Garis Durand: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Perbatasan Afganistan–Pakistan''' atau lebih dikenal '''Garis Durand''' ({{lang-ps|<big>د ډیورنډ کرښه</big>}}) adalah batas internasional sepanjang {{convert|2,430|km|mi|adj=on}} yang memisahkan antara [[Pakistan]] dan [[Afghanistan]]. Garis ini diberlakukan sejak tahun 1896 antara Sir [[Mortimer Durand]], seorang diplomat [[Inggris]] dan pegawai negeri sipil [[British India]], dan [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], [[Keamiran Afghanistan|Amir Afghanistan]] untuk memperjelas batas untuk memperbaiki batas bidang masing-masing dari pengaruh dan meningkatkan hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan. Afghanistan dianggap oleh Inggris sebagai sebuah [[Princely state|negarawilayah kepangeranankerajaan]] mandiri waktu itu, meskipun Inggris tetap mengendalikan kepentingan luar negeri dan [[Foreign relations of Afghanistan|hubungan diplomatik]].

Kesepatan satu halaman bertanggal 12 November 1893, berisi tujuh artikel pendek, termasuk sebuah komitmen untuk tidak mencoba [[Interventionism (politics)|mengganggu]] di luar Garis Durand.<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html|title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line|last=Smith|first=Cynthia|date=August 2004|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|location=United States|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2011-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206215137/http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sebuah survey [[Demarcation line|demarkasi]] gabungan Inggris-Afghanistan berlangsung mulai tahun 1894, mencakup 800 mil garis batas.<ref>"The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the [[Kabul River]] to China, including the [[Wakhan Corridor]], was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the [[Khyber Pass]], which was finally demarcated in 1921: {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofafghani031122mbp/historyofafghani031122mbp_djvu.txt|title=A History of Afghanistan Vol. II|year=1940|publisher=MacMillan & Co.|location=London|pages=182–188; 200–208|author=Brig.-Gen. Sir [[Percy Sykes]], K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref><ref name="Hay">An adjustment to the demarcation was made at [[Arundu]] in the early 1930s: {{cite journal|last=Hay|first=Maj. W. R.|date=October 1933|title=Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu|journal=Geographic Journal|volume=LXXXII|issue=4}}</ref> Diresmikan menjelang penutupan "[[The Great Game|Great Game]]", garis yang dihasilkan didirikan Afghanistan sebagai [[Buffer zone|zona penyangga]] antara kepentingan Inggris dan Rusia di wilayah tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?redir_esc=y&id=uarFTBpg11wC&q-AC&pg=PA18|title=Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1|last=Uradnik|first=Kathleen|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313343131|page=18|access-date=2017-03-22|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728220427/https://books.google.com.au/books?redir_esc=y&id=uarFTBpg11wC&q-AC&pg=PA18|dead-url=no}}</ref> Garis batas itu, seperti yang telah dimodifikasi sedikit oleh [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Perjanjian Anglo-Afghan 1919]], diwariskan oleh Pakistan.

Garis Durand Line membelah [[Pashtunistan|area suku Pashtun]] menuju ke selatan melewati daerah [[Balochistan]], memisahkan etnis [[Pashtuns]] secara politik, begitu pula [[Baloch people|Baloch]] dan kelompok etnis lainnya, yang tinggal di kedua sisi batas. Garis ini membatasi [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] dan [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] sebelah selatan dan barat Pakistan dari timur laut dan selatan [[Provinces of Afghanistan|provinsi Afghanistan]]. Dari perspektif [[Geopolitical|geopolitk]] dan [[Geostrategic|geostrategi]], mendeskripsikan sebagai satu dari kebanyakan batas berbahaya di dunia.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|title=No Man's Land|date=February 1, 2004|location=United States|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408113251/http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|archive-date=2008-04-08|quote=Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists|work=[[Newsweek]]|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|title=The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2010-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525182142/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="DN">{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/07/top16.htm|title=Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO|date=September 7, 2005|location=Pakistan|work=[[Dawn News]]|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2013-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031456/http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/07/top16.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan|last=Walker|first=Philip|date=24 June 2011|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate=12 September 2012|archive-date=2011-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231073015/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Meskipun diakui secara internasional sebagai batas barat Pakistan, namun sebagian besar belum diakui di Afghanistan.<ref name="No change in stance on Durand Line">{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|title=No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi|date=October 24, 2012|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|quote=But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers.|accessdate=2013-04-11|archive-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142126/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="FG">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf|title=Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era|last=Grare|first=Frédéric|date=October 2006|publisher=|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2006-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003151837/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="WM">[http://www.afghanland.com/history/durrand.html End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216231305/http://www.afghanland.com/history/durrand.html |date=2009-12-16 }} by Wahid Momand</ref><ref name="AO">[http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116111119/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 |date=2017-01-16 }}''"(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.''</ref><ref name="A">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |title=Durand Line] |access-date=2017-03-22 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429235415/http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* {{cite journal|date=May 2013|title=Special Issue: The Durand Line|url=http://asianstudies.arnold-bergstraesser.de/vol-44-heft-issue-1-2-may-2013-special-issue-the-durand-line|journal=Internationales Asienforum|volume=44|issue=1–2|access-date=2017-03-22|archive-date=2014-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035123/http://asianstudies.arnold-bergstraesser.de/vol-44-heft-issue-1-2-may-2013-special-issue-the-durand-line|dead-url=no}}

* [http://www.valleyswat.net/literature/papers/The_Durand_Line_Agreement.pdf The Durand Line Agreement (1893): Its Pros and Cons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819084740/http://www.valleyswat.net/literature/papers/The_Durand_Line_Agreement.pdf |date=2021-08-19 }}

* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068370902871508 "The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045751/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068370902871508 |date=2021-04-22 }} Bijan Omrani, published in ''Asian Affairs'', vol. 40, Issue 2, 2009.

* [http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=Rethinking%20the%20Durand%20Line "Rethinking the Durand Line: The Legality of the Afghan-Pakistan Border"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831194301/http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=Rethinking%20the%20Durand%20Line |date=2021-08-31 }}, published in the RUSI Journal, Oct 2009, Vol. 154, No. 5

* [http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/treaties/durandagreement.shtml Text of the Durand Line Agreement, November 12, 1893] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204074754/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/treaties/durandagreement.shtml |date=2007-02-04 }}, Khyber.org

* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1 No Man's Land – Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408113251/http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1 |date=2008-04-08 }}

* [http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=02f_1195285607 Fly-over of part of the Durand Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108035010/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=02f_1195285607 |date=2008-01-08 }}

* [http://www.docdroid.net/10rps/the-durand-line.pdf.html The Durand Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704133953/https://www.docdroid.net/10rps/the-durand-line.pdf.html |date=2017-07-04 }}

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/29/AR2008032902213.html? Culture, Politics Hinder U.S. Effort to Bolster Pakistani Border] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511204917/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/29/AR2008032902213.html |date=2008-05-11 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' March 30, 2008

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/03/AR2008040304029.html? "Border Complicates War in Afghanistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205151301/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/03/AR2008040304029.html |date=2010-12-05 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 4, 2008