Wikipedia

Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
k Melindungi "NASA": 1. Vandalisme berulang ([Sunting=Hanya untuk pengguna terdaftar otomatis] (selamanya) [Pindahkan=Hanya untuk pengguna terdaftar otomatis] (kedaluwarsa 25 Oktober 2016 11.31 (UTC)))
Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib)
45.394 suntingan
k Membatalkan 1 suntingan oleh Riski394 (bicara) ke revisi terakhir oleh Dessyamylia94 (TW)
Tag: Menghapus pengalihan Pembatalan
 
(30 revisi perantara oleh 15 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox Governmentspace agency
|agency_namename = Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat<br>''National Aeronautics and Space Administration''
|agency_type = [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|Badan antariksa]]
|abbreviation = NASA
|logoseal = NASA logoseal.svg
|seal_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, planet kuning dengan bulan putih; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit; dikelilingi oleh perbatasan putih dengan "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." (Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa AS) dengan huruf merah
|logo_width = 140px
|seal_caption = Segel NASA
|logo_caption = [[Lencana NASA]]<br />Motto: ''For the Benefit of All''<ref name="motto">{{citeh web|url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html|title=NASA stands "for the benefit of all."—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu|accessdate=September 29, 2054|publisher=The Light Millennium|year=2007|author=Lale Tayla and Figen Bingul}}</ref>
|seallogo = NASA seallogo.svg
|logo_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, huruf putih N-A-S-A dengan font Helvetica; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit
|seal_width = 135px
|seal_captionlogo_caption = SegelLambang NASA
|logo2 = NASA Worm logo.svg
|formed ={{Start date and years ago|mf=no|1958|7|29}}
|logo2_alt = Garis merah membentuk huruf N-A-S-A
|preceding1 = [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]]
|logo2_caption = Jenis logo "cacing" NASA
|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States|Pemerintah Amerika Serikat]]
|image = NASA HQ Building.jpg
|headquarters = Washington, D.C.
|image_caption = Markas besar NASA di Washington, D.C.
|latd=38 |latm=52 |lats=59 |latNS=N
|acronym = NASA
|longd=77 |longm= 0 |longs=59 |longEW=W
|owner = {{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|region_code=US-DC
|formed = {{Start date and age|1958|07|29}}
|employees = 18,800+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/cognos/cgi-bin/ppdscgi.exe?BZ=1AAABF64VOFoABEwU6VFChhEnYeaEGVJHTJm5v_68kbPGbN_Ysq3BgCPnjZk0bMqYEBKlRxkYMEjE7IMRsw0SJEj21eyu~7_514lZMgWzaCmQCMKG7bcibeCweZOn7FVg5Hji9gZE6tDJ_~ZM0w0PnTJuyJQh_4pJmTB2q7suhjaxaXLmuoTNL06mTBl6W~sDZ9fM25SJ2Sf2VUy6yqm9ZBINr49wiOllxmpiP2l3wD9= |title= NASA workforce profile |publisher=NASA |date=January 11, 2011 |accessdate=January 17, 2011}}</ref>
|jurisdiction = [[Pemerintah Federal Amerika Serikat]]
|budget = US$17.6&nbsp;juta (FY 2009)<ref name="budg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210020main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates_Summary.pdf|format=PDF|title=FY09 Budget Request Summary|publisher=NASA|date=February 1, 2008}}</ref> <br />See also [[NASA Budget]]
|headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|chief1_name = [[Charles Frank Bolden, Jr.|Charles Bolden]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|59|N|77|0|59|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
|chief1_position = [[Administrator of NASA|administrator]]
|motto = ''For the Benefit of All'' ({{lang-id|Untuk Manfaat Semua}})<ref name="motto">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |title=NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=The Light Millennium |date=2007 |author=Lale Tayla |author2=Figen Bingul |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193203/http://lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |archive-date=12 Oktober 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|chief2_name = [[Lori Beth Garver|Lori Garver]]
|employees = 17,373 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |title=Workforce Profile |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203619/https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF~8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme~STIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x~NXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM~WvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY~XBv9F3PRxbPdQz~LM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0~Ae14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m~qBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref>
|chief2_position = [[Deputy Administrator of NASA|deputy administrator]]
|budget = {{increase}} {{US$|22.629&nbsp;miliar|link=yes}} {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's FY 2020 Budget|url=https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|website=The Planetary Society|date=30 Desember 2019|access-date=31 Desember 2019|author=Casey Dreier|archive-date=31 Desember 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231183406/https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|website = [http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html nasa.gov]
|leader_title = [[Administrator NASA|Administrator]]
|leader_name = [[Bill Nelson]]
|leader_title2 = [[Wakil Administrator NASA|Wakil Administrator]]
|leader_name2 = [[Pamela Melroy]]
|website = [https://www.nasa.gov/ NASA.gov]
|language = <!-- Harap jangan menambahkan bahasa Inggris di entri ini, bahasa Inggris BUKAN bahasa resmi pemerintah AS. -->
}}
 
'''Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat''' ({{lang-en|National Aeronautics and Space Administration}}; disingkat '''NASA''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|s|ə}}) adalah badan independen [[Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat|Pemerintah Federal AS]] yang bertanggung jawab atas [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|program luar angkasa]] sipil, serta penelitian [[aeronautika]] dan [[luar angkasa]].{{#tag:ref|NASA adalah badan independen yang bukan bagian dari [[departemen eksekutif federal Amerika Serikat]], tetapi melapor langsung ke [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |title=Official US Executive Branch Web Sites – Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress) |website=loc.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516085146/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |archive-date=16 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=hq.nasa.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504112711/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |archive-date=4 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=catatan|name="independent agency"}}
'''National Aeronautics and Space Administration''' ('''NASA''') adalah lembaga pemerintah milik [[Amerika Serikat]] yang bertanggung jawab atas program luar angkasa Amerika Serikat dan penelitian umum luar angkasa jangka panjang. Organisasi ini bertanggung jawab atas program penelitian luar angkasa bagi masyarakat sipil, aeronautika, dan program kedirgantaraan.
 
NASA didirikan pada tahun 1958, menggantikan [[Komite Penasihat Nasional untuk Aeronautika|National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA). Badan baru ini memiliki orientasi sipil yang berbeda, mendorong penerapan damai di ilmu ruang angkasa.<ref name="DDE">{{cite web |url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |title=Ike in History: Eisenhower Creates NASA |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Eisenhower Memorial |date=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131818/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |archive-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="act1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |title=The National Aeronautics and Space Act |access-date=29 Agustus 2007 |publisher=NASA |date=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816121716/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |archive-date=16 Agustus 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NacaNASA">{{cite book |last=Bilstein |first=Roger E. |title=NASA SP-4206, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles |chapter=From NACA to NASA |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |date=1996 |publisher=NASA |isbn=978-0-16-004259-1 |pages=32–33 |access-date=6 Mei 2013 |archive-date=14 Juli 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121412/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sejak didirikan, sebagian besar [[penjelajahan antariksa]] AS dipimpin oleh NASA, termasuk misi [[pendaratan di bulan]] ([[program Apollo|Apollo]]), stasiun luar angkasa [[Skylab]], dan kemudian [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]. NASA mendukung [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] dan mengawasi pengembangan [[Orion (wahana antariksa)|wahana antariksa Orion]], [[Space Launch System]], dan Commercial Crew. Badan tersebut juga bertanggung jawab atas Launch Services Program, yang memberikan pengawasan atas operasi peluncuran dan manajemen hitung mundur untuk peluncuran NASA tanpa awak.
 
Ilmu pengetahuan NASA difokuskan pada pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang [[Bumi]] melalui [[Earth Observing System]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |title=Earth—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=30 Juni 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013403/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> memajukan [[heliofisika]] melalui upaya Program Penelitian Heliofisika milik Science Mission Directorate;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |title=Heliophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=8 Januari 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023622/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> menjelajahi seluruh [[Tata Surya]] dengan [[misi luar angkasa nirawak]] seperti ''[[New Horizons]]'';<ref name="NYT-20150828">{{cite news|last=Roston|first=Michael|date=28 Agustus 2015|title=NASA's Next Horizon in Space|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829045031/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|archive-date=29 Agustus 2015}}</ref> dan meneliti topik [[astrofisika]], seperti [[Big Bang]], melalui [[Program Great Observatories]] dan program terkait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |title=Astrophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=13 Juli 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013614/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref>
 
== Bandar antariksa ==
*[[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy]]
*[[Stasiun Angkatan Antariksa Cape Canaveral]]
*[[Pangkalan Angkatan Luar angkasa Vandenberg]]
 
== Tujuan strategis ==
Sejak tahun 2011, NASA memiliki tujuan strategis:
# Memperluas dan mempertahankan aktivitas manusia di seluruh [[tataTata suryaSurya]].
# Memperluas pemahaman ilmiah tentang [[Bumi]] dan [[alam semesta]].
# Menciptakan inovasi ruang teknologi baru.
# Penelitian [[aeronautika]] terdepan.
# Mengaktifkan program dan kemampuan institusi untuk melakukan kegiatan keluar-angkasaankeluarangkasaan dan aeronautika .
# Berbagi [[ilmu pengetahuan]] dengan tenaga pendidik dan mahasiswa untuk memberikan kesempatan berpartisipasi.
 
=== Sejarah= ==
[[Berkas:NASA Worm logo.svg|thumb|Logo NASA tipe "cacing"]]
Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mendirikan NASA pada tahun [[1958]] dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluar-angkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasehat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada [[1 Oktober]] [[1958]].
Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mendirikan NASA pada tahun [[1958]] dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluarangkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasihat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada [[1 Oktober]] [[1958]].
<!--
===Space Race===
Baris 211 ⟶ 228:
activity on the red planet.
 
On [[JanuaryJanuari 14]], [[2004]], ten days after the landing of [[Mars
Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rover]] ''[[MER-A|Spirit]]'',
President [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[Vision for Space
Baris 254 ⟶ 271:
**[[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]]
**[[TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)]]
 
*Lunar missions
**[[Ranger program|Ranger]]
Baris 261 ⟶ 277:
**[[Clementine mission|Clementine]]
**[[Lunar Prospector]]
 
*Mercury missions
**[[Mariner 10]]
**[[MESSENGER]]
 
*Venus missions
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 2, 5 and 10]]
**[[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]]
**[[Magellan probe|Magellan]]
 
*[[exploration of Mars|Mars missions]]
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9]]
Baris 284 ⟶ 297:
**[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (Planned for [[2007]])
**[[Mars Science Laboratory]] (Planned for [[2009]])
 
*Jupiter missions
**[[Pioneer 10]]
**[[Galileo probe|Galileo]]
**[[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]] (Planned for [[2012]])
 
*Saturn missions
**[[Cassini-Huygens]]
 
*Multi-planet missions
**[[Pioneer 11]] – Jupiter and Saturn
Baris 307 ⟶ 317:
**[[Deep Impact (space mission)|Deep Impact]]
**[[Dawn Mission|Dawn]] (Planned for [[2006]])
 
*Proposed or canceled planetary-asteroid missions
**[[CRAF]] (canceled)
**[[Titan Explorer]] (proposed)
**[[Neptune Orbiter]] (proposed)
 
*Sun observing missions
** [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] – [[European Space
Baris 408 ⟶ 416:
-->
 
== Topik berhubunganGaleri ==
=== Pengamatan ===
* [[Astronot]]
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
* [[Pesawat luar angkasa]]
NGC 6543 7662 7009 6826.jpg|Berbagai nebula diamati dari teleskop luar angkasa NASA
* [[Penjelajahan angkasa]]
PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg|1 Ceres
* [[Lomba angkasa]]
Nh-pluto crop.png|Pluto
* [[Wernher von Braun]]
</gallery>
* [[Robert Gilruth]], [[Chris Kraft]], [[Gene Kranz]] (flight directors)
 
* [[Weightlessness#NASA's KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft|KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft]]
=== Wahana antariksa dulu dan sekarang ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|Perbandingan perangkat keras [[Apollo (wahana antariksa)|Apollo]], [[Proyek Gemini|Gemini]], dan [[Proyek Mercury|Mercury]]{{refn|group= catatan|Dari kiri ke kanan: Kendaraan peluncur Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) dan Mercury (Atlas). Kiri, atas-bawah: Pesawat Luar Angkasa Apollo, Gemini, dan Mercury. Kendaraan peluncur [[Saturn IB]] dan [[Kendaraan Peluncur Mercury-Redstone|Mercury-Redstone]] ditinggalkan.}}
STS-125 departing the Hubble Space Telescope.jpg|[[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]], observatorium astronomi di orbit Bumi sejak 1990. Juga dikunjungi oleh [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]
PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|Wahana penjelajah Curiosity, menjelajahi Mars sejak 2012
Perseverance Landing Skycrane (cropped).jpg|Wahana penjelajah [[Perseverance]]
</gallery>
 
=== Wahana antariksa yang direncanakan ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
Artemis I Orion October 12, 2020.jpg|[[Orion (wahana antariksa)|Wahana antariksa Orion]]
Sls block1 on-pad sunrisesmall.jpg|Roket [[Space Launch System]]
James Webb Space Telescope 2009 top.jpg|[[Teleskop luar angkasa James Webb]]
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway.jpg|Stasiun luar angkasa [[Lunar Gateway]]
</gallery>
 
=== Konsep ===
NASA sering kali mengembangkan rencana dan konsep teknologi yang rumit, beberapa di antaranya menjadi rencana nyata.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
Cargo transport from Space Shuttle with the space tug to Nuclear shuttle.jpg|Konsep pengangkutan kargo dari [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]] ke Pesawat Ulang Alik Nuklir, 1960-an
Space tug module for astronauts.jpg|Konsep Space Tug, 1970-an
Innovative Interstellar Explorer interstellar space probe .jpg|Visi misi untuk pesawat antariksa prekursor antarbintang oleh NASA, 2000-an
Mars Ice Home concept.jpg|Desain Kubah Es Mars Langley untuk habitat Mars, 2010-an
</gallery>
 
== Catatan ==
=== Agensi angkasa lainnya ===
<!-- {{Notelist}} -->
* [[Canadian Space Agency]]
{{reflist|group=catatan}}
* [[China National Space Administration]]
* [[European Space Agency]]
* [[Italian Space Agency]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]]
* [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]]
* [[Russian Aviation and Space Agency]]
* [[Soviet space program]] (historical)
* [[NAL|National Aerospace Laboratory]], [[India]]
* [[DLR|Deutsches Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrum]], [[Jerman]]
* [[QinetiQ]], [[Inggris]]
* [[ONERA]], [[Perancis]]
* [[CIRA]], [[Italia]]
* [[CNES]], [[Perancis]]
* [[INTA]], [[Spanyol]]
* [[FOI]], [[Swedia]]
* [[VZLU]], [[Ceko]]
* [[VKI]], [[Belgia]]
* [[NLR]], [[Belanda]]
* [[LAPAN]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[ANGKASAWAN]],[[Malaysia]]
* [[F-16]],[[perancis]]
 
== Pranala luarReferensi ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov NASA Home Page]
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications]
* [http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/ Cassini Imaging Laboratory] – Stunning images of the planets taken by the Cassini exploratory spacecraft.
 
== RisetLihat lebih lanjutpula ==
* [[LAPAN]] – Badan antariksa Indonesia
* [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/cover.html NASA Historical Data Books (SP-4012)]
* [[Organisasi Penelitian Luar Angkasa India]] – Badan antariksa nasional India
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hhrhist.pdf Research in NASA History: A Guide to the NASA History Program (large PDF – over 1,012 kb)]
* [[Roscosmos]] – Badan antariksa Rusia
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications]
* [[Angkatan Antariksa Amerika Serikat]] – Cabang layanan luar angkasa Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server]
<references/>
{{National space programmes}}
 
[[Kategori:NASA|*]]
[[Kategori:Badan antariksa]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa"