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Baris 1: {{No footnotes\|date=Desember 2020}} '''Bahasa Isyarat Amerika''' atau '''American Sign Language''' ('''ASL''') adalah [[bahasa isyarat]] dominan dari [[komunitas tuli]] di Amerika Serikat dan sebagian besar anglofon Kanada. Disamping Amerika Utara, dialek-dialek ASL dan bahasa-[[bahasa kreol]] berbasis ASL digunakan di beberapa negara di seluruh dunia, termasuk sebagian besar [[Afrika Barat]] dan bagian-bagian [[Asia Tenggara]]. ASL juga banyak dipelajari sebagai [[bahasa kedua]], disajikan sebagai [[lingua franca]]. ASL sangat berkaitkan dengan [[Bahasa Isyarat Prancis]] ~~atau French Sign Language~~ (LSF). Hal ini dinyatakan bahwa ASL adalah sebuah [[bahasa kreol]] dari LSF, meskipun ASL menunjukkan fitur-fitur khas bahasa kreol, seperti [[aglutinasi\|morfologi aglutinatif]]. ASL bermula pada abad ke-19 di [[American School for the Deaf]] (ASD), [[Hartford, Connecticut]], dari situasi [[kontak bahasa]]. Sejak itu, ASL banyak digunakan di sekolah-sekolah untuk kaum tuli dan organisasi komunitas tuli. Meskipun banyak digunakan, tidak ada keakuratan dari para pemakai ASL yang dipegang, meskipun diperkirakan pemakai ASL Amerika berkisar dari 250,000 sampai 500,000 orang, termasuk sejumlah [[anak dewasa tuli]]. Para pemakai ASL menghadapi stigma karena kepercayaan akan superioritas [[bahasa lisan]] untuk bahasa isyarat, disertai fakta bahwa ASL ~~seringkali~~sering kali [[glosarium antar-linear\|di-glosarium-kan]] dalam bahasa Inggris karena kurangnya sistem penulisan standar. == Daftar pustaka == {{refbegin\|30em}} * {{citation\|last1=Armstrong\|first1=David\|last2=Karchmer\|first2=Michael\|year=2002\|contribution=William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages\|editor1-last=Armstrong\|editor1-first=David\|editor2-last=Karchmer\|editor2-first=Michael\|editor3-last=Van Cleve\|editor3-first=John\|title=The Study of Signed Languages\|publisher=Gallaudet University\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc-Rcg2-L0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=William+C.+Stokoe+and+the+Study+of+Signed+Languages&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r8GyUMLgJMjr0gG334GADw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA\|accessdate=November 25, 2012\|isbn=978-1-56368-123-3\|ref=harv\|pages=xi–xix}} * {{cite book\|last=Bahan\|first=Benjamin\|year=1996\|title=Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language\|publisher=Boston University\|url=ftp://louis-xiv.bu.edu/pub/asl/disserts/Bahan96.pdf\|accessdate=November 25, 2012\|ref=harv\|archive-date=2017-10-11\|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011051748/ftp://louis-xiv.bu.edu/pub/asl/disserts/Bahan96.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book\|last1=Bailey\|first1=Carol\|last2=Dolby\|first2=Kathy\|year=2002\|title=The Canadian dictionary of ASL\|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandictiona00bail\|location=Edmonton, AB\|publisher=The University of Alberta Press\|isbn=0888643004\|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal\|last1=Bishop\|first1=Michele\|last2=Hicks\|first2=Sherry\|year=2005\|title=Orange Eyes: Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families\|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sign_language_studies/v005/5.2bishop.pdf\|accessdate=December 3, 2012\|journal=Sign Language Studies\|volume=5\|issue=2\|pages=188–230\|ref=harv\|doi=10.1353/sls.2005.0001\|publisher=Gallaudet University Press}} * {{cite book\|last=Collins\|first=Steven\|year=2004\|title=Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language\|publisher=Union Institute & University\|ref=harv}} Baris 22 ⟶ 23: \| author2-link = Ursula Bellugi \| title = The signs of language \| url = https://archive.org/details/signsoflanguage00klim_0 \| place = Boston \| publisher = Harvard University Press Baris 30 ⟶ 32: \|accessdate=November 25, 2012\|ref=harv}} * {{citation\|last=Liddell\|first=Scott\|year=2002\|contribution=Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas\|editor1-last=Armstrong\|editor1-first=David\|editor2-last=Karchmer\|editor2-first=Michael\|editor3-last=Van Cleve\|editor3-first=John\|title=The Study of Signed Languages\|publisher=Gallaudet University\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc-Rcg2-L0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=William+C.+Stokoe+and+the+Study+of+Signed+Languages&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r8GyUMLgJMjr0gG334GADw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA\|accessdate=November 26, 2012\|isbn=978-1-56368-123-3\|ref=harv\|pages=xi–xix}} * {{cite book\|last1=Lucas\|first1=Ceil\|last2=Bayley\|first2=Robert\|last3=Valli\|first3=Clayton\|year=2003\|title=What's your sign for pizza?: An introduction to variation in American Sign Language\|url=https://archive.org/details/whatsyoursignfor0000luca\|location=Washington, DC\|publisher=Gallaudet University Press\|isbn=1563681447\|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal\|last1=Mitchell\|first1=Ross\|last2=Young\|first2=Travas\|last3=Bachleda\|first3=Bellamie\|last4=Karchmer\|first4=Michael\|title=How Many People Use ASL in the United States?: Why Estimates Need Updating\|journal=Sign Language Studies\|volume=6\|issue=3\|year=2006\|publisher=Gallaudet University Press.\|issn=0302-1475\|url=http://research.gallaudet.edu/Publications/ASL_Users.pdf\|accessdate=November 27, 2012\|ref=harv\|archive-date=2012-09-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915132637/http://research.gallaudet.edu/Publications/ASL_Users.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation\|last=Nyst\|first=Victoria\|year=2010\|contribution=Sign languages in West Africa\|pages=405–432\|editor-last=Brentari\|editor-first=Diane\|title=Sign Languages\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-88370-2\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|last=Padden\|first=Carol\|year=2010\|contribution = Sign Language Geography\|pages=19–37\|title = Deaf Around the World \|editor1-last=Mathur\|editor1-first=Gaurav\|editor2-last=Napoli\|editor2-first=Donna\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York\|isbn=0199732531\|accessdate=November 25, 2012\|url=http://communication.ucsd.edu/cpadden/sites/default/files/Padden%20SL%20Geography.pdf\|ref=harv\|archive-date=2011-06-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603020029/http://communication.ucsd.edu/cpadden/sites/default/files/Padden%20SL%20Geography.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book \|last=Solomon \|first=Andrea \|year=2010 \|title=Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community \|type=Honors Thesis \|url=http://repository.cmu.edu/hsshonors/62/ \|accessdate=December 4, 2012 \|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University \|ref=harv \|archive-date=2012-04-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073832/http://repository.cmu.edu/hsshonors/62/ \|dead-url=yes }} * {{cite journal\| last1=Supalla \| first1=Samuel \| last2=Cripps \| first2=Jody\| title=Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction\|journal=Bilingual Basics\|volume=12\|issue=2\|year=2011\|url=http://www.towson.edu/asld/documents/SupallaCripps_FNL_000.pdf\|accessdate = January 5, 2012\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book\|last1=Valli\|first1=Clayton\|last2=Lucas\|first2=Ceil\|title=Linguistics of American Sign Language\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfS3GlTLAUMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\|accessdate=December 2, 2012\|year=2000\|publisher=Gallaudet University Press\|ref=harv\|isbn=1-56368-097-1}}