Simbol Kristen: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
|||
| (33 revisi perantara oleh 12 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
[[
{{Kristen}}
'''Simbol Kristen''' adalah simbol atau lambang atau tanda yang digunakan dalam '''Simbolisme Kristen''' ({{lang-en|Christian symbolism}}). Simbol-simbol itu meliputi lambang-lambang kuno (''archetypes''), tindakan, karya seni atau peristiwa peringatan dalam tradisi [[Kristen]].
<!--
The symbolism of the [[early Church]] was characterized by being understood by initiates only,<ref>{{cite book | title=Christian Symbolism | url=https://archive.org/details/christiansymbol00jenngoog | last=Jenner |first=Henry |location=Plymouth|year=1910|page=xiv}}</ref> while after the legalization of Christianity in the 4th-century more recognizable symbols entered in use. [[Christianity]] has borrowed from the common stock of significant symbols known to most periods and to all regions of the world.<ref name="ces">{{CathEncy |wstitle=Symbolism| author=Herbert Thurston}}</ref>
[[Christianity]] has not generally practised [[Aniconism in Christianity|Aniconism]], or the avoidance or prohibition of types of images, even if the early [[Jewish Christian]]s sects, as well as some modern [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, preferred to some extent not to use figures in their symbols, by invoking the [[Ten Commandments|Decalogue's]] prohibition of [[idolatry]].
-->
== Simbol Kristen awal ==
{{Kebudayaan Kristen}}
=== Salib dan krusifiks ===
{{main|Salib Kristen|Crucifix}}
[[
<!--▼
Pada awal abad ke-3 salib telah sedemikian dikaitkan dengan [[Kristus]] sehingga [[Klemens dari Alexandria]], yang meninggal antara tahun 211 dan 216, tanpa takut disalahartikan menggunakan frasa ''{{lang|grc|τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον}}'' (tanda Tuhan) yang berarti "salib", ketika dia mengulangi ide yang baru berkembang sejak munculnya [[Surat Barnabas]], bahwa angka 318 (dalam penulisan angka Yunani menggunakan huruf-huruf ΤΙΗ) dalam {{bibleverse||Genesis|14:14}} was a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letters of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, standing for 18).<ref name="CA">[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book6.html Stromata, book VI, chapter XI]</ref> ▼
Bentuk salib, yang direpresentasikan dengan huruf "[[Tau|T]]", mulai digunakan sebagai "meterai" atau simbol [[Gereja perdana|Kekristenan Awal]] sejak abad ke-2.<ref>"The cross as a Christian symbol or 'seal' came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55-60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85-97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21-22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross. [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=899&letter=C CROSS:<!-- Bot generated title -->], [[Jewish Encyclopaedia]].</ref> Pada akhir abad ke-2, sebagaimana tertulis dalam ''[[Octavius (dialog)|Octavius]]'' karyanya, [[Marcus Minucius Felix]] menolak klaim yang diajukan para pencelanya kalau orang Kristen menyembah atau memuja salib.<ref>"Crosses, moreover, we neither worship nor wish for.1815 You, indeed, who consecrate gods of wood, adore wooden crosses perhaps as parts of your gods. For your very standards, as well as your banners; and flags of your camp, what else are they but crosses glided and adorned? Your victorious trophies not only imitate the appearance of a simple cross, but also that of a man affixed to it. We assuredly see the sign of a cross,1816 naturally, in the ship when it is carried along with swelling sails, when it glides forward with expanded oars; and when the military yoke is lifted up, it is the sign of a cross; and when a man adores God with a pure mind, with hands outstretched. Thus the sign of the cross either is sustained by a natural reason, or your own religion is formed with respect to it."
''Cruces etiam nec colimus, nec optamus. Vos plane qui ligneos deos consecratis, cruces ligneas, ut deorum vestrorum partes, forsitan adoratis. (0332B) Nam et signa ipsa et cantabra et vexilla castrorum, quid aliud quam inauratae cruces sunt et ornatae? Tropaea vestra victricia, non tantum simplicis crucis faciem, verum et affixi hominis imitantur. Signum sane crucis naturaliter visimus in navi, quum velis tumentibus vehitur, quum expansis palmulis labitur; et quum erigitur iugum, crucis signum est, et quum homo, porrectis manibus, Deum pura mente veneratur. Ita signo crucis aut ratio naturalis innititur, aut vestra religio formatur.'' ([http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm#P5713_906729 Octavius of Minucius Felix], chapter 29)
</ref> Salib ([[crucifix]], ''[[stauros]]'' dalam bahasa Yunani) pada periode tersebut direpresentasikan dengan huruf [[T]].
▲Pada awal abad ke-3 salib telah sedemikian dikaitkan dengan [[Kristus]] sehingga [[Klemens dari Alexandria]], yang meninggal antara tahun 211 dan 216, tanpa takut disalahartikan menggunakan frasa ''{{lang|grc|τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον}}'' (tanda Tuhan) yang berarti "salib", ketika dia mengulangi ide yang baru berkembang sejak munculnya [[Surat Barnabas]], bahwa angka 318 (dalam penulisan angka Yunani menggunakan huruf-huruf ΤΙΗ) dalam {{
[[Tertulianus]] yang hidup sezaman dengan Klemens juga menolak tuduhan bahwa orang Kristen adalah ''crucis religiosi'' (yaitu "pemuja/penyembah tiang gantungan"), dan membalikkan tuduhan tersebut dengan cara mempersamakan penyembahan berhala [[pagan]] dengan penyembahan tiang pancang atau tonggak.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0301.htm ''Apology''., chapter xvi.] Tertullian uses ''crux'' "cross", ''palus'' "pole" and ''stipes'' "stake" interchangeably for rhetoric effect:
"Then, if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, in that adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece of wood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very body of the god. And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from the stock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render our adoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. We have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross."
-->▼
''Sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat, consecraneus noster erit. Cum lignum aliquod propitiatur, viderit habitus, dum materiae qualitas eadem sit; viderit forma, dum id ipsum dei corpus sit. Et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite Pallas Attica, et Ceres Pharia, quae sine effigie rudi palo et informi ligno prostat? Pars crucis est omne robur, quod erecta statione defigitur; nos, si forte, integrum et totum deum colimus. Diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci.''</ref> Dalam bukunya ''De Corona'', ditulis tahun 204, Tertullian menceritakan sudah adanya tradisi orang-orang Kristen berulang kali menggerakkan tangan membuat [[tanda salib]] di kening mereka.<ref>"At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign" ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.vi.iii.html ''De Corona'', chapter 3])</ref>
Meskipun salib telah dikenal sejak awal mula [[Kekristenan]], krusifiks baru muncul pada abad ke-5.<ref name="soc" /> Pakar dan sejarawan Medieval Prancis M.-M. Davy telah menjabarkan secara rinci "Simbolisme Romawi" (''Romanesque Symbolism'') berkaitan kemunculan krusifiks ini dalam perkembangan Abad Pertengahan di Eropa Barat.<ref>M.-M. Davy, ''Initiation à la Symbolique Romane''. New edition. Paris: Flammarion, 1977.</ref>
Simbol '''Ichthys''' (atau '''Ichthus''') [[File:Ichthys symbol.svg|25px]] yang berwujud "ikan" (yaitu makna kata "ichthys") banyak digunakan oleh orang [[Kristen]] perdana sebagai lambang yang penting. Popularitasnya di kalangan orang Kristen dikarenakan kata ini {{lang-el|IXΘΥ'Σ}}) dapat merupakan singkatan akrostik terkenal dari lima kata [[bahasa Yunani Koine]] yang menggambarkan hakekat [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]] dan apa yang diimbangi oleh orang-orang yang percaya kepada-Nya yaitu: '''Ἰ'''ησοῦς '''Χ'''ριστός, '''Θ'''εοῦ '''Υ'''ἱός, '''Σ'''ωτήρ", (Iēsous Christos, Theou Huios, Sōtēr), artinya ''[[Yesus]] [[Kristus]], [[Putra Allah]], [[Juruselamat]]".<ref name="cefish">{{CathEncy |wstitle=Symbolism of the Fish| author=Maurice Hassett }}</ref> Penjelasan ini diberikan antara lain oleh [[Augustinus]] dalam karya tulisannya "[[Civitate Dei]]" ("Kota Allah"),<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=The City of God |wslink=The City of God/Book XVIII/Chapter 23 |author=Augustine |authorlink=Augustine |at=XVIII, 23}}</ref> di mana ia juga mencatat bahwa kalimat "''Ίησοῦς Χρειστός Θεοῦ Υἱός Σωτήρ"" terdiri dari 27 huruf, yaitu 3 x 3 x 3, yang pada zaman itu melambangkan "kekuasaan".▼
===
▲Simbol '''Ichthys''' (IXΘΥΣ atau '''Ichthus''') [[
=== Alfa dan Omega ===
{{main|Alfa dan Omega}}
Simbol "Alfa dan Omega" [[
===Staurogram===▼
Simbol '''Staurogram''' [[File:Christliche Symbolik (Menzel) I 193 2.jpg|15px]] (artinya [[monogram]] [[salib Kristen|salib]], dari {{lang-el|ΣTAΥPOΣ}}, ''stauros'', yang berarti ''salib''; {{lang-en|Monogrammatic Cross}}) atau simbol ''Tau-Rho'', disusun dari huruf [[Tau]] ('''Τ''') yang menindih huruf [[Rho]] ('''Ρ'''). <!--Staurogram was first used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early [[New Testament]] [[manuscript]]s such as [[Papyrus 66|P66]], [[Papyrus 45|P45]] and [[Papyrus 75|P75]], almost like a [[nomina sacra]].<ref name="Hurtado">{{cite book | editor-last = Kraus | editor-first = Thomas | title = New Testament Manuscripts | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-90-04-14945-8 | chapter=The staurogram in early Christian manuscripts: the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus? | first=Larry| last=Hutado| authorlink=Larry W. Hurtado | pages=207–26 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1204}}</ref>▼
▲=== Staurogram ===
[[Ephrem the Syrian]] in the 4th-century explained these two united letters stating that the tau refers to the [[Christian cross|cross]], and the rho refers to the Greek word "help" ({{lang-el|Βoηθια}}) which has the [[Greek numerals|numeric value]] of 100 as the letter rho has. In such a way the symbol expresses the idea that the Cross saves.<ref name="Hurtado"/> The two letters tau and rho can also be found separately as symbols on early Christian [[ossuaries]].<ref name="Bagatti"/> ▼
▲Simbol '''Staurogram''' [[
▲<!--
▲[[Ephrem
-->
Huruf "Tau" dianggap lambang keselamatan karena identifikasi huruf tersebut dengan huruf Ibrani "[[Taw (huruf Ibrani)|Taw]], yang pada [[Yehezkiel 9#Ayat 4|Yehezkiel 9:4]] merupakan tanda di kening orang-orang yang diselamatkan dari penghukuman Allah, maupun penampakan lengan [[Musa]] yang dibentangkan dalam {{Alkitab|Keluaran 17:11}}.<ref name="Hurtado"/>
<!-- The Monogrammatic Cross was later seen also as a variation of the [[Chi Rho]] symbol, and it spread over Western Europe in the 5th and 6th-century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Redknap | first = FirstName | title = The Christian Celts : treasures of late Celtic Wales | url = https://archive.org/details/christianceltstr0000redk | publisher = National Museum of Wales | location = Cardiff | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-7200-0354-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christianceltstr0000redk/page/61 61]}}</ref>▼
▲The Monogrammatic Cross was later seen also as a variation of the [[Chi Rho]] symbol, and it spread over Western Europe in the 5th and 6th-century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Redknap | first = FirstName | title = The Christian Celts : treasures of late Celtic Wales | publisher = National Museum of Wales | location = Cardiff | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-7200-0354-3 |page=61}}</ref>
-->
=== Chi Rho ===
{{main|Chi Rho}}
Simbol '''Chi Rho'''
=== Monogram IH ===
Monogram '''
=== Monogram IX ===
Monogram '''
<!--▼
== Simbol Kristen lain ==
=== Gembala Yang Baik ===
[[
{{main|The Good Shepherd (Christianity)|l1=Good Shepherd}}
Gambar "Gembala Yang Baik",
===Dove===
Baris 71 ⟶ 72:
===Anchor [[File:Anchor pictogram.svg|20px]]===
The Christians adopted the [[anchor]] as a symbol of hope in future existence because the anchor was regarded in ancient times as a symbol of safety. For Christians, Christ is the unfailing hope of all who believe in him: [[Saint Peter]], [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]], and several of the early [[Church Fathers]] speak in this sense. The [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|6:19-20|KJV}} for the first time connects the idea of hope with the symbol of the anchor.<ref name="CEanchor">{{CathEncy |wstitle=The Anchor (as Symbol)| author=Maurice Hassett}}</ref>
A fragment of inscription discovered in the [[Catacombs of Rome|catacomb of St. Domitilla]] contains the anchor, and dates from the end of the first century. During the second and third centuries the anchor occurs frequently in the epitaphs of the catacombs. The most common form of anchor found in early Christian images was that in which one extremity terminates in a ring adjoining the cross-bar while the other ends in two curved branches or an arrowhead; There are, however, many deviations from this form.<ref name="CEanchor"/> In general the anchor can symbolize hope, steadfastness, calm and composure.<ref>{{cite book| last=Klöpping| first=Laura | year=2012 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-656-13453-4 |page= 5 |title=Customs, Habits and Symbols of the Protestant Religion }}</ref>
▲-->
=== Simbol Elemental
▲<!--
===Lily crucifix===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
Baris 90 ⟶ 91:
*In [[Tong, Shropshire]], [[St. Bartholomew]]'s [[choir stall]] No. 8 depicts a lily crucifix.
*The [[Church of St John the Baptist, Wellington]] includes a Lily crucifix in the carving of the centre [[mullion]] of the east window of the Lady chapel.<ref>{{cite web|title=St John the Baptist, Wellington|url=http://www.wellingtonteamchurches.org.uk/wellingtonChurch.html|publisher=Wellington and District Team Ministry|accessdate=1 September 2011}}</ref>
-->
=== Burung undan ===
[[File:USA Massachusetts Amherst Pelican.jpg|thumb|Burung undan mencatuk dada sendiri]]
{{main|Undan}}
Bangsa [[Eropa]] pada [[Abad Pertengahan]] menganggap induk undan sangat telaten merawat anak-anaknya, bahkan rela mencatuk dada sendiri sampai mengeluarkan darah untuk diminum anak-anaknya bilamana tidak ada lagi makanan lain. Itulah sebabnya burung undan dijadikan lambang [[Kesengsaraan Yesus|Sengsara]] [[Yesus]] dan [[sakramen Ekaristi]] sejak sekitar abad ke-12.<ref>{{cite book| last=Jenner | first=Henry| year=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |page= 37 |orig-year=1910 |title=Christian Symbolism }}</ref>
===
[[
* [[Bendera Kristen]] (''Christian flag'')
▲[[File:Trinidad-Anglican-Episcopal-Coat-of-Arms.svg|250px|thumb|right|The coat of arms of the Anglican diocese of Trinidad contains several Christian visual symbols]]
* [[Salib dan Mahkota]] (''Cross and Crown'')
* [[Kristogram]] (monogram IHS; ''Christogram'')
* [[INRI]]
* [[
* [[Trefoil]]
▲*[[Shield of the Trinity]] (or ''Scutum Fidei'')
* [[
== Lukisan pada Makam ==
<!--
From the second half of the 1st century to the time of [[Constantine the Great]] they buried their dead and celebrated their rites in these underground chambers. The Christian tombs were ornamented with indifferent or symbolic designs—palms, peacocks, with the [[Chrismon|chi-rho]] monogram, with bas-reliefs of Christ as the [[The Good Shepherd (Christianity)|Good Shepherd]], or seated between figures of saints, and sometimes with elaborate scenes from the New Testament.<ref name="ceimage" />
Other Christian symbols include the [[dove]] (symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christ's sacrifice), the [[vine]] (symbolising the necessary connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from the writings found in the New Testament.<ref name="soc" /> Other decorations that were common included garlands, ribands, stars landscapes, which had symbolic meanings, as well.<ref name="ceimage" />
==Symbols of Christian Churches==
-->
[[
<!--
===Sacraments===
Some of the oldest symbols in the Christian church are the [[sacraments]], the number of which vary between denominations. Always included are [[Eucharist]] and [[baptism]]. The others which may or may not be included are [[ordination]], [[Anointing of the Sick|unction]], [[confirmation]], [[penance]] and [[Christian views of marriage|marriage]]. They are together commonly described as ''an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace'' or, as in the Roman Catholic system, "outward signs and media of grace."<ref name="ce">{{cite web | last =Kennedy | first =D.J | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Sacraments | work =Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher =Robert Appleton Company | year =1912 | url =http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13295a.htm#IV | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-26 }}</ref>
At the very least, the rite is seen as a symbol of the spiritual change or event that takes place. In the Eucharist, the bread and wine are, at the least, symbolic of the broken body and shed blood of [[Jesus]], and in Roman Catholicism, become the ''actual'' [[Body of Christ]] and [[Blood of Christ]] through [[Transubstantiation]], which in turn represent [[salvation]] brought to the recipient by the death of Jesus.<ref name="ce" />
Baris 120 ⟶ 126:
The rite of baptism is, at the least, symbolic of the cleansing of the sinner by God, and, especially where baptism is by immersion, of the spiritual death and resurrection of the baptized person. Opinion differs as to the symbolic nature of the sacraments, with some [[Protestant]] denominations considering them entirely symbolic, and [[Roman Catholic]]s, Orthodox, Lutherans, and some Reformed Christians believing that the outward rites truly do, by the power of God, act as media of grace.<ref name="ce" />
===
The tomb paintings of the early Christians led to the development of [[icon]]s. An icon is an image, picture, or representation; it is likeness that has symbolic meaning for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in [[semiotics]]. The use of icons, however, was never without opposition. It was recorded that, "there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church.<ref>Ernst Kitzinger, ''The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm'', Dumbarton Oaks, 1954, quoted by Pelikan, Jaroslav; ''The Spirit of Eastern Christendom'' 600-1700, University of Chicago Press, 1974.</ref> Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed.
-->
[[
<!--
Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history. "Few historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period..."<ref>Patricia Karlin-Hayter, ''Oxford History of Byzantium'', Oxford University Press, 2002.</ref>
Baris 133 ⟶ 140:
== Lihat pula ==
* [[
* [[
* [[Holy Spirit in Christian art]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Saint symbology]]
* [[Sator Square]]
* [[Symbols and symbolism in Christian demonology]]
* [[The Wordless Book]]
* [[Bestiari]]
* [[Aniconism in Christianity]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.planetgast.net/symbols/ Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture] Comprehensive general listing.
* [http://www.christiansymbols.net Christian Symbols Net] Very comprehensive site, complete with search engine.
* [http://www.gocek.org/christiansymbols/ Christian Symbols and Glossary] (keyword searchable, includes symbols of saints)
* [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols.htm ReligionFacts.com: Christian Symbols] Basic Christian symbols A to T, types of crosses, number symbolism and color symbolism.
* [http://creationsanewflags.com/ColorMeaning.aspx Meaning of Colors for Flags] Biblical meanings of color used for Christian worship flags.
* [http://www.ridingthebeast.com/articles/colors/ Color Symbolism in The Bible] An in depth study on symbolic color occurrence in The Bible.
* [http://www.kwu.edu/campuslife/woodcarvings.htm Christian Symbol Wood Carvings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026173201/http://www.kwu.edu/campuslife/woodcarvings.htm |date=2005-10-26 }} Forty symbols at Kansas Wesleyan University
* [http://catholic-resources.org/Art/Koch-ChristianSymbols.htm Old Christian Symbols from book by Rudolf Koch]
* [http://www.goldclipart.com/products/crestsymbols.htm Christian Symbols, Origins and Meanings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022004442/http://www.goldclipart.com/products/crestsymbols.htm |date=2005-10-22 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012154246/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/m.low1 Tree of Jesse Directory by Malcolm Low.]
* [http://www.ezartsncrafts.com/christiansymbols.html Chrismon Templates] Symbol outlines that can be used to create Christian themed projects
* [http://www.lutheransonline.com/trinitybillings/seals Christian Symbols and Variations of Crosses - Images and Meanings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807175636/http://www.lutheransonline.com/trinitybillings/seals |date=2008-08-07 }}
{{Kekristenan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:
[[
[[
[[
[[
[[Kategori:Alkitab]]
| |||