sampel yang diambil setelah 1 Agustus. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Strzelecki|first=Marek|date=11 August 2022|title=Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/|work=Reuters|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811171008/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=11 August 2022|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStrzelecki2022">Strzelecki, Marek (11 August 2022). [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/ "Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe"]. ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220811171008/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/ Archived] from the original on 11 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=S.A|first=Telewizja Polska|title=Mass death of fish in River Oder raises environmental stink|url=https://tvpworld.com/61785992/mass-death-of-fish-in-river-oder-raises-environmental-stink|website=tvpworld.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811205125/https://tvpworld.com/61785992/mass-death-of-fish-in-river-oder-raises-environmental-stink|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=11 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sebuah laboratorium pengujian di Jerman telah menemukan [[Raksa|merkuri]] dalam jumlah kecil, tetapi [[Politik di Polandia|pemerintah Polandia]] membantah bahwa [[Keracunan raksa|keracunan merkuri]] adalah penyebab kematian dan mengklaim bahwa pengujian yang mereka lakukan tidak menemukan zat itu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zatrucie Odry. Dziewięć absurdalnych wątków w tej sprawie|url=https://www.onet.pl/styl-zycia/whitemad/zatrucie-odry-dziewiec-absurdalnych-watkow-w-tej-sprawie/dpw94tf,30bc1058|website=www.onet.pl|language=pl|trans-title=Odra poisoning. Nine absurd threads on this matter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013016/https://www.onet.pl/styl-zycia/whitemad/zatrucie-odry-dziewiec-absurdalnych-watkow-w-tej-sprawie/dpw94tf,30bc1058|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut Menteri Lingkungan Brandenburg, laboratorium Jerman percaya ini mungkin akibat dari kandungan sejumlah besar garam di dalam air daripada merkuri.  <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2022|title=Rtęć w Odrze? Minister środowiska Brandenburgii: za śmierć ryb odpowiadają raczej ładunki soli|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/burza-po-informacji-o-rteci-w-odrze-sa-nowe-wyniki-badan-z-niemiec/914mcfe|website=Onet Wiadomości|language=pl|trans-title=Mercury in the Oder? Brandenburg Environment Minister: the salt charges are rather responsible for the deaths of the fish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812220903/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/burza-po-informacji-o-rteci-w-odrze-sa-nowe-wyniki-badan-z-niemiec/914mcfe|archive-date=12 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ekosistem sungai rusak parah dan mungkin, jika yang terjadi adalah kasus keracunan merkuri, dapat dikatakan musnah secara permanen. <ref>{{Cite web|title="Jeżeli faktycznie jest to rtęć, to koniec ekosystemu Odry, jaki do tej pory znaliśmy"|url=https://tvn24.pl/polska/odra-sniete-ryby-katastrofa-ekologiczna-alicja-pawelec-jesli-faktycznie-jest-to-rtec-to-jest-koniec-ekosystemu-odry-jaki-do-tej-pory-znalismy-6066904|website=TVN24|language=pl|trans-title="If it is mercury, then the end of the Oder ecosystem as we have known so far"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013015/https://tvn24.pl/polska/odra-sniete-ryby-katastrofa-ekologiczna-alicja-pawelec-jesli-faktycznie-jest-to-rtec-to-jest-koniec-ekosystemu-odry-jaki-do-tej-pory-znalismy-6066904|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ada juga potensi konsekuensi kesehatan yang serius bagi manusia. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rtęć w Odrze? Lekarze: ryzyko uszkodzeń narządów, a nawet zgonu|url=https://www.medonet.pl/choroby-od-a-do-z/zatrucia,rtec-w-odrze--lekarze--ryzyko-uszkodzen-narzadow--a-nawet-zgonu,artykul,14361265.html|website=medonet.pl|language=pl|trans-title=Mercury in the Oder? Doctors: risk of organ damage and even death|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013015/https://www.medonet.pl/choroby-od-a-do-z/zatrucia,rtec-w-odrze--lekarze--ryzyko-uszkodzen-narzadow--a-nawet-zgonu,artykul,14361265.html|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Fischsterben-Oder-2.jpg|pra=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fischsterben-Oder-2.jpg/220px-Fischsterben-Oder-2.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Barisan ikan yang mati di sungai Oder]]

[[Perdana Menteri Polandia]] [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] berada di bawah tekanan untuk bertindak dan akibatnya beberapa pejabat tinggi pemerintah dipecat. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Polish officials sacked after mass fish die-off in Oder river|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/senior-polish-officials-sacked-after-mass-fish-die-off-in-oder-river/ar-AA10BL6A|website=MSN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013015/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/senior-polish-officials-sacked-after-mass-fish-die-off-in-oder-river/ar-AA10BL6A|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Hal ini kemudian menyebabkan keretakan internal di partai [[Hukum dan Keadilan]] yang berkuasa di Polandia. <ref name="gazeta1">{{Cite web|title=Wielkie pretensje do wojewodów po zatruciu Odry. GIOŚ nakazał pilne działania. "A oni nie zrobili nic"|url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html|website=gazetapl|language=pl|trans-title=Great claims to voivodes after poisoning the Odra River. CIEP ordered urgent actions. "And they did nothing"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Penduduk setempat marah dan bereaksi terhadap tindakan pemerintah, <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2022|title=Magda mieszka nad samą Odrą. "Martwe ryby szybko się rozkładają, wręcz pękają"|url=https://noizz.pl/ekologia/magda-mieszka-nad-sama-odra-martwe-ryby-szybko-sie-rozkladaja-wrecz-pekaja/fw1pvgg|website=noizz.pl|language=pl|trans-title=Magda lives on the Oder itself. "Dead fish decompose quickly, they even burst"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013019/https://noizz.pl/ekologia/magda-mieszka-nad-sama-odra-martwe-ryby-szybko-sie-rozkladaja-wrecz-pekaja/fw1pvgg|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> dan, dengan [[Telewizja Polska|televisi pemerintah]] menghindari pelaporan tentang masalah ini, tuduhan yang meluas tentang pemerintah yang menutup-nutupi kasus ini pun dimulai. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Mrowicki|first=Rafał|date=11 August 2022|title=O tym mówi cała Polska. TVP poświęciło 55 sekund|url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/zatruta-odra-dopiero-w-polowie-czwartkowych-wiadomosci-blyskawiczny-material-6800346869193216a|website=wiadomosci.wp.pl|language=pl|trans-title=All of Poland is talking about it. TVP spent 55 seconds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811211934/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/zatruta-odra-dopiero-w-polowie-czwartkowych-wiadomosci-blyskawiczny-material-6800346869193216a|archive-date=11 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="wiadWP">{{Cite web|last=Kuczera|first=Łukasz|date=12 August 2022|title=Milczeli przez niemal kwadrans. "Wiadomości" TVP naprawdę to zrobiły|url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wiadomosci-tvp-naprawde-to-zrobily-zatruta-odra-jako-pretekst-do-ataku-na-tuska-6800708913818592a|website=wiadomosci.wp.pl|language=pl|trans-title=They were silent for almost a quarter of an hour. TVP's "news" really did it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wiadomosci-tvp-naprawde-to-zrobily-zatruta-odra-jako-pretekst-do-ataku-na-tuska-6800708913818592a|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Pemerintah Polandia mengatakan para pelaku akan dihukum berat, juga menyalahkan politisi oposisi seperti [[Donald Tusk]] dan [[Rafał Trzaskowski]], dan membandingkan situasi dengan peristiwa lain yang telah terjadi sebelumnya dan tidak memiliki hubungan, di [[Warsawa]] dan [[Gdańsk]], tempat oposisi [[Mimbar Kewarganegaraan|Civic Platform]] memegang kekuasaan. <ref name="wiadWP" /> Grzegorz Witkowski, seorang menteri pemerintah Polandia, mengulangi klaim pemerintah, dan juga menyalahkan para pakar [[ekologi]] dan menyatakan bahwa sungai itu aman untuk dimasuki. <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2022|title=Wiceminister Witkowski o spóźnionej reakcji w sprawie Odry. "Bzdura. Trzaskowski zwlekał tydzień"|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/lubuskie/spozniona-reakcja-w-sprawie-odry-wiceminister-uderza-w-trzaskowskiego/3znlc2c|website=wiadomosci.onet.pl|language=pl|trans-title=Deputy Minister Witkowski on the delayed reaction in the case of the Oder River. "Nonsense. Trzaskowski delayed the week"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/lubuskie/spozniona-reakcja-w-sprawie-odry-wiceminister-uderza-w-trzaskowskiego/3znlc2c|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Kritik juga jatuh pada sheriff setempat. <ref name="gazeta1">{{Cite web|title=Wielkie pretensje do wojewodów po zatruciu Odry. GIOŚ nakazał pilne działania. "A oni nie zrobili nic"|url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html|website=gazetapl|language=pl|trans-title=Great claims to voivodes after poisoning the Odra River. CIEP ordered urgent actions. "And they did nothing"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html "Wielkie pretensje do wojewodów po zatruciu Odry. GIOŚ nakazał pilne działania. "A oni nie zrobili nic""] &#x5B;Great claims to voivodes after poisoning the Odra River. CIEP ordered urgent actions. "And they did nothing"&#x5D;. ''gazetapl'' (in Polish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,28786061,gios-nakazal.html Archived] from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite>

[[Memancing|Pemancing]] telah menyatakan bahwa tidak mungkin mereka bisa memancing lagi di air. <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2022|title=Odra skażona, wędkarze załamani. "Chce się płakać"|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/ogromna-skala-katastrofy-ekologicznej-w-odrze-sa-lzy-i-emocje/4m243v5|website=wiadomosci.onet.pl|language=pl|trans-title=Oder contaminated, fishermen are devastated. "You want to cry"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013017/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/ogromna-skala-katastrofy-ekologicznej-w-odrze-sa-lzy-i-emocje/4m243v5|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Steffi Lemke]], [[Kementerian Federal untuk Lingkungan Hidup, Konservasi Alam, Bangunan, dan Keselamatan Nuklir|Menteri Federal Jerman untuk Lingkungan, Konservasi Alam, Keamanan Nuklir, dan Perlindungan Konsumen]], menyebut situasi ini sebagai bencana ekologi yang mengejutkan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Niemiecka ministerka o skażeniu Odry: Jestem wstrząśnięta. Zanosi się na katastrofę ekologiczną|url=https://next.gazeta.pl/next/7,168930,28786041,niemiecka-minister-jestem-wstrzasnieta-zanosi-sie-na-katastrofe.html|website=nextgazetapl|language=pl|trans-title=German minister on the contamination of the Oder river: I am shocked. It looks like an ecological disaster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813013018/https://next.gazeta.pl/next/7,168930,28786041,niemiecka-minister-jestem-wstrzasnieta-zanosi-sie-na-katastrofe.html|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

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