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[[Gambar:Rubik's cube.svg|thumb|right|Manipulasi dari [[Kubus Rubik]] membentuk [[Grup Kubus Rubik]].]]
Dalam [[matematika]], '''grup''' adalah suatu [[himpunan]], beserta satu [[operasi biner]], seperti perkalian atau penjumlahan yang memenuhi beberapa aksioma yang disebut ''aksioma grup''. Misalnya, himpunan bilangan bulat adalah suatu grup terhadap operasi penjumlahan. Cabang matematika yang mempelajari grup disebut [[teori grup]].
Banyak sekali objek yang dipelajari dalam matematika berupa grup. Hal ini mencakup sistem bilangan, seperti bilangan bulat, [[bilangan rasional]], bilangan riil, dan [[bilangan kompleks]] terhadap penjumlahan, atau bilangan rasional, bilangan riil, dan bilangan kompleks yang tak-nol, masing-masing terhadap perkalian. Contoh penting lainnya misalnya matriks non-singular terhadap perkalian, dan secara umum, fungsi terinverskan terhadap komposisi fungsi. Teori grup memungkinkan sifat ini dan berbagai sistem lain untuk dipelajari dalam lingkup yang umum, dan hasilnya dapat diterapkan secara luas. Teori grup juga merupakan sumber kaya berbagai teorema yang berlaku dalam lingkup grup.
Asal usul teori grup berawal dari kerja [[Evariste Galois]] (1830), yang berkaitan dengan masalah [[persamaan aljabar]] yang terpecahkan dengan radikal. Sebelum kerja Galois, grup lebih banyak dipelajari secara konkret, dalam bentuk permutasi; beberapa aspek teori grup abelian dikenal dalam teori [[bentuk kuadrat]].
== Definisi dan ilustrasi ==
Baris 22 ⟶ 21:
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|quote=Aksioma untuk grup
|source=[[Richard Borcherds]] dalam ''
}}
Baris 166 ⟶ 165:
Cabang ketiga yang menyumbangkan teori grup adalah [[teori bilangan]]. Struktur-struktur grup abelian tertentu telah digunakan dalam karya [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] yang berjudul ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' (1798). [[Leopold Kronecker]] juga menggunakan struktur tersebut tetapi dijelaskan dengan lebih detail.{{sfn|Kleiner|1986|p=204}} Pada tahun 1847, [[Ernst Kummer]] mencoba membuktikan [[Teorema Terakhir Fermat]] dengan mengembangkan [[grup kelas|grup yang menjelaskan faktorisasi]] menjadi [[bilangan prima]].{{sfn|Wussing|2007|loc=§I.3.4}}
Konvergensi dari berbagai sumber tersebut menjadi teori grup yang berseragam berawal dari karya milik [[Camille Jordan]] yang berjudul ''{{lang|fr|Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques}}'' (1870).{{sfn|Jordan|1870}} [[Walther von Dyck]] (1882) memperkenalkan gagasan yang menjelaskan grup menggunakan pembangkit (''generator'') dan relasi. Karyanya juga merupakan karya yang pertama kali memberikan definisi aksiomatik dari "grup abstrak".{{sfn|von Dyck|1882}} Hingga pada abad ke-20, grup mendapatkan banyak perhatian dari karya perintis milik [[Ferdinand Georg Frobenius]] dan [[William Burnside]] yang membahas tentang [[teori representasi]] dari grup terhingga, karya [[Richard Brauer]] yang membahas tentang [[teori representasi modular]] dan karya milik [[Issai Schur]].{{sfn|Curtis|2003}} Teori grup Lie, dan lebih umumnya adalah [[grup kompak lokal]] (''locally compact group'') dikaji oleh [[Hermann Weyl]], [[Élie Cartan]] dan banyak matematikawan lainnya.{{sfn|Mackey|1976}} Pasangan teorinya, teori [[grup aljabar]], dikembangkan oleh [[Claude Chevalley]] di akhir tahun 1930-an, dan kemudian dilanjutkan oleh [[Armand Borel]] dan [[Jacques Tits]].{{sfn|Borel|2001}}
== Konsekuensi elementer dari aksioma grup ==
Fakta dasar tentang semua grup yang diperoleh langsung dari aksioma grup biasanya dimasukkan dalam ''teori grup elementer''.<ref>{{Harvard citations|last = Ledermann|year = 1953|loc = §1.2, pp. 4–5|nb = yes}}</ref> Sebagai contoh,
Aksioma yang terpisah dapat dilemahkan untuk menegaskan hanya keberadaan
===
Aksioma grup
===
Aksioma grup
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Oleh karena itu,
===
== Catatan==
Baris 296 ⟶ 200:
== Kutipan ==
{{Reflist}}
== Referensi ==
Baris 310 ⟶ 213:
| year=2018
}}, Chapter 2 contains an undergraduate-level exposition of the notions covered in this article.
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