Taipan pedalaman: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Taipan pedalaman''' (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'') atau dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] disebut '''''inland taipan''''', '''''fierce snake''''', atau '''''small-scaled snake''''',<ref name="INCHEM">White, Julian (November 1991). [http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/animal/taipan.htm ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''] . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" [[International Programme on Chemical Safety]]. Retrieved November 8, 2013.</ref> adalah spesies [[Taipan]] berbisa tinggi yang endemik di daerah semi-gersang (''semi-arid'') di pedalaman [[Australia]].<ref name="ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan">Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Inland-Taipan ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan] [[Australian Museum]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref> Etnis Aborigin Australia yang tinggal di wilayah yang sama menamakan ular ini ''Dandarabilla''.<ref name="History & Discovery">Queensland Snakes . [https://web.archive.org/web/20090613091835/http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/features/snakes/taipan/discovery.asp History & Discovery]. (archived) [[Queensland Museum]]. Retrieved November 15, 2013.</ref><ref name="Pearn">{{cite journal|last1=Pearn|first1=John|last2=Winkel|first2=Kenneth D.|title=Toxinology in Australia's colonial era: A chronology and perspective of human envenomation in 19th century Australia|journal=Toxicon|date=December 2006|volume=48|issue=7|pages=726–737|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.027}}</ref> Taipan pedalaman adalah [[ular berbisa]] yang paling mematikan nomor satu di dunia berdasarkan analisis [[median dosis letal]] terhadap [[tikus]] – bahkan toksisitasnya melebihi bisa [[ular laut]].<ref name="drop for drop">* The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). [http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000084b.htm "Which snakes are the most venomous?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626092020/http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000084b.htm |date=2014-06-26 }}. [[University of Melbourne]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.

* Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. [http://viper.arizona.edu/faq/what-most-venomous-snake Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123400/http://viper.arizona.edu/faq/what-most-venomous-snake |date=2018-07-15 }}. "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . [[University of Arizona]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.

* {{cite journal|vauthorsyear=Hodgson WC, Dal Belo CA, Rowan EG |pmid=17313963 2007|title=The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'')|quotejournal=The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake |year=2007 Neuropharmacology|volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1229–36 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.002|pmid=17313963|quote=The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake|journalvauthors=NeuropharmacologyHodgson WC, Dal Belo CA, Rowan EG}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Karen L|doilast2=10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3[[Struan Sutherland|Sutherland]]|first2=Struan K|last3=Hodgson|first3=Wayne C|year=1998|title=Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'') |journal=Toxicon|volume=36|issue=1|pages=63–74|doi=10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3|pmid=9604283|quote=The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world (Sutherland, 1994) |year=1998 |last1=Bell |first1=Karen L |last2=[[Struan Sutherland|Sutherland]] |first2=Struan K |last3=Hodgson |first3=Wayne C |journal=Toxicon |volume=36 |pages=63–74 |pmid=9604283 |issue=1}}

* Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) [http://sydney.edu.au/science/biology/shine/publications/reprints_legal/33taipanecology.pdf Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus ''Oxyuranus'']. "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) [[University of Sydney]]. Retrieved November 8, 2013.</ref><ref name="9 of the World's Deadliest Snakes">* LISTS . [http://www.britannica.com/list/10/1/1-the-snake-with-the-worlds-deadliest-venom Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes]. "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''" . [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved November 5, 2013.

* Oakley, Cecily (2011). [http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/fry.html Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022215756/http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/fry.html|date=2013-10-22}}. "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world's most venomous snake..." . [[Australian Academy of Science]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
* Fry, Brian site admin (April 10, 2005) [http://www.venomdoc.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=1212&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=inland+taipan&start=0 Most Venomous] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017041923/http://www.venomdoc.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=1212&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=inland+taipan&start=0 |date=2014-10-17 }}, Question: " ...I was talking to another herpatolagist and he said the hook nosed sea snake was the most venomous of all" Fry Answers: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks." Venomdoc forums, Retrieved February 25, 2015

* kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).[http://www.connectedbypets.com/articles/BGF.html Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015165718/http://www.connectedbypets.com/articles/BGF.html |date=2012-10-15 }}. "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013.

* Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) [http://nyexotics.blogspot.co.il/2012/05/dr-bryan-grieg-fry-venom-useless-pickup.html Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview] "...The inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013''</ref>

Taipan pedalaman pertama kali menjadi perhatian ilmuwan barat pada tahun 1879. Dua spesimen<ref name="Rediscovery">Rediscovery. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090613092123/http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/features/snakes/taipan/rediscovery.asp The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan]. (archived) [[Queensland Museum]]. Retrieved November 15, 2013.</ref> taipan pedalaman ditemukan di percabangan antara sungai Murray dan sungai Darling di [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] bagian barat-laut, dan dideskripsikan oleh ilmuwan Frederick McCoy sebagai ''Diemenia microlepidota'' atau "ular cokelat bersisik kecil". Kemudian pada tahun 1882 ditemukan spesimen ketiga di daerah dekat Bourke, [[New South Wales]], dan ilmuwan [[William John Macleay]] mendeskripsikannya sebagai ''Diemenia ferox'' (karena mengiranya sebagai spesies yang berbeda<ref name="Kinghorn, J. Roy">Kinghorn, J. Roy (September 1, 1955). [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17387/638_complete.pdf Herpetological notes. No. 5] (page 284). [[Australian Museum]] Scientific Publications, Retrieved November 14, 2013</ref>).<ref name="ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan"/><ref name="Fohlman, J">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(79)90296-4 |title=Comparison of two highly toxic Australian snake venoms: The taipan (''Oxyuranus s. scutellatus'') and the fierce snake (''Parademansia microlepidotus'') |year=1979 |last1=Fohlman |first1=J. |journal=Toxicon |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=170–2 |pmid=442105}}</ref><ref name="ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan">Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Inland-Taipan ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan] [[Australian Museum]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref> Setelahnya, tidak ditemukan spesimen lagi sampai tahun 1972.<ref name="History & Discovery"/><ref name="Rediscovery"/>

Panjang tubuh taipan pedalaman rata-rata 1.8 meter, walaupun diketahui spesimen terbesar panjangnya mencapai 2.5 meter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reptilepark.com.au/animals.asp?catID=16&ID=112|title=Fierce Snake (Inland Taipan)|publisher=Australian Reptile Park|accessdate=2009-11-07|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929220811/http://www.reptilepark.com.au/animals.asp?catID=16&ID=112|archivedate=2009-09-29|df=}}</ref> Panjang taring bisa ular ini antara 3.5 sampai 6.2 &nbsp;mm (lebih pendek dari taring taipan pesisir).<ref name="billabongsanctuary.com.au">Aussie Animals.[http://www.billabongsanctuary.com.au/aussie_animals/inland_taipan.html Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160203/http://www.billabongsanctuary.com.au/aussie_animals/inland_taipan.html |date=2013-10-19 }}. [[Billabong Sanctuary]]. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</ref>

Sisik dorsal terdiri sebanyak 23 baris di bagian tengah badan, sisik ventral (bagian bawah tubuh) sebanyak 200 hingga 250, sisik subkaudal sebanyak 55 sampai 70 dan terbagi, dan satu sisik anal.<ref name=AROD>[{{Cite web |url=http://arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Elapidae/Oxyuranus/microlepidotus |title=Inland taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) at the Australian Reptile Online Database |{{!}} AROD.com.au] |access-date=2020-04-22 |archive-date=2020-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227034215/http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Elapidae/Oxyuranus/microlepidotus |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Taipan pedalaman adalah ular yang paling berbisa dan paling mematikan di dunia. Kuantitas bisa yang dihasilkan ular ini rata-rata 44 &nbsp;mg, dan maksimum mencapai 110 &nbsp;mg, dibandingkan dengan [[kobra India]] (''Naja naja'') yang kuantitas bisanya 169 &nbsp;mg (maks. 610 &nbsp;mg), ular-derik punggung-permata timur (''Crotalus adamanteus'') yang kuantitas bisanya 410 &nbsp;mg (maks. 848 &nbsp;mg), dan ular berbisa lainnya.<ref name="avru.org">The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150111055930/http://www.avru.org/?q=general%2Fgeneral_mostvenom.html "Which snakes are the most venomous?"] (Archived). [[University of Melbourne]]. Retrieved October 14, 2013.</ref>

*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ),...'' London: Trustees of the [[British Museum]]. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (''Pseudechis microlepidotus'' and ''P. ferox'', p.&nbsp;332).

* [http://arod.com.au/ AROD] > [http://arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Elapidae/Oxyuranus/microlepidotus Reptiles / Squamata / Elapidae / Oxyuranus / Inland taipan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227034215/http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Elapidae/Oxyuranus/microlepidotus |date=2020-02-27 }}

* {{YouTube|OzIzeFPCFWI|Animal Weapons: Episode 1 - Chemical Warfare}} ContentMint (Source:[http://www.focalint.org/footage-and-content-gallery/directory/member/1104/absolutely-wild-visuals Absolutely Wild Visuals, stock footage library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701165556/http://www.focalint.org/footage-and-content-gallery/directory/member/1104/absolutely-wild-visuals |date=2015-07-01 }})