Jalur Gaza: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Jalur Gaza

| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|قطاع غزة}}}}

| status = * Di bawah [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina]] menurut [[Perjanjian Oslo]]<ref name=nyt_mideast-accord>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/05/world/mideast-accord-overview-rabin-arafat-sign-accord-ending-israel-s-27-year-hold.html?pagewanted=all "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209052541/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/05/world/mideast-accord-overview-rabin-arafat-sign-accord-ending-israel-s-27-year-hold.html?pagewanted=all |date=9 December 2020 }}. Chris Hedges, ''New York Times'', 5 May 1994.</ref>

* Secara ''de facto'' [[Pemerintah di Jalur Gaza|dikelola]] oleh [[Hamas]] sejak Juli 2007

* Dianggap sebagai [[wilayah pendudukan Israel|wilayah pendudukan]] akibat [[Blokade Jalur Gaza|blokade Gaza]] menurut [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]{{efn|Meskipun Israel [[penarikan diri Israel dari Gaza|menarik diri dari Jalur Gaza]] pada tahun 2005, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, organisasi hak asasi manusia internasional dan banyak pakar hukum menganggap Jalur Gaza masih berada di bawah pendudukan militer oleh Israel,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429 |page=429 |first=Andrew |last=Sanger|title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |volume=13|editor1=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |date=2011|isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 }}<br />* {{cite book|title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts|editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst|first=Iain|last=Scobbie|author-link=Iain Scobbie|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-19-965775-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295|quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}<br />* {{cite book|title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships|first=Michelle|last= Gawerc|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2012|isbn=9780739166109|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44|quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.}}</ref> karena Israel masih memegang kendali langsung atas ruang udara dan maritim Gaza, enam dari tujuh penyeberangan darat Gaza, zona penyangga larangan bepergian di wilayah tersebut, dan daftar penduduk Palestina. Namun, Israel dan pakar hukum lainnya membantah hal ini.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cuyckens | first=Hanne | title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? | journal=Netherlands International Law Review | volume=63 | issue=3 | year=2016 | issn=0165-070X | doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 | pages=275–295 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}}

| today =

| image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg

| flag_caption = Bendera Palestina

| ethnic_groups = [[Bangsa Arab]] [[Bangsa Palestina|Palestina]]

| religion = {{unbulleted list |99% [[Islam di Palestina|Islam Sunni]] ([[Agama negara|resmi]]) |<1% [[Kristen Palestina|Kekristenan]]}}

| national_motto =

| national_anthem =

 

Pada [[27 Desember]] 2008 di Gaza terjadi [[Konflik Israel-Gaza 2008-2009|perang]] antara pejuang [[Hamas]] [[Israel]]. Perang itu bertujuan untuk melumpuhkan [[Hamas]],{{cn}} yang mengakibatkan Palestina menderita lebih dari 1.350 warga terbunuh dan 10.249-an warga mengalami luka-luka. Sementara pihak Israel terjadi korban sebanyak 80 orang yang diklaim oleh pejuang Hamas, dan 210 warga yahudi telah terbunuh Oleh pasukan asal Libya Al Fateh yang di dirikan oleh Muammar al Gaddafi.-->

[[Berkas:Gaza City.JPG|jmpl|250px|Kaki langit kota [[Gaza]]]]

[[Berkas:شارع في غزة.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pusat kota Gaza, 2012]]

 

Jalur Gaza merupakan bagian dari [[teritori Palestina]].<ref name="PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm|title=Palestinian Territories|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=2009-04-06|archive-date=2009-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228212035/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ICRC-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|title=Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories&nbsp;— ICRC maps|publisher=ICRC|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Countryprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm|title=Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-04-06|date=15 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> Sejak bulan Juli 2007, setelah [[pemilihan umum legislatif Palestina 2006]] dan setelah [[Pertempuran Gaza (2007)|Pertempuran Gaza]], [[Hamas]] menjadi penguasa ''de facto'' di Jalur Gaza, yang kemudian membentuk [[Pemerintahan Hamas di Gaza]].

 

== Sejarah ==

Pada bulan Maret 1979, Israel dan Mesir menandatangani [[Perjanjian Damai Israel-Mesir]]. Perjanjian ini antara lain menyatakan bahwa Israel harus menarik warga sipil dan tentaranya dari Semenanjung Sinai yang telah diduduki oleh Israel selama Perang Enam Hari, ke perbatasan internasional yang ditetapkan pada tahun 1906.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Mesir sepakat untuk men-demiliterisasi Semenanjung Sinai. Status akhir dari Jalur Gaza dan hubungan lainnya antara Israel dan Palestina tidak diatur dalam perjanjian ini. Mesir menolak klaim teritorial Israel atas wilayah di sebelah utara perbatasan internasional. Jalur Gaza tetap berada di bawah kendali militer Israel hingga tahun 1994.

 

 

=== Penarikan diri sepihak Israel (2005) ===

 

Antara tahun 1994 dan 1996, Israel membangun [[pembatas Jalur Gaza Israel]] untuk meningkatkan keamanan di Israel. Sebagian besar pembatas ini dirobohkan oleh Palestina pada awal [[Intifada Al-Aqsa]] bulan September 2000.<ref name="Doron Almog">{{Cite document |title=Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank |author=Almog, Major General Doron |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=2004-12-23 |volume=4 |edition=12 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |postscript=<!--None--> }}</ref> Pada bulan Desember 2000 hingga Juni 2001, pembatas antara Gaza dan Israel dibangun kembali.<ref name="Anne Barnard">{{Cite news|title=Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens|first=Anne|last=Barnard|work=The Boston Globe|date=2006-10-22|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ }}</ref> Selain itu, Israel juga masih memiliki hak untuk mengontrol perbatasan utara Jalur Gaza, serta wilayah perairan dan udara, sedangkan Mesir mengontrol perbatasan selatan Jalur Gaza.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm|title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-06|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref>

 

== Status hukum ==

 

== Lihat juga ==