Kastel Edinburgh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox military structure
|name=
|location = Edinburgh, Skotlandia
|image = [[Berkas:Edinburgh Castle from the south east.JPG|300px]]
|caption =
|map_type = United Kingdom Edinburgh
|latitude = 55.948611
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|caption2 =
}}
'''Istana Edinburgh''' adalah [[benteng]] bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]]. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]]. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa [[David I dari Skotlandia|David I]] pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga [[Penyatuan Mahkota]] Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastil ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting [[Kerajaan Skotlandia]], Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia]] pada abad ke-14 hingga [[Pemberontakan Jakobit]] pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak.▼
▲'''
Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009}}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.▼
▲Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009 |archive-date=2012-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133941/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.
Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6KBpZdJ4z |archivedate=7 October 2013}}</ref>▼
▲Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl=
== Catatan kaki ==
Baris 44 ⟶ 45:
* {{cite book|title=[[Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=1937|publisher=London and Oxford:Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishroyalpal0000dunb|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000fenw|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}}
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghin45bon0000gibs|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}}
Baris 54 ⟶ 55:
* {{cite book|last=Gray|first=W. Forbes|title=A Short History of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Moray Press|location=Edinburgh|year=1948}}
* {{cite book|author=Halkerston, Peter|year=1831|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WisFSH2PA-gC|title=A Treatise on the History, Law, and Privileges of the Palace and Sanctuary of Holyroodhouse|publisher=Maclachlan and Stewart|isbn=978-1-4097-8829-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Hardie, Alastair M R|title=Edinburgh's Castle in the Air|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghscastle0000unse|publisher=Serendpity|location=London|year=2004|isbn=1-84394-111-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Stuart|year=2002|title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History|isbn=978-1-904246-06-0|publisher=Steve Savage Publishers|location=London}}
* {{cite book|author=Howard, Deborah|year=1995|title=Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Restoration, 1560–1660|series=The Architectural History of Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0530-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Hussey, Christopher|year=1931|title=The Work of Sir Robert Lorimer|publisher=London:Country Life}}
* {{cite book|author=Lynch, Michael|title=Scotland: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync|year=1992|isbn=0-7126-9893-0|publisher=Pimlico}}
* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburgwestloth0000unse|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}}
* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}}
* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/talesofedinburgh0000mcha|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastle0000maci|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}}
* {{cite book|author=
* {{cite book|author=McKean, Charles|title=Edinburgh, Portrait of a City|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-7126-3867-9|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|author=MacQuarrie, Alan|title=Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation|year=2004|isbn= 0-7509-2977-4|publisher=The History Press}}
Baris 70 ⟶ 71:
* {{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft_djvu.txt|title=In Praise of Edinburgh, an Anthology in Prose and Verse|editor=Masson, Rosaline|publisher=Constable and Co|year=1912}}
* {{cite book|author=Moffat, Alistair|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn=0-500-05133-X}}
* {{cite journal |author=Oldrieve, W. T. |title=Account of the recent discovery of the Remains of David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=48 |year=1914 |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_048/48_230_271.pdf |pages=230–270 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|editor=Paul, James Balfour|title=Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland|volume=X|year=1913|publisher=H.M. General Register House|location=Edinburgh}}
* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location=
* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }}
* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|url=https://archive.org/details/castlesoflothian0000salt|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|url=https://archive.org/details/bonniedundeejohn0000scot|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000tabr|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|url=https://archive.org/details/fortressscotland00tabr|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastlep0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastleo0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}}
* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|year=1891|author=Wilson, Daniel|volume=1|title=Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time|url=http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|edition=2nd|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302203328/http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|dead-url=yes}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Edinburgh Castle}}
* [http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ Situs Istana Edinburgh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902071553/http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ |date=2015-09-02 }}
* {{historic-scotland-link|121}}
* [http://www.snwm.org/ Situs Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia]
Baris 95 ⟶ 96:
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