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{{Periodic table (micro)|title=|caption=Contoh logam berat beracun|mark=Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Hg, Tl, Pb}}
[[Berkas:Kingston-plant-spill-swanpond-tn2.jpg|thumbjmpl|Dinding [[abu terbang]] batu bara setinggi {{convert|25|ft|m|sing=on}} yang terkontaminasi dengan logam berat beracun, yang dihasilkan dari [[Tumpahan abu terbang batu bara Kingston Fossil Plant|pelepasan 4,1 juta meter kubik lumpur abu terbang batu bara]] ke [[sungai Emory]], [[Tennessee]], dan sekitarnya, pada Desember 2008.<ref>[[#Dewan8|Dewan 2008]]</ref> Hasil pengujian menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan kadar [[arsenik]], [[tembaga]], [[barium]], [[kadmium]], [[kromium]], [[timbal]], [[raksa]], [[nikel]], dan [[talium]] dalam sampel lumpur dan air sungai.<ref>[[#Dewan9|Dewan 2009]]</ref> Biaya rehabilitasi dapat mencapai lebih dari US$1,2 milyar.<ref>[[#Poovey|Poovey 2001]]</ref>]]
 
Suatu '''logam berat beracun''' adalah semua [[logam]] atau [[metaloid]] yang relatif rapat yang diperhatikan karena toksisitas potensialnya, terutama dalam konteks lingkungan.<ref>[[#Sriv|Srivastava & Goyal 2010, p.&nbsp;2]]</ref> Istilah ini terutama berlaku untuk [[kadmium]], [[raksa]], [[timbal]], dan [[arsenik]],<ref>[[#Brath|Brathwaite & Rabone 1985, p.&nbsp;363]]</ref> yang seluruhnya muncul dalam daftar [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) tentang 10 bahan kimia yang menjadi perhatian utama publik. Contoh lain mencakup [[mangan]], [[kromium]], [[kobalt]], [[nikel]], [[tembaga]], [[seng]], [[selenium]], [[perak]], [[antimon]], dan [[talium]].{{cn|date=February 2017}}
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== Sumber kontaminasi ==
[[Berkas:Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png|thumbjmpl|[[Tetraetil timbal]] merupakan salah satu kontaminan logam berat yang paling signifikan pada penggunaan saat ini.<ref>[[#Wright|Wright 2002, p.&nbsp;288]]</ref>]]
 
Logam berat ditemukan secara alami di tanah, dan terkonsentrasi sebagai akibat aktivitas manusia. Sumber-sumber umum berasal dari limbah pertambangan dan industri; emisi kendaraan; [[baterai timbal-asam|baterai timbal-asam (aki)]]; pupuk; cat; kayu olahan; infrastruktur pengolahan air yang sudah lama;<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Harvey|Harvey, Handley & Taylor 2015]]</ref> dan [[mikroplastik]] yang terapung di samudera dunia.<ref>[[#Howell|Howell et al. 2012]]; [[#Cole|Cole et al. 2011, pp.&nbsp;2589‒2590]]</ref> Arsenik, kadmium dan timbal mungkin hadir pada mainan anak-anak pada tingkat yang melebihi standar peraturan. Timbal dapat digunakan dalam mainan sebagai [[stabilisator (kimia)|stabilisator]], penguat warna, atau zat anti korosi. Kadmium kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai stabilisator, atau untuk meningkatkan massa dan kilau perhiasan mainan. Arsenik diperkirakan digunakan dalam hal yang terkait dengan pewarna.<ref>[[#Finch|Finch, Hillyer & Leopold 2015, pp.&nbsp;849–850]]</ref> [[Racun tikus]] yang digunakan pada penyimpanan biji-bijian dan lumbung kemungkinan merupakan sumber lain arsenik.<!--Regular imbibers of [[Moonshine|illegally distilled alcohol]] may be exposed to arsenic or lead poisoning the source of which is arsenic-contaminated lead used to [[solder]] the distilling apparatus.--><ref>[[#Aggrawal|Aggrawal 2014, p.&nbsp;680]]</ref>
 
Timbal adalah kontaminan logam berat dengan prevalensi tertinggi.<ref>[[#Di Maio|Di Maio 2001, p.&nbsp;527]]</ref> Sebagai komponen [[tetraetil timbal]], {{chem2|(CH|3|CH|2|)|4|Pb}}, ia banyak digunakan dalam [[bensin]] pada era 1930–1970an.<ref>[[#Lovei|Lovei 1998, p.&nbsp;15]]</ref> Kadar timbal dalam lingkungan akuatik masayarakat industri telah diperkirakan dua hingga tiga kali lipat daripada kadar di era pra-industri.<ref>[[#Perry|Perry & Vanderklein 1996, p.&nbsp;336]]</ref> Meskipun penggunaan bensin bertimbal di Amerika Utara sebagian besar sudah dihapus pada tahun 1996, tanah di sekitar jalanan yang dibangun sebelum masa ini menyimpan timbal dalam konsentrasi tinggi. Timbal (dalam bentuk [[timbal azida]] atau [[timbal stifnat]]<!--lead styphnate--> yang digunakan dalam pemadam api) perlahan-lahan terakumulasi di lahan latihan pemadam kebakaran, mencemari lingkungan lokal dan memapar karyawan sekitar dengan risiko [[keracunan timbal]].<ref>[[#Houlton|Houlton 2014, p.&nbsp;50]]</ref>
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== Efek merugikan ==
Logam berat "dapat berikatan dengan komponen sel vital, seperti [[Protein|protein struktural]], [[enzim]], dan [[asam nukleat]], dan mengganggu fungsinya".<ref>[[#Landis|Lanids, Sofield & Yu 2000, p.&nbsp;269]]</ref> Gejala dan efeknya dapat bervariasi tergantung pada logam atau senyawa logam, dan dosis yang memapar. Secara umum, paparan logam berat beracun jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan karsinogenik, pengaruh pada sistem syarafsaraf pusat dan perifer, dan mempengaruhi sirkulasi. Bagi manusia, tabel berikut menyajikan dampak umum paparan logam berat beracun "klasik",<ref>[[#Nielen|Neilen & Marvin 2008, p.&nbsp;10]]</ref>, atau kromium (logam berat beracun lainnya) atau arsenik (metaloid).<ref>[[#Afal|Afal & Wiener 2014]]</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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Efek toksik arsenik, raksa dan timbal telah dikenal sejak zaman kuno, tetapi metodologi penelitian dari toksisitas menyeluruh logam berat baru muncul pada tahun 1868. Pada tahun tersebut, Wanklyn dan Chapman berspekulasi pada dampak buruk logam berat "arsenik, timbal, tembaga, seng, [[besi]] dan [[mangan]]" dalam [[air minum]]. Mereka mencatat "ketiadaan investigasi" dan dikurangi menjadi "perlu pengumpulan data".<ref>[[#Wanklyn|Wanklyn & Chapman 1868, pp.&nbsp;73–8]]; [[#Cameron|Cameron 1871, p.&nbsp;484]]</ref> Pada tahun 1884, Blake menjelaskan hubungan yang jelas antara toksisitas dan berat atom unsur.<ref>[[#Blake|Blake 1884]]</ref> Bagian berikut menyajikan rangkuman historis untuk logam berat beracun "klasik" (arsenik, raksa dan timbal) dan beberapa contoh terkini (kromium dan kadmium).
 
[[Berkas:Orpiment mineral.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|200px|[[Orpimen]], suatu mineral arsenik toksik yang digunakan dalam industri penyamakan untuk menghilangkan bulu dari kulit hewan.]]
 
=== Arsenik ===
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=== Raksa ===
[[Berkas:Saint Isaac's Cathedral in SPB.jpeg|thumbjmpl|rightka|[[Saint Isaac's Cathedral]], di [[Saint Petersburg]], Rusia. [[Amalgam (kimia)|Amalgam]] [[emas]]-raksa yang digunakan untuk [[penyepuhan|menyepuh]] kubahnya menyebabkan sejumlah kasus di kalangan pekerja yang terlibat.]]
{{see also|Raksa dalam ikan}}
 
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=== Timbal ===
[[Berkas:Dutch boy collier white lead.png|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|uprightlurus|Iklan cat [[timbal putih]] Dutch Boy, 1912.]]
Dampak buruk [[timbal]] telah dikenal sejak zaman kuno. Pada abad ke-2 SM, [[Nicander]], botaniwan Yunani, menjelaskan gejala [[kolik]] dan [[kelumpuhan]] tampak pada orang yang keracunan timbal.<ref>[[#Pearce|Pearce 2007]]; [[#Needleman|Needleman 2004]]</ref> [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], seorang [[dokter]] Yunani yang diyakini pernah hidup pada abad ke-1 SM,<ref>[[#Rogers|Rogers 2000, p.&nbsp;41]]</ref> menulis bahwa ''lead makes the mind give way'', yang artinya adalah ''timbal merusak otak''.<ref group=n>Istilah ''give way'' di sini mempunyai sinonim dalam bahasa Inggris ''break down'', ''go bad'', ''give out'', ''go'', ''break'', ''die'', ''conk out'', ''fail''; yang dapat diartikan rusak, mati, gagal.</ref> Timbal digunakan secara ekstensif pada [[akuaduk Romawi]] dari sekitar 500&nbsp;SM hingga tahun 300.<ref>[[#Gilbert|Gilbert & Weiss 2006]]</ref> [[Vitruvius]], insinyur [[Julius Caesar]], melaporkan "air yang berasal dari pipa tembikar jauh lebih sehat daripada pipa timbal. Tampaknya yang terbuat dari timbal merugikan, karena [[timbal putih]] diproduksi darinya, dan ini dikatakan berbahaya bagi tubuh manusia."<ref>[[#Prioreschi|Prioreschi 1998, p.&nbsp;279]]</ref> Selama periode [[Mongol]] di China (1271-1368 M), polusi timbal akibat peleburan perak di wilayah [[Yunnan]] melampaui tingkat kontaminasi dari kegiatan penambangan modern hampir empat kali.<ref>[[#Hillman|Hillman et al. 2015, pp.&nbsp;3353–3354]]</ref>{{#tag:ref|Sampai seperenam dari daratan China bisa terkena kontaminasi logam berat.<ref>[[#Hillman|Hillman et al. 2015, p.&nbsp;3349]]</ref>|group=n}} Pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, orang-orang di [[Devon]] menderita oleh suatu kondisi yang disebut [[kolik Devon]]; terungkap hal ini terjadi karena imbibisi [[cider]] [[keracunan timbal|yang tercemar timbal]]. Pada tahun 2013, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] memperkirakan bahwa keracunan timbal mengakibatkan 143.000 kematian, dan "berkontribusi kepada 600.000 kasus baru anak-anak dengan cacat intelektual", setiap tahunnya.<ref>[[#WHO|World Health Organization 2013]]</ref> Di kota A.S. [[Flint, Michigan]], kontaminasi timbal dalam air minum telah [[krisis air Flint|menjadi sebuah isu sejak 2014]]. Sumber pencemaran tersebut dikaitkan dengan "korosi pada pipa timbal dan besi yang mendistribusikan air ke penduduk kota".<ref>[[#Torrice|Torrice 2016]]</ref> Pada tahun 2015, kadar timbal dalam air minum di timur laut [[Tasmania]], Australia, dilaporkan mencapai lebih dari 50 kali pedoman air minum nasional. Sumber pencemaran itu dikaitkan dengan "bobroknya kombinasi infrastruktur air minum, termasuk jaringan pipa timbal, pipa polivinil klorida yang telah kadaluwarsa dan pipa ledeng rumah tangga".<ref>[[#Harvey|Harvey, Handley & Taylor 2015]]<name="ReferenceA"/ref>
 
=== Kromium ===
[[Berkas:Potassium-chromate-sample.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|[[Kalium kromat]], suatu [[karsinogen]], digunakan dalam pencelupan kain, dan sebagai [[Penyamakan|zat penyamak kulit]] untuk menghasilkan [[Kulit (produk hewan)|produk kulit]].]]
 
Senyawa [[kromium(III)]] dan logam [[krom]] tidak dianggap sebagai bahaya kesehatan, sedangkan toksisitas dan sifat karsinogenik [[Kromium heksavalen|kromium(VI)]] telah diketahui sejak paling tidak akhir abad ke-19.<ref>[[#Barcelous|Barceloux & Barceloux 1999]]</ref> Pada tahun 1890, Newman menggambarkan risiko kanker yang meningkat pada pekerja di perusahaan pewarna [[kromat]].<ref>[[#NewmanD|Newman 1890]]</ref> Dermatitis akibat kromat dilaporkan pada pekerja pesawat selama [[Perang Dunia II]].<ref>[[#Haines|Haines & Nieboer 1988, p.&nbsp;504]]</ref> Pada tahun 1963, wabah dermatitis, mulai dari [[eritema]] sampai [[eksim]] eksudatif, terjadi di antara 60 pekerja pabrik mobil di Inggris. Para pekerja telah terpapar cat primer berbasis kromat basah yang diaplikasikan pada bodi mobil.<ref>[[#National|National Research Council 1974, p.&nbsp;68]]</ref> Di Australia, kromium dilepaskan dari pabrik peledak [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] [[Orica]] pada tanggal 8 Agustus 2011. Sampai dengan 20 pekerja di pabrik tersebut terpapar seperti 70 rumah di dekat [[Stockton, New South Wales|Stockton]]. Kota tersebut hanya diberi tahu tiga hari setelah kebocoran tersebut dan kecelakaan tersebut memicu kontroversi publik yang besar, dengan Orica dikritik karena telah mengurangi akan kemungkinan risiko kebocoran tersebut, dan pemerintah negara bagian diserang atas kelambanannya menangani insiden tersebut.<ref>[[#Tovey|Tovey 2011]]; [[#Jones|Jones 2011]]; [[#OB|O'Brien & Aston]]</ref>
 
=== Kadmium ===
[[Berkas:Cadmium-crystal bar.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Batang kadmium berkemurnian 99,999% dan kubus 1&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>.]]
Paparan [[kadmium]] adalah fenomena awal abad ke-20, dan selanjutnya. Di Jepang pada tahun 1910, [[Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company]] mulai membuang kadmium ke sungai Jinzugawa, sebagai produk sampingan dari operasi penambangan. Warga di daerah sekitarnya kemudian mengkonsumsi padi yang ditanam di air irigasi yang terkontaminasi kadmium. Mereka mengalami pelunakan tulang dan gagal ginjal. Asal gejala ini tidak jelas; kemungkinan yang diangkat pada saat itu termasuk "penyakit regional atau bakteri atau keracunan timbal".<ref>[[#Vallero|Vallero & Letcher 2013, p.&nbsp;240]]</ref> Pada tahun 1955, kadmium diidentifikasi sebagai kemungkinan penyebabnya dan pada tahun 1961 sumbernya terkait langsung dengan operasi penambangan di daerah tersebut.<ref>[[#Vallero|Vallero & Letcher 2013, pp.&nbsp;239–241]]</ref> Pada bulan Februari 2010, kadmium ditemukan di perhiasan [[Walmart]] eksklusif [[Miley Cyrus]]. Wal-Mart terus menjual perhiasannya sampai Mei, saat tes rahasia yang diselenggarakan oleh [[Associated Press]] mengkonfirmasi hasil aslinya.<ref>[[#Pritchard|Pritchard 2010]]</ref> Pada bulan Juni 2010 kadmium terdeteksi dalam cat yang digunakan untuk gelas minum promosi film [[Shrek Forever After]], yang dijual oleh [[McDonalds|restoran McDonald's]], memicu penarikan kembali 12 juta gelas.<ref>[[#Mulvihill|Mulvihill & Pritchard 2010]]</ref>
 
== Remediasi ==
[[Berkas:Metal-EDTA.svg|thumbjmpl|rightka|170px|Kompleks logam-EDTA. Pb menggantikan Ca pada {{chem|Na|2|[CaEDTA]}} menghasilkan {{chem|Na|2|[PbEDTA]}}, yang dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui [[urin]].<ref>[[#Csuros|Cs uros 1997, p.&nbsp;124]]</ref>]]
Pada manusia, keracunan logam berat umumnya diobati dengan pemberian [[khelasi|zat pengkhelat]].<ref>[[#Blann|Blann & Ahmed 2014, p.&nbsp;465]]</ref> Ini adalah senyawa kimia, seperti {{chem|link=EDTA|CaNa|2|EDTA}} (kalsium dinatrium etilenadiaminatetraasetat) yang mengubah logam berat menjadi bentuk inertnya sehingga dapat diekskresikan tanpa interaksi lebih lanjut dengan tubuh. Khelat bukan tanpa efek samping dan juga bisa menghilangkan logam bermanfaat dari tubuh. Suplemen vitamin dan mineral kadang diberikan bersama untuk alasan ini.<ref>[[#ACS|American Cancer Society 2008]]; [[#NCPC|National Capital Poison Center 2010]]</ref>
 
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|title=Heavy Metal Poisoning|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website= |publisher=National Organization for Rare Disorders |access-date=11 February 2016}}
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{{refend}}
 
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