Tak bernegara: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(14 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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'''Tak bernegara''' ([[bahasa Inggris]]:''Statelessness''{{lang-en|statelessness}}) adalah istilah [[hukum]] mengenai hilangnya [[kewarganegaraan]], atau absennya hubungan pengakuan antara individu dan suatu [[negara]]. Orang yang '''tak bernegara secara [[de jure]]''' terkadang merupakan orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warga negara oleh suatu negara dibawah operasi hukumnya".<ref>{{cite web|title=Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/415c3cfb4.html}}</ref> Orang yang '''tak bernegara secara [[de facto]]''' adalah orang yang berada di luar negara dari kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau untuk alasan-alasan validsah, tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ca1ae002.html|publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya [[hubungan diplomatik]] antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalinya.
 
Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' juga merupakan [[pengungsi]], meskipun tidak semua pencari suaka adalah orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' adalah pengungsi. Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi perbatasan internasional.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It|last = Hovy|first = Bela|publisher = MIT Press|year = 2011|isbn = 9780262015271|location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KhejoCZ7alEC&pg=PA90|work = Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge|accessdate = 11 Agustys 2014|editor-last = Bhabha|editor-first = Jacqueline|editor-link = Jacqueline Bhabha|page = 90|quote = People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.}}</ref>
Baris 8 ⟶ 9:
 
== Bacaan tambahan ==
* Bronwen Manby, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/struggles_20091009 Struggles for Citizenship in Africa]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2009
* Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/prato-20110302 De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310202513/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/prato-20110302 |date=2012-03-10 }}, 2011
* Jay Milbrandt, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1919045 Stateless], 2011
* Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/without-citizenship-20110509 Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145459/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/without-citizenship-20110509 |date=2012-03-09 }}, 2011
* ''[http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_en.pdf Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians]''. [[High Commissioner for Refugees]], [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]], 2005
* [http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf Stateless Palestinians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124052024/http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf |date=2014-01-24 }}
* [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/86267.pdf Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007]
* Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "[http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171613/http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf |date=2011-10-08 }}."
* Somers, Margaret. 2008. ''Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights''. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
* ''[http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/UNRAVELLING%20ANOMALY%20small%20file.pdf Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons]''. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
* [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/ Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318162648/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/ |date=2013-03-18 }}. [[Reuters AlertNet]], 2011
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 26 ⟶ 27:
** [http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/41b4790b4.pdf Map showing State Parties to 1961 Convention]
** [http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/45178f542.pdf Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession]
** [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htm UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227004503/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htm |date=2012-12-27 }} (full text)
** [http://www.unhcr.org/45179cbd4.html International case law on statelessness]
* Intergovernmental organizations:
Baris 32 ⟶ 33:
** [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4538c8074.pdf UNHCR Map (21 August 2006) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness] (PDF)
* International NGOs
** [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/statelessness Statelessness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116185734/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/statelessness |date=2012-01-16 }} on the website of the [http://www.soros.org/ Open Society Foundations]
** [http://www.refugeesinternational.org/who-we-are/our-issues/statelessness Statelessness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302041248/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/who-we-are/our-issues/statelessness |date=2015-03-02 }} on the website of [[Refugees International]]
** [http://www.nationalityforall.org Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs, academics, advocacy groups and policy-makers working on issues of statelessness]
** [http://www.worldservice.org/ World Service Authority] The [[World Service Authority]] issues [[World Passport]]s mainly to refugees and stateless persons; refugees in camps are entitled to free World Passports
Baris 39 ⟶ 40:
** [http://www.statelessness.eu/about-us Website of the European Network on Statelessness]
* Institusi Akademik
** [http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/statelessness Website of the Statelessness Programme, an initiative of Tilburg Law School (Netherlands) dedicated to research, training and outreach on statelessness and related issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522151438/http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/statelessness/ |date=2017-05-22 }}
* Negara-negara spesifik
** [http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/applying/british_nationality/advice_about_nationality/bn5_-_provisions_for.html British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502214409/http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/applying/british_nationality/advice_about_nationality/bn5_-_provisions_for.html |date=2006-05-02 }}
** [http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8898.pdf United States IRS Form 8898] (Renouncing citizenship).
* Documentary Film on Stateless person