Mithras: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[ImageBerkas:MithraReliefvert.jpg|thumbjmpl|300px|Double-faced Mithraic relief. Rome, second to third century AD. [[Louvre Museum]]]]

[[FileBerkas:Mithra sacrifiant le Taureau-005.JPG|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|250px|Mithras ''la Galerie du Temps'' du [[Louvre-Lens]]]]

'''Misteri Mithraik''' adalah [[Misteri Yunani-Romawi|agama misteri]] yang dipraktikkan di [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] dari sekitar abad ke-1 sampai 4 SM. Nama dewa [[Sejarah Iran|Persia]] [[Mithra]] (proto-Indo-Iran Mitra), diadaptasi ke dalam [[bahasa Yunani]] sebagai '''Mithras''', dikaitkan dengan citra yang baru dan khas. Para penulis pada periode Kekaisaran Romawi merujuk pada agama misteri ini dengan frase yang dapat di artikan kedalam bahasa Inggris sebagai '''Misteri Mithras''' atau '''Misteri Bangsa Persia''';<ref name=beck>{{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithraism | title = Mithraism | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | last = Beck | first = Roger | date =2002-07-20 | publisher = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | quote = The term “Mithraism” is of course a modern coinage. In antiquity the cult was known as “the mysteries of Mithras”; alternatively, as “the mysteries of the Persians.”…The Mithraists, who were manifestly not Persians in any ethnic sense, thought of themselves as cultic “Persians.” ... the ancient Roman Mithraists themselves were convinced that their cult was founded by none other than Zoroaster, who “dedicated to Mithras, the creator and father of all, a cave in the mountains bordering Persia,” an idyllic setting “abounding in flowers and springs of water” (Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs 6).}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04166.htm Origen, Contra Celsus, Book&nbsp;6],

Chapter&nbsp;22.&nbsp;"After this, Celsus, desiring to exhibit his learning in his treatise against us, quotes also certain Persian mysteries, where he says: 'These things are obscurely hinted at in the accounts of the Persians, and especially in the mysteries of Mithras, which are celebrated among them&nbsp;...' "

Chapter&nbsp;24&nbsp;"After the instance borrowed from the Mithraic mysteries, Celsus declares that he who would investigate the Christian mysteries, along with the aforesaid Persian, will, on comparing the two together, and on unveiling the rites of the Christians, see in this way the difference between them."</ref> sejarawan modern menyebutnya sebagai '''Mithraisme''',<ref name=beck/> atau kadang-kadang '''Mithraisme Romawi'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uhu.es/ejms/ | title = Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies | accessdate = 2011-03-28 | work = Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies | quote = The Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies (EJMS) is a revival of the Journal of Mithraic Studies edited by Dr. Richard Gordon. It is a place where researchers on Roman Mithraism can publish the product of their research and make it freely available for other interested people. | archive-date = 2015-05-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092426/http://www.uhu.es/ejms/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name=beck1>{{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithraism | title = Mithraism | accessdate = 2011-03-28 | last = Beck | first = Roger | date = 2002-07-20 | publisher = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, | quote = For most of the twentieth century the major problem addressed by scholarship on both Roman Mithraism and the Iranian god Mithra was the question of continuity.}}</ref> Misteri tersebut populer di militer Romawi.<ref name="geden 1"/>

Banyak temuan arkeologi, termasuk tempat-tempat pertemuan, monumen dan artefak, telah memberikan kontribusi untuk pengetahuan modern mengenai Mithraisme di seluruh Kekaisaran Romawi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/paganshadowchrist_article_01.shtml | title = The Pagan Shadow of Christ? | accessdate = 4 June 2011 | last = Beck | first = Roger | date = 17 February 2011 | publisher = BBC-History | quote = We know a good deal about them because archaeology has disinterred many meeting places together with numerous artifacts and representations of the cult myth, mostly in the form of relief sculpture. }}</ref> [[Ikonografi|Adegan ikonik]] Mithras menunjukkan dia dilahirkan dari batuperawan yang lahir tanggal 25 Desember, menyembelih banteng, dan berbagi perjamuan dengan dewa [[Sol (mitologi)|Sol]] (Matahari). Sekitar 420 situs telah menghasilkan materi yang berhubungan dengan kultus tersebut. Di antaranya ditemukan sekitar 1000 prasasti, 700 adegan pembunuhan banteng ([[tauroctony]]), dan sekitar 400 monumen lainnya.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Clauss|first1 = Manfred|title = The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and his Mysteries|pages = xxi|isbn = 0-415-92977-6}}</ref> Diperkirakan terdapat setidaknya 680-690 mithraea di Roma.<ref name="HaaseTemporini1984"/> Tidak ada teologi atau narasi tertulis dari agama tersebut yang terselamatkan, dengan informasi terbatas yang berasal dari prasasti, dan hanya referensi singkat atau sekadarnya dalam [[sastra Latin|literatur Latin]] dan [[sastra Yunani Kuno|Yunani]]. Interpretasi dari bukti fisik tersebut tetap bermasalah dan diperdebatkan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ulansey|first=David|title=Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofmithrai0000ulan|publisher=Oxford UP|year=1991|location=New York|isbn=0-19-506788-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/originsofmithrai0000ulan/page/3 3]|quote=However, in the absence of any ancient explanations of its meaning, Mithraic iconography has proven to be exceptionally difficult to decipher.}}</ref>