Timbal(II) nitrat: Perbedaan antara revisi

| Verifiedfields = changed

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 445289092

| ImageFile = Lead(II) nitrate 1.jpg

| ImageFile1 = lead nitrate.png

| ImageFileL2 = Lead(II)-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png

| ImageFileR2 = Lead(II)-nitrate-xtal-3D-SF.png

| IUPACName = Lead(II) nitrate

| OtherNames = Lead nitrate<br />Plumbous nitrate<br />Lead dinitrate<br />Plumb dulcis

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI =1S/2NO3.Pb/c2*2-1(3)4;/q2*-1;+2

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| InChI = 1S/2NO3.Pb/c2*2-1(3)4;/q2*-1;+2

| InChIKey1 = RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| CASNo = 10099-74-8

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| EINECS =

| UNNumber = 1469

| PubChem = 24924

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 23300

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 37187

| SMILES = [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Pb+2]

| RTECS = OG2100000

| Formula = Pb(NO₃)₂

| MolarMass = 331,2g/mol

| Appearance = Kristal putih tak berwarna

| Density = 4,53 g/cm³ (20&nbsp;°C)

| MeltingPt = 270&nbsp;°C

| MeltingPt_notes = decomposes

| Solubility = 37,65 g/100 mL (0 &nbsp;°C) <br> 52 g/100 mL (20&nbsp;°C) <br /> 127 g/100 mL (100&nbsp;°C)

| SolubleOther = tak larut<br />0,04 g/100 mL<br />1,3 g/100 mL

| Solvent = [[asam nitrat]]<br />dalam [[etanol]]<br />dalam [[metanol]]

| RefractIndex = 1,782<ref>{{cite book|last =Patnaik|first=Pradyot|year=2003|title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds |publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=475|isbn =0-07-049439-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&pg=PA475}}</ref>

| CrystalStruct = [[Sistem kristal kubik|Kubik pusat muka]]

| Coordination = kuboktahedral

| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1000.htm ICSC 1000], [http://www.mallbaker.com/americas/msds/english/L3130_msds_us_Default.pdf MallBaker MSDS]

| EUClass = Repr. Cat. 1/3<br />Beracun ('''T''')<br />Berbahaya ('''Xn''')<br />Berbahaya bagi lingkungan ('''N''')

| RPhrases = {{R61}}, {{R20/22}}, {{R33}}, {{R62}}, {{R50/53}}

| SPhrases = {{S53}}, {{S45}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}}

| NFPA-H = 3

| NFPA-F = 0

| NFPA-R = 1

| NFPA-S = OX

| FlashPt = Tidak terbakar

| PEL =

| LDLo = 500 mg/kg (marmot, oral)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|7439921|Senyawa timbal (sebagai Pb)}}</ref>

| OtherAnions = [[Timbal(II) sulfat]]<br />[[Timbal(II) klorida]] <br /> [[Timbal(II) bromida]]

| OtherCations = [[Timah(II) nitrat]]

| OtherFunction =

| OtherFunction_label =

| OtherCompoundsOtherCpds = [[Talium(III) nitrat]]<br />[[Bismut(III) nitrat]]

Senyawa ini telah dikenal sejak [[Abad Pertengahan]] dengan nama '''plumb dulcis''', produksi timbal(II) nitrat baik dari logam [[timbal]] maupun [[timbal(II) oksida|timbal oksida]] dalam [[asam nitrat]] merupakan produksi skala kecil, untuk digunakan langsung dalam pembuatan [[Senyawa anorganik berdasarkan unsur#Timbal (plumbum)|senyawa timbal]] lainnya. Pada abad ke-19 timbal(II) nitrat mulai diproduksi secara komersial di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Menurut catatan sejarah, penggunaan utamanya adalah sebagai bahan baku produksi [[pigmen]] untuk [[cat timbal]], tetapi cat sejenis ini sudah digantikan oleh cat yang lebih aman berbahan dasar [[titanium dioksida]]. Penggunaan industri lainnya mencakup [[stabilisator (kimia)|penstabil]] panas dalam [[nilon]] dan [[poliester]], dan sebagai pelapis kertas [[termografi|fototermografi]]. Sejak tahun 2000an, timaltimbal(II) nitrat mulai digunakan dalan [[sianidasi emas]].

Pada tahun 1597, [[Alkimia|alkimiawanalkimia]]wan Jerman [[Andreas Libavius]] adalah yang pertama menjelaskan senyawa ini, dengan merujuk pada nama abad pertengahan ''plumb dulcis'' dan ''calx plumb dulcis'', yang berarti ''timbal manis'', karena rasanya.<ref name="libavius">{{cite book|first = Andreas|last = Libavius|authorlink = Andreas Libavius|title = Alchemia Andreæ Libavii|location = Francofurti|publisher = Iohannes Saurius|year = 1595}}</ref> Meskipun awalnya tidak dipahami selama beberapa abad berikutnya, sifat [[dekrepitasi]] timbal(II) nitrat menjadikannya digunakan dalam korek api dan [[bahan peledak]] khusus seperti [[timbal(II) azida|timbal azida]].<ref name="pyrotechnica">{{cite journal|title = Lead nitrate as an oxidizer in blackpowder|journal = Pyrotechnica |volume = 4 |date = October 1978|pages=16–18|first = J.B.|last = Barkley|publisher = Pyrotechnica Publications|location = [[Post Falls, Idaho]]}}</ref>

Proses produksi pernah dan masih mengikuti cara kimia sederhana, melarutkan [[timbal]] dalam ''aqua fortis'' ([[asam nitrat]]), dan secara berkala diambil [[Pengendapan (kimia)|endapannya]]. Namun, produksi tetap skala kecil selama berabad-abad, dan produksi komersial timbal(II) nitrat sebagai bahan baku untuk pembuatan senyawa timbal lainnya tidak dilaporkan sampai 1835.<ref name=britannica1911>{{cite web|url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Lead|title = Lead|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]|accessdate = 2006-10-11}}</ref><ref name=macgregor>{{cite book|first = John|last = Macgregor|title = Progress of America to year 1846|url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_51791|publisher = Whittaker & Co|location = London|year = 1847|isbn = 0-665-51791-2}}</ref> Pada tahun 1974, [[Amerika Serikat|A.S.]] mengkonsumsi senyawa timbal, tidak termasuk pigmen dan aditif [[bensin]], adalah 642&nbsp;ton.<ref name="greenwood">{{cite book| first = Norman N.|last = Greenwood|author2=Earnshaw, A. |year = 1997|title = Chemistry of the Elements|url = https://archive.org/details/chemistryelement00earn_087|edition = 2nd|pages= [https://archive.org/details/chemistryelement00earn_087/page/n409 388], 456|location = Oxford|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn = 0-7506-3365-4}}</ref>

[[ImageBerkas:LeadNitrateCrystalStructure.png|300px|leftkiri|thumbjmpl|Struktur kristal <nowiki>[111]</nowiki> planar]]

Noktah hitam menggambarkan atom timbal, noktah putih gugus nitrat 27&nbsp;pikometer di atas bidang atom timbal. Pada konfigurasi ini, setiap atom timbal [[Ikatan kimia|terikat dengan duabelas atom oksigen ([[panjang ikatan]]:281&nbsp;pikometer). Semua panjang atom N–O juga sama pada 127&nbsnbsp;pikometer.

Hampir semua timbal(II) nitrat yang tersedia secara komersial diproduksi sesuai dengan bahan skala [[laboratorium]].<ref name="adlam">{{cite book|last = Adlam|first = George Henry Joseph|author2=Price, Leslie Slater |title = A [[Higher School Certificate (UK)|Higher School Certificate]] Inorganic Chemistry|location = London|publisher = John Murray|year = 1938}}</ref> Dipasok dalam kemasan kantong 25&nbsp;kg hingga kantong jumbo 1.000&nbps;kg, dan dalam kemasan laboratorium. Hal ini dilakukan baik oleh produsen umum bahan kimia laboratorium maupun produsen timbal dan senyawa timbal. Tidak ada produksi skala besar yang telah dilaporkan.

Dalam perlakuan limbah timbal menggunakan asam nitrat, misalnya, dalam pengolahan limbah timbal-[[bismut]] dari pengilangan timbal, larutan tak murni timbal(II) nitrat dibuat sebagai [[produk sampingan]]. Larutan ini dilaporkan untuk digunakan dalam proses [[sianidasi emas]].<ref name="sidech">{{cite web|title = Product catalog; other products|url = http://www.sidech.be/products.html|publisher = Sidech|location = Tilly, Belgium|accessdate = 2008-01-05|archive-date = 2007-07-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701013928/http://www.sidech.be/products.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

| volume = 17|page = 1530|year = 1884|doi=10.1002/cber.188401701384}}</ref> It{{chem2|Pb(NO|3|)|2}} hasjuga alsodijumpai founddigunakan usedalam in the preparation ofpreparasi [[isothiocyanateisotiosianat]]s fromdari [[dithiocarbamateditiokarbamat]]s.<ref name="OrgSynDains">{{OrgSynth|author =Dains, F. B.; Brewster, R. Q.; Olander, C. P. |title = Phenyl isothiocyanate|collvol = 1|collvolpages = 447|prep = cv1p0447}}</ref> BecauseKarena ofsifat itstoksiknya toxicitytimbal(II) itnitrat hasmulai largelyjarang fallen out of favourdigunakan, buthanya itaplikasi-aplikasi stillterbatas findsyang occasionalmasih usemenggunakannya, forseperti exampleperaup as a({{lang-en|scavenger}}) [[bromidebromida]] scavenger duringselama [[Reaksi SN1|substitusi reaction{{chem2|SN|S_N1 substitution}}]].<ref name="OrgSynRapoport">

== SafetyKeselamatan ==

{{mainUtama|LeadKeracunan poisoningtimbal}}

LeadTimbal(II) nitratenitrat isbersifat toxictoksik, anddan ingestionjika maytertelan leaddapat tomenyebabkan acutekeracunan leadtimbal poisoning,akut. asIni isberlaku applicableterutama foruntuk allseluruh solublesenyawa leadtimbal yang dapat compoundslarut.<ref name="icsc">{{cite web|title = Lead nitrate, Chemical Safety Card 1000|url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1000.htm |publisher = [[International Labour Organization]], International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre|date=March 1999|accessdate = 2008-01-19}}</ref> AllSeluruh [[Inorganic compounds by element#Lead (Plumbum)Timbal|inorganicsenyawa leadtimbal compoundsanorganik]] arediklasifikasikan classified by theoleh [[InternationalBadan AgencyInternasional forPenelitian Research on CancerKanker]] (IARC) assebagai [[List ofDaftar IARC GroupGolongan 2A carcinogenskarsinogen|probablyberpotensi carcinogenickarsinogen topada humansmanusia]] (CategoryKategori&nbsp;2A).<ref name="IARC1">{{cite journal|publisher = [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]|year = 1987|url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/suppl7/suppl7.pdf|format = PDF|title = Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds|journal = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|volume = Suppl. 7|accessdate = 2008-01-19|pages = &nbsp;239}}</ref> TheyMereka haveterkait been linked todengan [[renalkarsinoma cellsel carcinomaginjal|renalkanker cancerginjal]] anddan [[glioma]] indalam experimentalpercobaan animalspada andbinatang tountuk renalkanker cancerginjal, [[brainTumor tumorotak|brainkanker cancerotak]] anddan [[lungkanker cancerparu-paru]] indalam humansmanusia, althoughmeskipun studiesstudi ofterhadap workerspekerja exposedyang toterpapar leadtimbal aresering oftenkali complicatedrumit bykarena concurrentbersamaan exposuredengan topaparan [[arsenicarsenik]].<ref name="IARC2">{{cite journal|publisher = [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]|year = 2006|url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol87/volume87.pdf|format = PDF|title = Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds|journal = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|volume = 87|isbn=92-832-1287-8|accessdate = 2008-01-01|author = World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.}}</ref> LeadTimbal isdikenal knownsebagai to substitute forpengganti [[zincseng]] indalam a number ofsejumlah [[enzymeenzim]]s, includingtermasuk [[porphobilinogenporfobilinogen synthasesintase|δ-aminolevulinicasam acidaminolevulinat dehydratasedehidratase]] (porphobilinogenporfobilinogen synthasesintase) indalam thejalur biosintesis [[heme|haem]] biosynthetic pathway anddan [[NucleotidaseNukleotidase|pyrimidinepirimidin-5′-nucleotidasenukleotidase]], importantyang forpenting thebagi correct metabolism ofmetabolisme [[DNA]] andyang baik dan canoleh thereforekarenanya causemenyebabkan fetalkerusakan damagejanin.<ref name=mohammed>{{cite journal|last = Mohammed-Brahim|first = B.|author2 = Buchet, J.P. |author3=Lauwerys, R. |title = Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity in workers exposed to lead, mercury or cadmium|journal = Int Arch Occup Environ Health|year = 1985|volume = 55|issue = 3|pages = 247–52|pmid = 2987134|doi = 10.1007/BF00383757}}</ref>

{{Commons category|Lead(II) nitrate|Timbal(II) nitrat}}

* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/LE/lead_nitrate.html MSDS timbal nitrat, PTCL, Oxford University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916040907/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/LE/lead_nitrate.html |date=2007-09-16 }}

* [http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1980.html MSDS timbal nitrat, Science Stuff Inc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060328120306/http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1980.html |date=2006-03-28 }}

* [http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/Pb(NO3)2.htm MSDS timbal nitrat, Iowa State University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504233922/http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/Pb(NO3)2.htm |date=2006-05-04 }}

* [https://srmors.nist.gov/msds/view_msds2pdf.cfm?msds=991 MSDS timbal nitrat, NIST]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timbal(IiII) Nitrat}}

[[Kategori:Karsinogen IARC Golongan 2A karsinogen]]

[[Kategori:Senyawa timbal(II)]]