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{{Infobox_Person
|name = Harry Houdini
|image = HarryHoudini-1899.jpg|225px
|imagesize =
|caption = Harry Houdini dalam salah satu aksinya
|birthname = Erik Weisz
|birthdate = {{Birth date|1874|3|24|mf=y}}
|birthplace = [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]]
|deathdate = {{Death date and age|1926|10|31|1874|3|24|mf=y}}
|deathplace = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
|deathcause = [[Peritonitis]]
|yearsactive = 1891-1926
|occupation = Pesulap, eskapologis, stuntman, aktor, sejarawan, produser film, pilot, debunker
|signature = HoudiniSig.svg
}}
'''Harry Houdini''' ({{lahirmati|[[Budapest]], [[
Houdini mulai menjadi pesulap pada tahun [[1891]]. Awalnya ia hanya berkutat pada sulap-sulap kartu, namun
== Masa muda ==
[[Berkas:EhrichWeissHoudini1890.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Sebelum memakai nama "Houdini", Ehrich Weiss menunjukkan semangat kompetitif dan mengenakan medali yang dimenangkannya sebagai anggota tim atletik "Pastime Athletic Club" di New York sekitar tahun 1890.]]
Harry Houdini lahir sebagai '''Erik Weisz''' (ia kemudian mengeja nama kelahirannya sebagai '''Ehrich Weiss''') di [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]], pada tanggal 24 Maret 1874.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/03/137-years-ago-in-budapest.html |title=137 years ago in Budapest... |publisher=Wild About Harry |accessdate=March 24, 2011 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233554/http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/03/137-years-ago-in-budapest.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Namun, Houdini kemudian dalam suatu wawancara mengklaim dilahirkan di Appleton, [[Wisconsin]], [[Amerika Serikat]], pada tanggal 6 April 1874. Orangtuanya adalah [[Rabbi]] Mayer Samuel Weiss (1829-1892) dan istrinya, Cecília Weisz (née Steiner; 1841-1913). Houdini adalah seorang dari tujuh anak: M. Herman (1863-1885); Nathan J. (1870-1927); Gottfried William (1872-1925); Theodore "Theo" (1876-1945);<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29|quote=Theodore Hardeen, seorang saudara laki-laki almarhum Harry Houdini, yang juga seorang pesulap dan ilusionis terkenal, meninggal kemarin di Doctors Hospital. Ia berusia 69 tahun.|work=New York Times|date=June 13, 1945}}</ref> Leopold D. (1879-1962), dan Carrie Gladys (1882–1959<ref>Meyer, Bernard C. (1976), ''Houdini: A Mind in Chains'', E.P. Dutton & Co., [http://books.google.com/books?id=zPqBAAAAMAAJ&q=1959#search_anchor Chapter 1, p. 5], ISBN 0-8415-0448-2.</ref>) yang hampir kehilangan penglihatan setelah kecelakaan yang terjadi pada waktu kecilnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/09/mystery-of-carrie-gladys-weiss.html|title=The mystery of Carrie Gladys Weiss|publisher=Wild About Harry|accessdate=September 30, 2011|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607095013/https://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/09/mystery-of-carrie-gladys-weiss.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Weisz tiba di [[Amerika Serikat]] pada tanggal [[3 Juli]] 1878 dengan kapal SS ''Fresia'' bersama ibunya (yang sedang hamil) dan empat saudara laki-lakinya.<ref>US National Archives Microfilm serial: M237; Microfilm roll: 413; Line: 38; List number: 684.</ref> Keluarga itu mengganti penulisan nama keluarga mereka dari bahasa Jerman ejaan Hungaria '''Weisz''' menjadi ejaan Jerman yang baku, '''Weiss''', sedangkan nama depan Erik diganti menjadi '''Ehrich'''. Teman-teman dia memanggil dengan "Ehrie" atau "Harry".
Mereka pertama kali tinggal di Appleton, Wisconsin, di mana ayahnya menjabat sebagai Rabbi dari Kongregasi Yahudi Reformasi Sion (''Zion Reform Jewish Congregation''). Menurut sensus tahun 1880, keluarga ini tinggal di Appleton Street.<ref>[[1880 US Census]] with Samuel M. Weiss, Cecelia (wife), Armin M., Nathan J., Ehrich, Theodore, and Leopold.</ref> Pada tanggal 6 Juni 1882, Rabi Weiss menjadi warga negara Amerika. Setelah kehilangan masa jabatannya di Zion pada tahun 1887, Rabi Weiss pindah bersama Ehrich ke [[New York City]]. Mereka tinggal di sebuah rumah kos di [[:en:79th Street (Manhattan)|East 79th Street]]. Anggota keluarga lain bergabung setelah Rabi Weiss mendapatkan rumah permanen.
Ketika masih anak-anak, Ehrich Weiss mengambil beberapa pekerjaan, membuat debut publik sebagai pemain trapeze pada usia 9 tahun, menyebut dirinya "Ehrich, Pangeran Udara" (''Prince of the Air''). Ia juga menjadi juara lari [[:en:cross country running|cross country]] pada masa mudanya. Kemudian Weiss menjadi pesulap profesional dan mulai menyebut dirinya "Harry Houdini" karena ia sangat dipengaruhi oleh pesulap Prancis Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, yang buku riwayat hidupnya dibacanya pada tahun 1890. Temannya Jack Hayman mengatakan Weiss secara keliru mengira bahwa di Prancis, menambahkan "i" di belakang nama "Houdin" dalam bahasa Prancis akan berarti "seperti Houdin". Dalam kehidupan selanjutnya, Houdini menyatakan nama depan "Harry" merupakan penghormatan kepada Harry Kellar, yang juga dikaguminya.
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Pada tahun 1918 ia terdaftar untuk layanan selektif sebagai Harry Houdini Borgol
After much research, in 1908 Houdini published ''The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin'', in which he called his former idol a liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as [[Aerial suspension (illusion)|aerial suspension]] which had been in existence for many years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Houdini, Harry |url=http://www.archive.org/details/unmaskingrobert00houdgoog |title=The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin |year=1908 |place=New York |publisher=The Publisher’s Printing Company |accessdate=September 7, 2014 |authorlink=Harry Houdini}} at [[Internet Archive]].</ref>
Houdini was an active [[Freemason]] and was a member of St. Cecile Lodge #568 in New York City<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nymasons.org/about-freemasonry/famous-masons-i.html |publisher= MWGLNY|title= Famous Masons |date=January 2014}}</ref>
In 1918, he registered for [[Selective Service System|selective service]] as Harry Handcuff Houdini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/atlanta/wwi-draft/houdini.html|title=Harry Houdini - World War I Draft Cards: Notable Registrants|publisher=Archives.gov|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref>
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== Karier sebagai Pesulap ==
[[Berkas:Harry Houdini-sitting.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Houdini, kira-kira tahun 1900.]]
Ia mulai karier sebagai pesulap pada tahun 1891,<ref>{{cite web|last=Rocha|first=Guy|title=MYTH #56 – No Disappearing Act for Harry Houdini at Piper's Opera House|url=http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=728&Itemid=418|publisher=Nevada State Library and Archives|accessdate=March 24, 2011|archive-date=2011-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132236/http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=728&Itemid=418|dead-url=yes}}</ref> tetapi tidak sukses. Ia mengadakan pertunjukan di museum-museum kecil dan pertunjukan sampingan, bahkan bekerja rangkap sebagai "The Wild Man" di suatu [[sirkus]]. Mulanya Houdini berfokus pada trik sulap kartu tradisional. Pada satu ketika, ia menyebut dirinya "Raja Kartu" ("''King of Cards''"). Ia kemudian mulai bereksperimen dengan aksi pelolosan diri.
Pada tahun 1893, ketika mengadakan pertunjukan bersama saudara laki-lakinya "[[:en:Theodore Hardeen|Dash]]" (Theodore) di [[Coney Island]] sebagai "The Brothers Houdini" ("Houdini Bersaudara"), Harry bertemu [[:en:Bess Houdini|Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Rahner]] yang sama-sama melakukan pertunjukan. Bess awalnya dirayu oleh Dash, tetapi ia dan Houdini menikah pada tahun 1894, lalu Bess menggantikan Dash pada pertunjukan-pertunjukan selanjutnya, hingga dikenal sebagai "The Houdinis." Sampai akhir karier pertunjukan Houdini, Bess bekerja sebagai asistennya di panggung.
Gebrakan Houdini datang pada tahun 1899 ketika ia berkenalan dengan manajer [[:en:Martin Beck (vaudeville)|Martin Beck]] di daerah pedesaan [[:en:Woodstock, Illinois|Woodstock, Illinois]]. Terkesan dengan aksi Houdini lolos dari borgol, Beck menasihati Houdini untuk berkonsentrasi pada aksi pelolosan diri dan membookingnya di ''[[:en:Orpheum Circuit|Orpheum]] [[vaudeville]] circuit''. Dalam beberapa bulan, ia melakukan pertunjukan di gedung-gedung vaudeville terkemuka di seluruh negeri. Pada tahun 1900, Beck mengatur tur Houdini di Eropa. Setelah gagal melakukan wawancara selama berhari-hari di London, Houdini dapat menarik perhatian Dundas Slater, kemudian manajer [[:en:Alhambra Theatre|Alhambra Theatre]]. Ia mendemonstrasikan pelolosan dari borgol di Scotland Yard, dan berhasil dalam mencengangkan para polisi secara begitu efektif sehingga ia dibook di Alhambra selama 6 bulan.
[[Berkas:Weiss with mother and wife.jpg|jmpl|"My Two Sweethearts"("Dua pujaan hatiku") — Houdini bersama ibu dan istrinya, sekitar tahun 1907.]]
Houdini menjadi terkenal sebagai "The Handcuff King" ("Raja Borgol"). Ia mengadakan tur ke [[Inggris]], [[Skotlandia]], [[Belanda]], [[Jerman]], [[Prancis]], dan [[Rusia]]. Di setiap kota, Houdini menantang polisi setempat untuk memborgolnya dan menguncinya dalam penjara. Dalam banyak tantangan pelolosan diri ini, Houdini sebelumnya diperiksa total sampai harus telanjang. Di Moskow, Houdini lolosa dari sebuah mobil van transportasi [[:en:Siberia#Katorga and Gulag|penjara Siberia]]. Houdini mengatakan bahwa, jikalau ia gagal meloloskan diri, ia harus pergi ke Siberia di mana satu-satunya kunci disimpan. Di [[Cologne]], [[Jerman]], ia menuntut seorang polisi bernama Werner Graff ke pengadilan, karena menuduhnya bahwa Houdini lolos setelah menyuapnya.<ref>Silverman, p. 81.</ref> Houdini memenangkan kasus ini ketika ia berhasil membuka brankas hakim yang mengadilinya (ia kemudian berkata hakim itu lupa mengunci brankasnya). Dengan kekayaan yang diperolehnya, Houdini membeli sebuah gaun yang dikatakan dibuat untuk [[Ratu Victoria]]. Kemudian ia menyelenggarakan suatu pesta besar di mana ia mempersembahkan gaun itu kepada ibunya di hadapan seluruh sanak saudaranya. Houdini mengatakan itu merupakan hari paling bahagia dalam hidupnya. Pada tahun 1904, Houdini kembali ke [[Amerika Serikat]] dan membeli sebuah rumah seharga $25,000, terbuat dari "batu bata coklat" (''[[:en:brownstone|brownstone]]'') di jalan 278 W. 113th Street, di kota [[Harlem]], [[New York City]].<ref>Silverman, p. 109.</ref>
Sejak tahun 1907 dan sepanjang tahun 1910-an, Houdini sukses besar melakukan pertunjukan di [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia meloloskan diri dari berbagai penjara, borgol, rantai, ikatan tali dan [[:en:straitjacket|straitjacket]], sering kali dalam keadaan tergantung dengan seutas tali dilihat langsung oleh para penonton dari jalanan. Karena banyaknya peniru, pada tanggal [[15 Januari]] [[1908]], Houdini tidak lagi melakukan "aksi lolos dari borgol" (disebut "handcuff act") dan mulai meloloskan diri dari tabung susu yang terkunci dan diisi penuh dengan air. Kemungkinan gagal dan kematian membuat para penonton tercekam. Houdini juga mengembangkan ''repertoire'' (pertunjukan) dengan tantangan kepada publik untuk membuat jebakan yang dapat menahannya. Ini termasuk peti kayu yang dipaku (kadang kala dimasukkan ke dalam air), boiler (=tangki pemanas) yang dipaku besi, kain basah, kantung surat,,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m_-UQ8pUg_4C&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Houdini+Mailbag+escape#v=onepage&q=Houdini%20Mailbag%20escape&f=false|title=The Secrets of Houdini|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1973|isbn=0486229130|location=New York|pages=36–41|first1=J. C.|last1=Cannell|accessdate=August 17, 2012|archive-date=2023-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816174753/https://books.google.com/books?id=m_-UQ8pUg_4C&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Houdini+Mailbag+escape&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Houdini%20Mailbag%20escape&f=false|dead-url=no}} ISBN 978-0-486-22913-3.</ref> dan bahkan perut [[ikan paus]] yang terdampar di pantai [[Boston]]. Para pembuat bir di [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]] dan kota-kota lain menantang Houdini untuk meloloskan diri dari sebuah barrel yang diisi penuh dengan bir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Houdini's escapes and magic – Houdini's unique challenges in Scranton, PA. during the vaudeville era |url=http://www.houdini.org/challeng.html |accessdate=September 29, 2014 |archive-date=2013-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820063500/http://houdini.org/challeng.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Banyak tantangan ini diorganisir oleh pedagang-pedagang lokal dalam suatu penggunaan awal "pemasaran massal" (''mass tie-in marketing''). Houdini tidak menggunakan ide bahwa ia dibantu oleh roh-roh, sebagaimana pesulap [[Davenport Brothers]] dan lain-lain, melainkan iklan-iklan Houdini menunjukkan bahwa ia lolos dengan cara "teleportasi" atau "dematerialisasi" (''[[:en:Teleportation|dematerializing]]''),<ref name="secret">{{Cite book|last1=Kalush|first1=William|first2=Larry|last2=Sloman|date=October 2006|title=The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0-7432-7207-0}}</ref> meskipun Houdini sendiri tidak pernah mengatakan mempunyai kekuatan supranatural.
[[Berkas:Houdini challenge.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Poster iklan Houdini menerima tantangan untuk lolos dari "extra strong and large traveling basket" ("keranjang bepergian yang sangat kuat dan besar")]]<!--
In 1913, Houdini introduced perhaps his most famous act, the [[Chinese Water Torture Cell]], in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water. The act required that Houdini hold his breath for more than three minutes. Houdini performed the escape for the rest of his career. During his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In ''Handcuff Secrets'' (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestrings. Other times, he carried concealed [[lock picking|lockpicks]] or keys. When tied down in ropes or [[straitjacket]]s, he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his [[Human body|body]].<ref name="Simon & Schuster">{{Cite book |last1=Kalush |first1=William |first2=Larry |last2=Sloman |date=October 2006 |title=The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero. |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-7432-7207-0}}</ref>
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[[Berkas:Houdini in Handcuffs, 1918.JPG|jmpl|lurus|Houdini in Handcuffs, 1918]]<!--
His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as [[Theodore Hardeen]]), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city.<ref name="Simon & Schuster"/>
For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in [[vaudeville]]. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at New York's Hippodrome Theater, when he vanished a full-grown elephant (with its trainer) from the stage, beneath which was a swimming pool. In 1923, Houdini became president of [[Martinka]] & Co., America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today.
He also served as President of [[the Society of American Magicians]] (aka S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902 in the back room of [[Martinka]]'s magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as National President from 1917 to 1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, Houdini gave a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, made speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said "The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak...but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worth while. Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables."
For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini, at his own expense, had been recruiting local magic clubs to join the S.A.M. in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City to join. As had happened in London, Houdini persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold.
By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest-surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues-paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July, 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London.<ref name="Houdini!">{{cite book |author=Kenneth Silverman |title=Houdini! The Career of Ehrich Weiss: American Self-Liberator, Europe's Eclipsing Sensation, World's Handcuff King & Prison Breaker|url=https://archive.org/details/houdinicareerofe0000kenn |date=October 1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=006092862X |page=544}}</ref>
In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as "Three Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Houdini: A Biography |work=Wild About Harry |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/p/houdini-biography.html |accessdate=December 2010}}</ref>
==Notable escapes==
===''Mirror'' challenge===
[[File:HandCuffHarryHoudini.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Handcuff" Harry Houdini, circa 1905.]]
In 1904, the [[London]] ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from special handcuffs that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from [[Birmingham]], five years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his "ghost house" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion he asked if the cuffs could be removed so he could take off his coat. The ''Mirror'' representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuffs were unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. Many thought that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuffs. However, it has since been suggested that Bess did not in fact enter the stage at all, and that this theory is unlikely due to the size of the 6-inch key<ref>The Secret Life of Houdini, Kaulush & Sloman, 2006.</ref> Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career.<ref>''Houdini's Mirror Handcuff Challenge, Getting Closer to the Truth'' by Mick Hanzlik, 2007, reproduction in full of ''Daily Mirror'' article "Houdini's Great Victory" March 18, 1904.</ref>
After Houdini's death, his friend Martin Beck was quoted in [[Will Goldston]]'s book, ''Sensational Tales of Mystery Men'', as admitting that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldston goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the ''Mirror'' representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. It was stated in the book ''The Secret Life of Houdini'' that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6" long, and could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldston offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuffs) that the ''Mirror'' challenge may have been arranged by Houdini and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship.<ref>Silverman, pp. 59–62.</ref>
This escape was discussed in depth on the Travel Channel's ''[[Mysteries at the Museum]]'' in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.travelchannel.com/Video/keys-to-houdinis-secrets-16342
|title=Keys To Houdini's Secrets
|publisher=Travel Channel Mysteries
|accessdate=November 29, 2011}}</ref>
A full-sized design of the same Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the [[Bramah style]] key for it, is on display to the public at [[the Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geniimagazine.com/magicpedia/Mirror_Cuffs|title=Mirror Cuffs|publisher=Genii Magazine|accessdate=November 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUNaBSfO3p4|title=Travel Channel Dorothy Dietrich Promo Houdini Mirror Cuffs|publisher=Travel Channel "Mysteries At The Museum"|accessdate=November 29, 2011}}</ref> This is the only public display of this style cuff anywhere, as well as several others.
===Milk can escape===
In 1908, Houdini introduced his own original act, the milk can escape.<ref>Randi, pp. 175–178.</ref> In this act, Houdini was handcuffed and sealed inside an over-sized milk can filled with water and made his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini invited members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed "Failure Means A Drowning Death," the escape proved to be a sensation.<ref>Randi, Milk Can poster on page 177.</ref> Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked. Houdini performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for only four years, but it has remained one of the acts most associated with him. Houdini's brother, [[Theodore Hardeen]], continued to perform the milk can escape and its wooden chest variant<ref>Christopher, Milbourne ''Houdini A Pictorial Life'', 1976, ISBN 0-690-01152-0, p. 54.</ref> into the 1940s.
The [[American Museum of Magic]] has the milk can and overboard box used by Houdini.<ref name="MACC-comment">{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallmi.org/attractions.taf?_function=detail&id=107|title=American Museum of Magic|accessdate=April 20, 2008|publisher=Marshall area Chamber of Commerce}}</ref>
===Chinese water torture cell===
{{main|Chinese Water Torture Cell}}
[[File:Houdini performing Water Torture Cell.jpg|thumb|upright|Houdini performing the Chinese Water Torture Cell]]
Around 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his milk can act with the Chinese water torture cell. In this escape, Houdini's feet were locked in stocks, and he was lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks were locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain concealed his escape. In the earliest version of the torture cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult - the cage prevented Houdini from turning - the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break. The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called "Houdini Upside Down." This was so he could copyright the effect and have grounds to sue imitators, which he did. While the escape was advertised as "The Chinese Water Torture Cell" or "The Water Torture Cell," Houdini always referred to it as "the Upside Down" or "USD". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in Berlin, on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926.<ref name="Simon & Schuster"/>
===Suspended straitjacket escape===
One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his escape in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini drew tens of thousands of onlookers who brought city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the New York subway. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage in the Library of Congress of Houdini performing the escape.<ref>"[http://lccn.loc.gov/94505242 Thousands see Harry Houdini escape from a straitjacket while hanging in mid-air, Chicago, Ill.]", International news [1923 or 1924?]</ref> Films of his escapes are also shown at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA. After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named [[Randolph Osborne Douglas]] (March 31, 1895 – December 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at [[Sheffield]]'s Empire Theatre.<ref name="secret"/>
===Overboard box escape===
[[File:HoudiniSubmergedCrate.jpg|thumb|left|Houdini prepares to do the Overboard box escape circa 1912]]
Another of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. Houdini first performed the escape in New York's East River on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so Houdini hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. Houdini escaped in 57 seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found still to be intact, with the manacles inside. Houdini performed this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden where a 5,500-gallon (20,820 litres) tank was specially built, and later at the [[New York Hippodrome]].<ref>''Houdini His Legend and His Magic'' by [[Doug Henning]], 1977, p. 1960,</ref>
===Buried alive stunt===
Houdini performed at least three variations on a [[Premature burial|buried alive]] stunt during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost Houdini his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicked while trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was "very dangerous" and that "the weight of the earth is killing."<ref>[[Milbourne Christopher|Christopher, Milbourne]]. ''Houdini: The Untold Story'' (Thomas Y. Crowell Co, 1969). ISBN 0-89190-981-8, p. 140.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/01/digging-into-buried-alive.html |title=Digging into Houdini's Buried Alive |accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref>
Houdini's second variation on buried alive was an endurance test designed to expose mystical Egyptian performer Rahman Bey, who had claimed to use supernatural powers to remain in a sealed casket for an hour. Houdini bettered Bey on August 5, 1926, by remaining in a sealed casket, or coffin, submerged in the swimming pool of New York's Hotel Shelton for one and a half hours. Houdini claimed he did not use any trickery or supernatural powers to accomplish this feat, just controlled breathing.<ref>Silverman, pp. 397–403.</ref> He repeated the feat at the YMCA in Worcester, Massachusetts on September 28, 1926, this time remaining sealed for one hour and eleven minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/uncovering-houdinis-forgotten-second.html |title=Uncovering Houdini's second underwater test |accessdate=January 26, 2010}}</ref>
Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini escaped after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting "Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit back to New York following his death on [[Halloween|Hallowe'en]].<ref>Silverman, p. 406.</ref>
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== Karier film ==
{{multiple image
|direction = vertical
|width = 200
|footer = Houdini Movie Posters
|image1 = Mastermystery-1919poster.jpg
|alt1 = ''The Houdini Serial'', 1919 movie poster
|caption1 = ''The Houdini Serial'', 1919 movie poster
|image2 = Grim game.jpg
|alt2 = ''[[The Grim Game]]'', 1919 movie poster
|caption2 = ''The Grim Game'', 1919 movie poster
}}
[[Berkas:The Master Mystery (trailer) - Burton King - 1919, B.A. Rolfe Photoplays - EYE FLM41533 - OB 685697.webm|jmpl|Film bisu ''The Master Mystery'' (1919). Panjang: 09:39. Episode seri dengan 15 bagian menampilkan pesulap dan ahli meloloskan diri Houdini sebagai bintangnya.]]
Pada tahun 1906 Houdini mulai mempertontonkan film pelolosannya di luar gedung sebagai bagian aksi ''vaudeville''. Di Boston ia menunjukkan sebuah film pendek berjudul ''Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt'' (Houdini mengalahkan Hackenschmidt). [[Georg Hackenschmidt]] adalah seorang pegulat terkenal pada zaman itu, tetapi bagaimana pertandingan itu dilakukan tidak diketahui jelas karena filmnya sekarang hilang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/houdini-defeats-hackenschmidt-and-other.html|title=Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt and other revelations from Disappearing Tricks|accessdate=January 31, 2010|archive-date=2022-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012084843/https://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/houdini-defeats-hackenschmidt-and-other.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> <!--In 1909 Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris'' (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris).<ref>''Disappearing Tricks'' by Matthew Solomon, 2010, p. 95.</ref> It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. Pada tahun yang sama Houdini mendapat tawaran untuk membintangi film bisu ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'' sebagai [[Captain Nemo]], tetapi proyek ini tidak pernah berlanjut sampai produksi.<ref>Silverman, p. 205.</ref>
It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, ''The Mysteries of Myra'', shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of ''The Master Mystery'' also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. The consultants on the serial were pioneering [[Hereward Carrington]] and [[Aleister Crowley]].<ref>''The Mysteries of Myra'' by Eric Stedman, 2010, p. 8.</ref>
In 1918 Houdini signed a contract with film producer [[B.A. Rolfe]] to star in a 15-part [[serial (film)|serial]], ''[[The Master Mystery]]'' (released in January 1919). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in [[Rolfe Photoplays Inc.|B.A. Rolfe Productions]] going out of business, but ''The Master Mystery'' led to Houdini being signed by [[Famous Players-Lasky Corporation]]/[[Paramount Pictures]], for whom he made two pictures, ''[[The Grim Game]]'' (1919) and ''Terror Island'' (1920).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/12/adroit-harry-and-ancient-hokum.html |title=Adroit Harry and ancient hokum|accessdate=December 30, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Houdini swims river in scene from The man from beyond (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Houdini swims above [[Niagara Falls]] in a scene from ''[[The Man from Beyond]]'', 1922]]
While filming an aerial stunt for ''The Grim Game'', two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic "caught on film" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in [[Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California|Laurel Canyon]]. Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the "Houdini Picture Corporation". He produced and starred in two films, ''The Man From Beyond'' (1921) and ''Haldane of the Secret Service'' (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, [[Theodore Hardeen]], left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician [[Harry Kellar]] was a major investor.<ref>Silverman, pp. 226–249.</ref>
Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that "the profits are too meager". His celebrity was such that, years later, he was given a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], at 7001 Hollywood Blvd.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}
Dalam bulan April 2008 Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including ''The Master Mystery'', ''Terror Island'', ''The Man From Beyond'', ''Haldane of the Secret Service'', and five minutes from ''The Grim Game''. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris, ''although it is not identified as such.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2008/04/houdini-movie-star-dvd-collection.html|title=Houdini The Movie Star DVD collection released|accessdate=April 8, 2008}}</ref>
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== Aviator ==
Pada tahun 1909, Houdini sangat tertarik kepada dunia penerbangan. Ia membeli sebuah pesawat terbang [[:en:Voisin 1907 biplane|Voisin biplane]] buatan [[Prancis]] seharga $5000 dan menggaji penuh seorang mekanik, Antonio Brassac. Setelah jatuh satu kali, ia berhasil terbang pada tanggal 26 November 1909 di [[Hamburg]], [[Jerman]]. Pada tahun berikutnya, Houdini mengadakan tur di [[Australia]]. Ia membawa serta pesawat terbangnya, Voisin biplane, dengan maksud menjadi orang pertama yang terbang di Australia.
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=== Falsely reported as pioneer ===
On March 18, 1910, he made three flights at [[Diggers Rest, Victoria]], near Melbourne. It was reported at the time that this was the first aerial flight in Australia,<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100319.2.62 Papers Past — Evening Post — 19 March 1910 — AERIAL FLIGHT IN AUSTRALIA]. Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz (1910-03-19). Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref><ref name=smh>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/houdinis-australian-dream-one-for-the-record-books/2008/05/09/1210131263951.html Houdini's Australian dream: one for the record books – National]. smh.com.au. Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aarg.com.au/Aviation-EarlyAustralian.htm |title=Australian National Aviation Museum – Early Australian Aviation |publisher=Aarg.com.au |accessdate=April 1, 2011}}</ref> and a century later, some major news outlets still credit him with this feat.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/31/sunday/main7008518.shtml The Art and Magic of Harry Houdini]. CBS News (2010-11-02). Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2010/03/18/166815_entertainment-news.html Entertainment Houdini's flight into history]. Weekly Times Now (2010-03-18). Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref>
Wing Commander [[Harry Cobby]] wrote in ''Aircraft'' in March 1938 that "the first aeroplane flight in the Southern Hemisphere was made on December 9, 1909 by Mr [[Colin Defries]], a Londoner, at [[Victoria Park Racecourse, Sydney]], in a Wilbur Wright aeroplane".<ref>While this was possibly the first flight in Australia, the first flight in the Southern Hemisphere was probably made by [[Richard Pearse]] in New Zealand several years earlier, either in 1903 or 1904.</ref> Colin Defries was a trained pilot, having learnt to fly in Cannes, France. By modern standards his flight time was minimal, but in 1909 he had accumulated enough to become an instructor. On his first flight he took off, maintained straight and level flight, albeit briefly, and landed safely. His crash landing on his second flight, when he tried to retrieve his hat which was blown off, demonstrated what a momentary lack of attention could cause while flying a [[Wright Model A]].
It is acknowledged by Australian historians<ref>The [[Powerhouse Museum]] is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in Sydney. [http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/blog/index.php/2009/12/first-powered-flight-in-australia-episode-4/ First Powered Flight in Australia- Episode 4 « Inside the collection – Powerhouse Museum]. Powerhousemuseum.com. Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref> and the Aviation Historical Society of Australia that the definition of flight established by the Gorell Committee on behalf of the [[Aero Club of Great Britain]] dictates the acceptance of a flight or its rejection, giving Colin Defries credit as the first to make an aeroplane flight in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere.
In 1965 aviation journalist [[Stanley Brogden]] formed the view that the first powered flight in Australia took place at Bolivar in South Australia; the aircraft was a Bleriot monoplane with Fred Custance as the pilot. The flight took place on March 17, 1910. The next day when Houdini took to the air, the Herald newspaper reported Custance's flight, stating it had lasted 5 minutes 25 seconds at a height of between 12 and 15 feet.<ref name=smh/>
In 2010 [[Australia Post]] issued stamps commemorating Colin Defries, Houdini and [[John Robertson Duigan]], crediting only Defries and Duigan with historical firsts.<ref>[http://auspost.com.au/about-us/harry-houdini-cant-escape-being-part-of-australias-history.html Australia Post – Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history]. Auspost.com.au. Retrieved February 28, 2012.</ref> Duigan was an Australian pioneer aviator who built and flew the [[Duigan pusher biplane|first Australian-made aircraft]]. Australia Post did acknowledge the part Houdini played (''Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history'') but did not attribute any record to him.
===After Australia===
After completing his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next Music Hall tour, and even promised to leap from it handcuffed, but he never flew again.<ref>Silverman, pp. 137–154.</ref>
==Debunking spiritualists==
[[File:Houdini and Lincoln.jpg|right|thumb|Houdini demonstrates how a [[photographer]] could produce fraudulent "spirit photographs" that documented the apparition and social interaction of the dead<ref>Notes to ''Houdini and the ghost of Abraham Lincoln'', [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg:@FIELD(NUMBER(3a27314)) Library of Congress]. Retrieved October 3, 2007.</ref>]]
In the 1920s Houdini turned his energies toward debunking [[parapsychology|psychics]] and [[mediumship|mediums]], a pursuit that inspired and was followed by latter-day [[stage magician]]s.<ref name="Conjure">{{Cite book |first1=Harry |last1=Houdini|url=http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/14/117891/conjuring |title=Conjuring |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |edition=13th |year=1926 |accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a ''[[Scientific American]]'' committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate [[supernatural]] abilities. None was able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valentine of [[Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania]]. As his fame as a "ghostbuster" grew, Houdini took to attending [[séance]]s in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was [[Mina Crandon]], also known as "Margery".<ref>{{cite web
|title = The American Experience: Houdini
|first= Margery
|last=Pamphlet
|accessdate = March 24, 2011
|url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/sfeature/margery1.html
}}</ref> "Houdini exposed numerous phony mediums and inspired other magicians to follow suit. The Amazing Randi, (Dorothy) Dietrich, Penn & Teller and Dick Brookz are magicians that have exposed these unscrupulous mediums."<ref>{{cite web
|title = TNSJournal
|first= Michael
|last= Williams
|accessdate = October 29, 2014
|url = http://tnsjournal.com/culture/annual-houdini-seance-held-halloween/}}</ref>
Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, ''A Magician Among the Spirits'', co-authored with [[C. M. Eddy, Jr.]], who was not credited. These activities cost Houdini the friendship of Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Doyle, a firm believer in [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|spiritualism]] during his later years, refused to believe any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium, and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using these abilities to block those of other mediums that he was "debunking".<ref>see Conan Doyle's ''The Edge of The Unknown'', published in 1931.</ref> This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and led Sir Arthur to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy.<ref name="Simon & Schuster"/>
Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message "Rosabelle believe", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly [[Seances|séances]] on [[Halloween]] for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through [[Arthur Ford]] in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked.<ref name="Simon & Schuster"/> The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues.<ref>William Kalush; Larry Sloman (31 October 2006). The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero. Atria Books. pp. 545–. ISBN 978-0-7432-9850-6. Retrieved August 31, 2014.</ref> Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971.<ref>Allen Spragget Arthur Ford: The Man Who Talked with the Dead. 1974, p. 246.</ref> In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the [[Knickerbocker Hotel (Los Angeles)|Knickerbocker Hotel]], she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that "ten years is long enough to wait for any man."
The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance was organized in the 1940s<ref>Houdini Seance [http://www.postcrescent.com/story/news/local/2014/10/30/boldt-ceo-spends-halloween-search-houdini/18203727/.</ref> by [[Sidney Hollis Radner]], a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts.<ref>Houdini Facts [http://web.archive.org/web/20100421073238/http://www.foxvalleyhistory.org/houdini/facts.asp].</ref> Yearly Houdini séances are also conducted in Chicago at the [[Excalibur (nightclub)|Excalibur]] nightclub by "[[necromancer]]" [[Neil Tobin]] on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the [[Society of American Magicians]];<ref>[http://wgntv.trb.com/news/local/morningnews/wgntv-news-102805larrysworld,0,2750659.story?coll=wgntv-morning-news-1 Houdini's Halloween]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} from [[WGN-TV]] and Red Eye, October 28, 2005.</ref> and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician [[Dorothy Dietrich]] who previously held them at New York's [[Magic Towne House]] with such magical notables as Houdini biographers [[Walter B. Gibson]] and [[Milbourne Christopher]]. Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the original seance tradition. After doing them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House, before he died, Walter passed on the tradition of conducting of the Original Seances to <ref>{{cite web
|title = TNSJournal
|first= Michael
|last= Williams
|accessdate = October 29, 2014
|url = http://tnsjournal.com/culture/annual-houdini-seance-held-halloween/}}</ref> [[Dorothy Dietrich]].
In 1926, Harry Houdini hired [[H. P. Lovecraft]] and his friend [[C. M. Eddy, Jr.]], to write an entire book about debunking religious miracles, which was to be called ''The Cancer of Superstition.'' Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write an article about astrology, for which he paid $75. The article does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for ''Cancer'' does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. Houdini's death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project.<ref>Joshi, Collected Essays, 3, New York, 2005, pp. 11–12.</ref>
==Appearance and voice recordings==
[[File:Jack Dempsey, Harry Houdini and Benny Leonard2.jpg|thumb|Heavyweight boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] mock punching Houdini (held back by lightweight boxer [[Benny Leonard]])]]Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers give his height as {{nowrap|5 ft 5 in}}, but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly [[bow-legged]], which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography ''Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss'', author [[Kenneth Silverman]] summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career:
{{quote|They stressed his smallness—"somewhat undersized"—and angular, vivid features: "He is smooth-shaven with a keen, sharp-chinned, sharp-cheekboned face, bright blue eyes and thick, curly, black hair." Some sensed how much his complexly expressive smile was the outlet of his charismatic stage presence. It communicated to audiences at once warm amiability, pleasure in performing, and, more subtly, imperious self-assurance. Several reporters tried to capture the charming effect, describing him as "happy-looking", "pleasant-faced", "good natured at all times", "the young Hungarian magician with the pleasant smile and easy confidence".<ref>Silverman, p. 31.</ref>}}
Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison [[Phonograph cylinder|wax cylinder]]s on October 29, 1914, in [[Flatbush, New York]]. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous [[Chinese Water Torture Cell|Chinese water torture cell]]. He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician John Mulholland after his death in 1970. They are part of the [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] collection.<ref name="Wild About Harry">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/11/houdini-speaks-in-1970.html |title=Houdini speaks in 1970 |accessdate=November 13, 2010}}</ref>
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== Kematian ==
[[Berkas:Harry Houdini and his wife.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Houdini dan istrinya [[:en:Bess Houdini|Bess]]]]
Harry Houdini meninggal akibat [[peritonitis]], penyakit sekunder dari [[:en:appendicitis|ruptured appendix]] pada pukul 1:26 siang tanggal 31 Oktober 1926 di kamar 401 pada Grace Hospital, Detroit, pada usia 52 tahun. Pada hari-hari terakhirnya, dengan optimis ia percaya akan segera sembuh, tetapi kata-kata terakhirnya sebelum meninggal dikabarkan adalah "Aku lelah untuk melawan."<ref name="Simon & Schuster"/> Para saksi mata dari suatu insiden di kamar ganti Houdini di Princess Theatre di [[Montreal]] membangkitkan spekulasi bahwa kematian Houdini diakibatkan oleh seorang mahasiswa [[McGill University]], J. Gordon Whitehead, yang memukul Houdini secara mendadak dan berkali-kali pada perutnya sebagai suatu tes.<ref name=Snopes>Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (September 2, 2014). [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp "Punched Out"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328111301/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/death-of-houdini/ |date=2020-03-28 }}. [[Snopes.com]].</ref>
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The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. Price describes Whitehead asking Houdini "if he believed in the miracles of the Bible" and "whether it was true that punches in the stomach did not hurt him". He then delivered "some very hammer-like blows below the belt". Houdini was reclining on a couch at the time, having broken his ankle while performing several days earlier. Price states that Houdini winced at each blow and stopped Whitehead suddenly in the midst of a punch, gesturing that he had had enough, and adding that he had had no opportunity to prepare himself against the blows, as he did not expect Whitehead to strike him so suddenly and forcefully. Had his ankle not been broken, he would have risen from the couch into a better position to brace himself.<ref name=Snopes/><ref>{{cite book |title=Edge of the Unknown |author=Conan Doyle, Arthur |year=1930 |isbn=1406820555}}</ref>
Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of {{convert|102|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show.<ref name="autogenerated3">''The Man Who Killed Houdini'' by Don Bell, Vehicule Press, 2004.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Benoit|first=Tod|title=Where Are They Buried? How Did They Die?|url=https://archive.org/details/wherearetheyburi00todb|date=May 2003|publisher=[[Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers]]|isbn=1-57912-287-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/wherearetheyburi00todb/page/469 469]}}</ref> When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in [[Detroit]], Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of {{convert|104|F|C}}. Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's [[Sinai-Grace Hospital|Grace Hospital]].<ref name=Snopes/>
It is not entirely clear what relationship the encounter in the dressing room had on Houdini's eventual death.<ref name=Snopes/> As [[Snopes]] points out, the relationship between blunt trauma and appendicitis is not clear. One theory suggests that Houdini was unaware that he was suffering from appendicitis. If he had not realized that his stomach pains were symptomatic of appendicitis, he would not have appreciated the potentially critical effect of the blows to his abdomen.<ref name=Snopes/>
After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid [[double indemnity (insurance)|double indemnity]].<ref name="autogenerated3" />
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== Kuburan Houdini ==
Pemakaman Houdini diselenggarakan pada tanggal [[4 November]] [[1926]] di [[New York City]], dihadiri oleh lebih dari 2000 orang yang berkabung.<ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/131797.html Final Escape for the Master of Illusion? Houdini's Family Press for Exhumation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205005907/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/131797.html |date=2010-12-05 }}.</ref> Ia dikuburkan di[[:en:Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)|Machpelah Cemetery]] di [[:en:Glendale, Queens|Glendale, Queens]], dengan lambang kebesaran [[Society of American Magicians]] dipahat pada makamnya. Suatu patung setengah dada ditambahkan pada [[:en:exedra|exedra]] pada tahun 1927, suatu hal yang jarang terjadi, karena pahatan patung dilarang pada makam-makam Yahudi. Pada tahun 1975 patung itu dihancurkan oleh para perusak. Patung pengganti sementara ditempatkan di makam itu sampai tahun 2011 ketika sebuah kelompok yang kemudian dinamai [[:en:Houdini Commandos|Houdini Commandos]] dari [[Houdini Museum]] di [[Scranton]], [[Pennsylvania]], menempatkan patung permanen dengan izin dari keluarga Houdini dan tempat pekuburan.<ref name="Houdini Returns">{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/houdini-returns-of-course/|title=Houdini Returns|accessdate=October 24, 2011|work=The New York Times|first=David W.|last=Dunlap|date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025001238/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/houdini-returns-of-course/|dead-url=no}}</ref><!-- The [[Society of American Magicians]] took responsibility for the upkeep of the site, as Houdini had willed a large sum of money to the organization he had grown from one club to 5,000-6,000 dues-paying membership worldwide. This upkeep was abandoned by the society's dean [[George Schindler]], who said "the operator of the cemetery, David Jacobson, sends us a bill for upkeep every year but we never pay it."<ref name="Houdini's Final Trick">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/houdinis-final-trick-a-tidy-grave/|title=Houdini’s Final Trick, a Tidy Grave|accessdate=October 31, 2008 |work=The New York Times |first=COREY |last=KILGANNON |date=October 31, 2008}}</ref>-->
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Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said, they "never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988," claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold were also destroyed by vandals.<ref name="Houdinis' Plot Is Cleared Up, and Then Thickens">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/nyregion/houdinis-plot-is-cleared-up-and-then-thickens.html |title=Houdinis' Plot Is Cleared Up, and Then Thickens|accessdate=November 24, 1996 |work=The New York Times |first=Charlie |last=LeDuff |date=November 24, 1996}}</ref> For many years, until recently, The Houdini grave site has been only cared for by [[Dorothy Dietrich]] and [[Dick Brookz]] of the [[Houdini Museum]] in [[Scranton]], Pennsylvania.
<ref name="From the President’s Desk Dal Sanders Page 8">{{cite web |url=http://magicsam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/201312mum.pdf|title=From the President’s Desk Dal Sanders|accessdate=December 15, 2013 |work=MUM Magazine |first=Dal |last=Sanders |date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> The Society of American Magicians, at their National Council Meeting in Boca Raton, Florida, in 2013, under the prompting of The Houdini Museum's Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz, voted to assume the financial responsibilities for the care and maintenance of the Houdini Gravesite. In MUM Magazine, the Society's official magazine, President Dal Sanders announced "Harry Houdini is an icon as revered as Elvis Presley or Marilyn Monroe. He is not only a magical icon; his gravesite bears the seal of The Society of American Magicians. That seal is our brand and we should be proud to protect it. This gravesite is clearly our responsibility and I’m proud to report that the National Council unanimously voted to maintain Houdini’s final resting place."
<ref name="Abracadabra: Houdini’s grave to get a facelift">{{cite web |url=http://www.qchron.com/editions/central/abracadabra-houdini-s-grave-to-get-a-facelift/article_8c97412d-b791-5add-b1a2-89caaad00dde.html|title=Houdini’s grave to get a facelift|accessdate=Oct 9, 2014|work=Queens Chronicle, Rego Park, NY |first=Christopher |last=Barca |date=Oct 9, 2014}}</ref> The Houdini Gravesite Restoration Committee under the Chairmanship of National President-Elect David Bowers, is working closely with National President Kenrick "Ice" McDonald to see this project to completion. Bowers said it is a foregone conclusion that the Society will approve the funding request, because “Houdini is responsible for the Society of American Magicians being what it is today. We owe a debt of gratitude to him.” Like Bowers, McDonald said the motivation behind the repairs is to properly honor the grave of the “Babe Ruth of magicians.” “This is hallowed ground,” he said. “When you ask people about magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini.” While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration.
<ref name="Houdini's gravesite to get a magic fix in Queens">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/houdini-queens-grave-site-magic-fix-article-1.1989172|title=Houdini's gravesite to get a magic fix in Queens|accessdate=Oct 27, 2014 |work=NEW YORK DAILY NEWS |first=Eli |last=Rosenberg |date=Oct 27, 2014}}</ref>
Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist’s Queens grave over the years. “This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis,” said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. "The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years." "The Houdini Museum has teamed with The Society of American Magicians, one of the oldest fraternal magic organizations in the world, to give the beloved site a facelift." The organization has a specific Houdini gravesite committee made up of nine members headed up by President elect David Bowers who brought this project to the Society’s attention. Kenrick “Ice” McDonald, the current president of the Society of American Magicians said “You have to know the history. Houdini served as President from 1917 until his death in 1926. Houdini’s burial site needs an infusion of cash to restore it to its former glory." Magician Dietrich said the repairs could cost “tens of thousands of dollars,” after consulting with glass experts and grave artisans. “It’s a wonderful project, but it’s taken a lifetime to get people interested,” she said. “It’s long overdue, and it’s great that it’s happening.” Houdini was a living superhero,” Dietrich said. “He wasn’t just a magician and escape artist, he was great humanitarian.”
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Sampai hari ini yayasan ("Society") itu terus mengadakan "upacara pemutusan tongkat pesulap" (''[[:en:broken wand ceremony|broken wand ceremony]]'') pada makam itu setiap bulan November. Janda Houdini, [[Bess Houdini|Bess]], meninggal karena serangan jantung pada tanggal 11 Februari 1943, dalam usia 67 tahun, di [[Needles, California]] dalam perjalanan kereta api dari [[Los Angeles]] ke [[New York City]]. Ia berkeinginan untuk dimakamkan di samping suaminya, tetapi akhirnya dikuburkan 35 mil sebelah utaranya di [[Gate of Heaven Cemetery]] di [[Westchester County, New York]], karena keluarganya yang beragama [[Katolik]] menolak untuk mengizinkan mayatnya dikuburkan dalam pekuburan Yahudi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://houdini.net/besshoudinideath.php |title=Bess Houdini dies in 1943 |publisher=Houdini.net |accessdate=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=2015-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105204347/http://houdini.net/besshoudinideath.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
{{multiple image
|align = center
|width = 300
|footer_align = center
|footer = "Weiss Family Grave Memorial Site" (Lokasi peringatan makam kelurga Weiss) pada [[:en:Machpelah Cemetery (Queens, New York)|Machpelah Cemetery]]
|image1 = Houdini Gravesite 1024.jpg
|alt1 = Lokasi makam Harry Houdini
|caption1 = Lokasi makam Harry Houdini
|image2 = Harry Houdini Grave Marker 8-2008.jpg
|alt2 = Batu nisan pada makam Harry Houdini
|caption2 = Batu nisan pada makam Harry Houdini
}}
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===Proposed exhumation===
On March 22, 2007, Houdini's grand-nephew (the grandson of his brother Theo), George Hardeen, announced that the courts would be asked to allow [[exhumation]] of Houdini's body, to investigate the possibility of Houdini being murdered by spiritualists, as suggested in the biography ''The Secret Life of Houdini''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/media/story/2007/03/23/houdini-exhume.html |title=Grandnephew seeks to 'set record straight' about Houdini's death |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=March 23, 2007 |date=March 23, 2007}}</ref>
In a statement given to the [[Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, the family of Bess Houdini opposed the application and suggested it was a publicity ploy for the book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://houdini.org/HoudiniFamilyLetter.html |title=Family Statement re: exhumation |accessdate=March 26, 2007}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that the press conference was not arranged by the family of Houdini. Instead, the ''Post'' reported, it was orchestrated by authors Kalush and Sloman, who hired the PR firm Dan Klores Communications to promote their book.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301850.html |title=Why Not Just Hold a Seance?|accessdate=March 24, 2007 |work=The Washington Post |first=David |last=Segal |date=March 24, 2007}}</ref>
In 2008 it was revealed the parties involved never filed legal papers to perform an exhumation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/11/time-to-bury-houdini-exhumation.html|title=Time to bury the Houdini exhumation|accessdate= April 9, 2011}}</ref>
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== Artefak, perpustakaan dan museum ==
Saudara laki-laki Houdini, [[:en:Theodore Hardeen|Theodore Hardeen]], kembali melakukan pertunjukan setelah kematian Houdini. Ia mewarisi semua peralatan saudaranya itu. Surat wasiat Houdini berisi stipulasi bahwa semua peralatan itu harus "dibakar dan dihancurkan" setelah Hardeen meninggal. Hardeen menjual sebagian besar koleksinya kepada seorang pesulap yang mengagumi Houdini, [[Sidney Hollis Radner]], selama tahun 1940-an, termasuk sel penyiksaan air (''water torture cell'').<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block|quote=... Mr. Radner, aka Rendar the Magician, owns one of the world's biggest and most valuable collections of Harry Houdini artifacts, including the Chinese Water Torture Cell, one of Houdini's signature props from 1912 until his death in 1926. Most of the items were given to Mr. Radner in the 1940s by Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen. Hardeen considered Radner, then a student at Yale with a reputation for jumping from diving boards in handcuffs, as his protégé. Until early this year, the collection was on display at the Outagamie Museum in Appleton, Wisconsin, where Houdini's father was the town rabbi in the 1870s. But after a rancorous falling out between Mr. Radner and museum officials, the 1,000-piece collection was packed up and shipped here, where it will be auctioned on Saturday in the windowless back room at the Liberace Museum and on eBay.|work=New York Times|date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> Radner mengizinkan sejumlah barang pilihan dari koleksi itu untuk dipamerkan pada "Houdini Magical Hall of Fame" di [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]]. Pada tahun 1995, museum itu terbakar. Kerangka logam ''water torture cell'' masih tersisa dan direstorasi oleh pembuat ilusi John Gaughan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2007/02/mystery-of-two-torture-cells.html |title=The Mystery of the Two Torture Cells |accessdate=May 14, 2007 |work=Wild About Harry |archive-date=2023-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614163453/https://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2007/02/mystery-of-two-torture-cells.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Banyak barang-barang yang disimpan di museum termasuk borgol kaca, kotak peyimpanan asli milik Houdini, tabung susu, dan sebuah ''straitjacket'', selamat dari kebakaran dan dilelang pada tahun 1999 dan 2008.
Radner meminjamkan sebagian koleksinya untuk diarsipkan pada "Outagamie Museum" di Appleton, [[Wisconsin]]; tetapi memintanya kembali pada tahun 2003, dan melelangnya<ref name="houdini">{{cite web|url=http://www.houdini.com/houdiniauction.htm|title=Houdini's Magic Shop | Easy Tricks | Illusions | Gags | Novelties|publisher=houdini.com|accessdate=January 27, 2014|archive-date=2006-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515020225/http://www.houdini.com/houdiniauction.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> setahun kemudian di [[Las Vegas]], pada tanggal 30 Oktober 2004.
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Houdini was a "formidable collector," and bequeathed many of his holdings and paper archives on magic and spiritualism to the [[Library of Congress]], which became the basis for the Houdini collection in cyberspace.<ref name="Higbee">{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html |title=Great Escapes |work=American Memory Web Site, Hosts Houdini Collection |first1=Joan |last1=Higbee |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=March 24, 2011}}</ref>
More than half of Houdini's archival estate holdings and memorabilia were willed to his fellow magician and friend, John Mulholland (1897–1970). In 1991, illusionist and television performer [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] purchased all of Mulholland's Houdini holdings from Mulholland's estate. These are now archived and preserved in Copperfield's warehouse at his headquarters in Las Vegas. It contains the world's largest collection of Houdini memorabilia, and preserves approximately 80,000 items of memorabilia of Houdini and other magicians, including Houdini's stage props and material, his rebuilt water torture cabinet and his metamorphosis trunk. It is not open to the public, but tours are available by invitation to magicians, scholars, researchers, journalists and serious collectors.
There is a [[Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, Pennsylvania, billed as "the only building in the world entirely dedicated to Houdini". It is open to the public year round by reservation. It includes Houdini films, a guided tour about Houdini's life and a stage magic show. It was opened in 1991 by magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz.
[[The Magic Castle]], a nightclub for magicians and magic enthusiasts, as well as the clubhouse for the [[Academy of Magical Arts]], features Houdini séances performed by magician [[Misty Lee]].
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== Publikasi ==
Houdini menerbitkan berbagai buku selama kariernya (beberapa di antaranya ditulis oleh sahabat karibnya [[Walter Brown Gibson]], pencipta [[The Shadow]]):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-07/071406vortex.html#i1 |title=James Randi's Swift |date=July 14, 2006 |publisher=randi.org. |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301105632/http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-07/071406vortex.html#i1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* ''The Right Way to Do Wrong: An Exposé of Successful Criminals'' (1906)
* ''Handcuff Secrets'' (1907)
* ''The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin'' (1908), studi membuktikan kebohongan kemampuan sihir [[:en:Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin|Robert-Houdin]].
* "Conjuring" artikel untuk [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] edisi ke-13
* ''Magical Rope Ties and Escapes'' (1920)
* ''Miracle Mongers and Their Methods'' (1920)
* ''Houdini's Paper Magic'' (1921)
* ''A Magician Among the Spirits'' (1924)
* "[[Imprisoned with the Pharaohs]]" (1924), cerita pendek, ditulis oleh penulis tersembunyi [[H. P. Lovecraft]].
== Filmografi ==
;Film yang dibintangi Houdini
* ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris''—Cinema Lux (1909)— sebagai dirinya sendiri
* ''The Master Mystery''—Octagon Films (1918)— sebagai Quentin Locke
* ''[[The Grim Game]]''—[[Famous Players-Lasky]]/[[Paramount Pictures]] (1919)— sebagai Harvey Handford
* ''Terror Island''—[[Famous Players Lasky]]/Paramount (1920)— sebagai Harry Harper
* ''[[The Man from Beyond]]''—Houdini Picture Corporation (1922)— sebagai Howard Hillary
* ''Haldane of the Secret Service''—Houdini Picture Corporation/[[Film Booking Offices of America|FBO]] (1922)— sebagai Heath Haldane
;Film Biografi
* ''[[Houdini (film)|Houdini]]'' (1953)— diperankan oleh [[Tony Curtis]]
* ''[[The Great Houdini (film)|The Great Houdini]]'' atau ''The Great Houdinis'' (1976)— diperankan oleh [[Paul Michael Glaser]] ([[Television movie|TV movie]])
* ''[[Ragtime (film)|Ragtime]]'' (1981)— diperankan oleh [[Jeffrey DeMunn]]
* ''Young Harry Houdini'' (1987)— diperankan oleh [[Wil Wheaton]] & Jeffrey DeMunn (TV movie)
* ''A Night at the Magic Castle'' (1988)— diperankan oleh [[Arte Johnson]]
* ''[[FairyTale: A True Story]]'' (1997)— diperankan oleh [[Harvey Keitel]]
* ''[[Houdini (1998 film)|''Houdini'']]'' (1998)— diperankan oleh [[Johnathon Schaech]] (TV movie)
* ''[[The Cremaster Cycle|Cremaster 2]]'' (1999)— diperankan oleh [[Norman Mailer]]
* ''[[Death Defying Acts]]'' (2007)— diperankan oleh [[Guy Pearce]]
* ''[[Houdini (miniseries)|Houdini]]'' (2014)— diperankan oleh [[Adrien Brody]] (TV miniseries)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2013/08/its-on-history-green-lights-houdini.html |title=IT'S ON! History greenlights Houdini miniseries |publisher=Wild About Harry |accessdate=August 19, 2013 |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911054757/http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2013/08/its-on-history-green-lights-houdini.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pesulap]]
* [[Daftar museum sulap]]
* [[:en:Swami Laura Horos|Swami Laura Horos]]
* [[Walford Bodie]], seorang sahabat Houdini, dan juga seorang pesulap
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Pustaka ==
* Brandon, Ruth. ''The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini'' (London: Secker & Warburg, Ltd., 1993) ISBN 0-8129-7042-X; ISBN 978-0-8129-7042-5 (U.S. edition): ISBN 0-679-42437-7 ISBN 978-0-679-42437-6.
* Fleischman, Sid. ''Escape! The Story of The Great Houdini'', (Greenwillow Books, 2006). ISBN 978-0-06-085094-4.
* [[William Lindsay Gresham|Gresham, William Lindsay]] ''Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls'' (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1959).
* [[Doug Henning|Henning, Doug]] with Charles Reynolds. ''Houdini: His Legend and His Magic'' (New York: Times Books, 1978). ISBN 0-446-87328-4; ISBN 978-0-446-87328-4.
* {{Cite book|last1=Kalush|first1=William|first2=Larry|last2=Sloman|date=October 2006|title=The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero|location=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0-7432-7207-0}}
* Kellock, Harold. ''Houdini: His Life-Story'' ''from the recollections and documents of Beatrice Houdini,'' (Harcourt, Brace Co., June 1928).
* Kendall, Lance. ''Houdini: Master of Escape'' (New York: Macrae Smith & Co., 1960). ISBN 0-06-092862-X.
* Meyer, M.D., Bernard C. ''Houdini: A Mind in Chains'' (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1976). ISBN 0-8415-0448-2.
* [[James Randi|Randi, James]] & [[Bert Randolph Sugar]]. ''Houdini: His Life and Art'' (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1977). ISBN 978-0-448-12546-6; ISBN 0-448-12546-3.
* [[Kenneth Silverman|Silverman, Kenneth]]. ''Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss'' 1997 ISBN 0-06-092862-X.
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_41MAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover|title=Magic: Harry Houdini Collection|place=London|year=1901|first1=Ellis|last1=Stanyon|publisher=Ellis Stanyon|access-date=2014-12-06|archive-date=2023-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816174739/https://books.google.com/books?id=_41MAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* Williams, Beryl & Samuel Epstein. ''The Great Houdini: Magician Extraordinary'' (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1950).
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* ''Believe'' by William Shatner and Michael Charles Tobias, Berkeley Books, NY 1992.
* ''Houdini's Escapes and Magic'' by [[Walter B. Gibson]], ''Prepared from Houdini's private notebooks'' Blue Ribbon Books, Inc., 1930. Reveals some of Houdini's magic and escape methods (also released in two separate volumes: ''Houdini's Magic'' and ''Houdini's Escapes'').
* ''The Secrets of Houdini'' by J.C. Cannell, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1931. Reveals some of Houdini's escape methods.
* ''Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Strange Friendship'' by Bernard M. L. Ernst, Albert & Charles Boni, Inc., NY, 1932.
* ''Sixty Years of Psychical Research'' by Joseph F. Rinn, Truth Seeker Co., 1950, Rinn was a long time close friend of Houdini. Contains detailed information about the last Houdini message (there are 3) and its disclosure.
* ''Houdini's Fabulous Magic'' by [[Walter B. Gibson]] and Morris N. Young Chilton, NY, 1960. Excellent reference for Houdini's escapes and some methods (includes the Water Torture Cell).
* ''The Houdini Birth Research Committee's Report'', Magico Magazine (reprint of report by The Society of American Magicians), 1972. Concludes Houdini was born March 24, 1874, in Budapest.
* ''Mediums, Mystics and the Occult'' by [[Milbourne Christopher]], Thomas T. Crowell Co., 1975, pp. 122–145, ''Arthur Ford-Messages from the Dead,'' contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure.
* ''Arthur Ford: The Man Who Talked with the Dead'' by Allen Spraggett with William V. Rauscher, 1973, pp. 152–165, Chapter 7, ''The Houdini Affair'' contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure.
* ''Houdini: Escape into Legend, The Early Years: 1862–1900'' by Manny Weltman, Finders/Seekers Enterprises, Los Angeles, 1993. Examination of Houdini's childhood and early career.
* ''Houdini Comes To America'' by Ronald J. Hilgert, The Houdini Historical Center, 1996. Documents the Weiss family's immigration to the United States on July 3, 1878 (when Ehrich was 4).
* ''Houdini Unlocked'' by Patrick Culliton, Two volume box set: ''The Tao of Houdini'' and ''The Secret Confessions of Houdini'', Kieran Press, 1997.
* ''The Houdini Code Mystery: A Spirit Secret Solved'' by William V. Rauscher, Magic Words, 2000.
* ''Final Séance. The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle'' by Massimo Polidoro, Prometheus Books, 2001.
* ''The Man Who Killed Houdini'' by Don Bell, Vehicle Press, 2004. Investigates J. Gordon Whitehead and the events surrounding Houdini's death.
* ''Disappearing Tricks: Silent Film, Houdini, and the New Magic of the Twentieth Century'' by Matthew Solomon, [[University of Illinois Press]], 2010. Contains new information about Houdini's early movie career.
* ''Houdini Art and Magic'' by Brooke Kamin Rapaport, Jewish Museum, 2010. Essays on Houdini's life and work are accompanied by interviews with novelist E.L. Doctorow, Teller, Kenneth Silverman, and more.
* ''Houdini The Key'' by Patrick Culliton, Kieran Press, 2010. Reveals the authentic working methods of many of Houdini effects, including the Milk Can and Water Torture Cell. Limited to 278 copies.
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons}}
{{wikisource author|Harry Houdini}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html |title=Great Escapes |work=American Memory Web Site, Hosts Houdini Collection |first1=Joan |last1=Higbee |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=March 24, 2011 |archive-date=2015-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607151158/http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{IMDb name|0396378}}
* [http://www.thegreatharryhoudini.com/ Harry Houdini: His Life and His Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604080726/http://www.thegreatharryhoudini.com/ |date=2012-06-04 }}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/timeline/index.html Timeline of Houdini's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607225301/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/timeline/index.html |date=2012-06-07 }}
* [http://www.thirteen.org/blog/programs/3544/ "No Escaping Houdini"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404025606/http://www.thirteen.org/blog/programs/3544/ |date=2011-04-04 }}—A documentary on PBS in 2010
* [http://www.houdini.org/ The Houdini Museum in Scranton Pennsylvania.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724162429/http://www.houdini.org/ |date=2010-07-24 }}
* [http://www.houseofdeception.com/Houdini's_Writing.html House of Deception] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224123625/http://houseofdeception.com/Houdini%27s_Writing.html |date=2019-12-24 }} article on Houdini's handwriting & signature.
* [http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=81 CFI's 10th Annual Houdini Séance – Halloween 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005634/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=81 |date=2007-09-27 }} — séance held to get in touch with Houdini, [[Point of Inquiry]], October 31, 2006.
* [http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_mhc_mhm_houdini_10-09-2002_92657_7.pdf Michigan Time Traveler, Lansing State Journal, Harry Houdini and Michigan magic.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004212600/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_mhc_mhm_houdini_10-09-2002_92657_7.pdf |date=2012-10-04 }}
* [http://www.myhistorymuseum.org/ The History Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605085256/http://www.myhistorymuseum.org/ |date=2012-06-05 }} operated by the [[The History Museum at the Castle|Local History Museum in Appleton, WI]] home of the [http://www.akahoudini.org/htdocs/index.php AKA Houdini Exhibit.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414081240/http://www.akahoudini.org/htdocs/index.php |date=2010-04-14 }}
* [http://www.houdini.diggersrest.com/ Festival of Flight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062809/http://www.houdini.diggersrest.com/ |date=2012-04-25 }} Official website for Houdini Centenary celebrations.
* [http://libertymagazine.com/icons_houdini.htm "Tricks of Fake Mediums" by Harry Houdini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309210311/http://libertymagazine.com/icons_houdini.htm |date=2011-03-09 }}, ''[[Liberty (1924–1950)|Liberty]]'', November 25, 1925
* [http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=priref=110003387 Houdini archives in the Harry Price papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816174752/https://archives.libraries.london.ac.uk/Details/archive/110003387 |date=2023-08-16 }}
* [http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/houdini-escapes-smithsonian Houdini Escapes the Smithsonian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415142500/http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/houdini-escapes-smithsonian |date=2012-04-15 }}
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/122.html The Harry Houdini Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313192415/http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/122.html |date=2014-03-13 }} From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506042254/http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ |date=2017-05-06 }} at the [[Library of Congress]]
{{lifetime|1874|1926|Houdini}}
[[Kategori:Pesulap|Houdini]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Serikat|Houdini]]
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