Mumbai: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.2 |
|||
| (10 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 3:
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mumbai
| official_name =
| native_name = मुंबई
| native_name_lang =
Baris 33:
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Daftar distrik di India|Distrik]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Kota Mumbai|Kota Mumbai]]<br>[[Distrik Sub-Perkotaan Mumbai|Sub-Perkotaan Mumbai]]<br>[[Navi Mumbai]]
| division_type3 = Nama lama
| subdivision_name3 = Bombay
Baris 42:
| established_title = Pertama kali didiami
| established_date = 1507
| founder =
| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
| government_type = [[Pemerintahan dewan wali kota|Dewan Wali kota]]
Baris 52:
| leader_name2 = Ajoy Mehta<ref name="ajoymehta">{{cite news|title= Ajoy Mehta replaces Sitaram Kunte as new BMC Commissioner |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ajoy-mehta-replaces-sitaram-kunte-as-new-bmc-commissioner-2080986 |date=27 April 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |accessdate=20 Mei 2015}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metrik
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 603
Baris 96:
== Etimologi ==
Nama ''Mumbai'' berasal dari kata ''Mumbā'' atau ''Mahā-Ambā''—nama dari dewi pelindung ([[Kuladewata|Kuladewi]]) [[Mumbadewi]] dari komunitas [[suku Agri|Agri]], [[suku Koli|Koli]] dan [[Dinasti Bulan|Somwanshi Kshatriya]]—<ref>{{cite news|date=
[[Berkas:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Kuil dewi Hindu lokal [[Mumbadewi]], nama kota Mumbai berasal dari namanya]]
Baris 111:
=== Sejarah awal ===
[[Berkas:KITLV
88121 - Unknown - Sculture of Buddha in a temple at Kanheri in British India - 1897.tif|jmpl|lurus|kiri|[[Gua Kanheri]] berfungsi sebagai pusat agama Buddha di India Barat pada zaman kuno|alt=Sebuah stupa Buddha putih.]]
Mumbai dibangun di atas apa yang sempat menjadi sebuah kepulauan dari [[tujuh pulau di Bombay|tujuh pulau]]: [[Pulau Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], dan [[Pulau Wanita Tua]] (juga dikenal sebagai ''Colaba Kecil'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> Tidak diketahui kapan pulau-pulau tersebut mulai didiami. Sedimen-sedimen [[Pleistosen]] yang ditemukan di sepanjang kawasan pesisir di sekitaran [[Kandivali]], utara Mumbai menunjukan bahwa kepulauan tersebut telah ditinggali sejak [[Zaman Batu Asia Selatan|Zaman Batu]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> Pada permulaan [[Masehi|zaman Masehi]] (2.000 tahun yang lalu), atau mungkin lebih awal, kawasan tersebut diduduki oleh komunitas perikanan [[Koli]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web|title=2. Mumbai City Profile|url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf|website=GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority|publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|accessdate=19 Juli 2015|page=7|archive-date=2015-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 130:
|publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]])|accessdate=22 Mei 2009}}</ref> Tumbuhnya kekhawatiran terhadap kekuasaan [[Kekaisaran Mughal|Mughal]] [[Humayun]] membuat [[Bahadur Shah dari Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur Shah]] dari [[Kesultanan Gujarat]] memutuskan untuk menandatangani [[Traktat Bassein (1534)|Traktat Bassein]] dengan [[Kekaisaran Portugus]] pada 23 Desember 1534. Menurut traktata tersebut, tujuh pulau di Bombay, kota strategis terdekat [[Vasai|Bassein]] dan depedensi-depedensinya diberikan kepada Portugis. Teritorial tersebut kemudian disebarkan pada 25 Oktober 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>
Portugis aktif terlibat dalam pembentukan dan pertumbuhan ordo-ordo agama Katolik Roma mereka di Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mereka menyebut kepulauan tersebut dengan berbagai nama, yang akhirnya mengambil bentuk penulisan ''Bombaim''. Kepulauan tersebut didiami beberapa perwira Portugis pada masa rezimnya. [[Fransiskan]] dan [[Yesuit]] Portugis membangun beberapa gereja di kota tersebut, yang terkenal adalah [[Gereja Santo Mikael (Mumbai)|Gereja Santo Mikael]] di [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[Gereja Santo Yohanes Pembaptis, Mumbai|Gereja Santo Yohanes Pembaptis]] di [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869|title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year|date=12 Mei 2008|last=Shukla|first=Ashutosh|accessdate=2 September 2009|work=[[DNA (surat kabar)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)}}</ref> [[Gereja Santo Andreas (Mumbai)|Gereja Santo Andreas]] di [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM|title=New life for old church records|date=9 Juni 2008|last=D'Mello|first=Ashley|accessdate=2 September 2009|work=The Times of India |location=India}}</ref> dan [[Gereja Gloria]] di [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref name="gc">{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |publisher=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |accessdate=17 Junie 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archivedate=2008-02-05 }}</ref> Portugis juga membangun beberapa benteng di sekitar kota tersebut seperti [[
{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)|publisher=BBC |accessdate=5 November 2008}}</ref> Namun, [[Pulau Salsette|Salsette]], [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], dan [[Pulau Wadala|Wadala]] masih tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan Portugis. Dari 1665 sampai 1666, Inggris memutuskan untuk mengakuisisi Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, dan Wadala.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref>
Baris 146:
Pembukaan [[Terusan Suez]] pada 1869 membuat Bombay menjadi salah satu pelabuhan terbesar di [[Laut Arab]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> Pada September 1896, Bombay diserang oleh [[wabah pes Mumbai|wabah pes bubonik]] yang menewaskan sekitar 1,900 orang per minggu.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> Sekitar 850,000 orang pergi dari Bombay dan industri tekstil terkena dampaknya.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=Time out (Mumbai) |publisher=[[Time Out (perusahaan)|Time Out]] |date=14 November 2008 |accessdate=19 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archivedate=29 November 2010 }}
</ref> Sebagai ibu kota [[Kepresidenan Bombay]], kota tersebut menjadi saksi bisu [[gerakan kemerdekaan India]], dengan [[Gerakan Keluar India]] pada 1942 dan [[Serangan Angkatan Laut Kerajaan India]] pada 1946 menjadi
=== India independen ===
Baris 162:
Dari 1990 sampai 2010, kekerasan meningkat di kota yang sangat damai tersebut. Setelah penghancuran [[Masjid Babri]] di [[Ayodhya]], kota tersebut dihujam oleh [[Kerusuhan Bombay|kerusuhan Hindu-Muslim 1992–93]] dimana lebih dari 1,000 orang tewas. Pada 12 Maret 1993, [[Pengeboman Bombay 1993|serangkaian 13 pengeboman terencana]] di beberapa markah tanah kota oleh kaum ekstrim Islam dan [[gerakan bawah tanah Mumbai]] mengakibatkan 257 orang tewas dan lebih dari 700 orang luka-luka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm|title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs|accessdate=12 November 2008|date=12 March 1993|work=BBC News }}</ref> Pada 2006, 209 orang tewas dan lebih dari 700 orang luka-luka ketika [[pengeboman kereta Mumbai 11 Juli 2006|tujuh bom meledak]] di [[Jalur Kereta Api Subperkotaan Mumbai|kereta-kereta komuter]] di kota tersebut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |work=BBC News |accessdate=13 Agustus 2008}}</ref> Pada 2008, serangakaian [[serangan Mumbai 26 November 2008|sepuluh serangan terencana]] oleh para teroris bersenjata selama tiga hari mengakibatkan 173 orang tewas, 308 orang luka-luka, dan beberapa markah tanah warisan dan hotel-hotel prestisius rusak parah.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446|publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|date=11 December 2008|title=HM announces measures to enhance security
|accessdate=14 Desember 2008}}</ref> Sebuah ledakan yang terjadi di Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, dan Dadar pada [[Pengeboman Mumbai 13 Juli 2011|13 Juli 2011]] adalah serangkaian serangan teroris terbaru di Mumbai.<ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309|title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured
Mumbai adalah ibu kota komersial di India dan telah terlibat sebagai sebuah pusat keuangan dunia.<ref name="Mumbai global"/> Selama beberapa dekade, kota tersebut telah menjadi rumah dari layanan-layanan keuangan utama di India, dan sebuah fokus untuk pengembangan infrastruktur dan investasi pribadi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Annapurna|title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=34|issue=16/17|pages=969–978|year=1999|doi_brokendate=2009-09-20|jstor=4407880}}</ref> Dari komunitas perikanan kuno dan pusat dagang kolonial, Mumbai telah menjadi kota terbesar di Asia Selatan dan rumah dari industri film paling produktif di dunia.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>
Baris 176:
Tanah yang menyelimuti wilayah kota tersebut umumnya berpasir karena berdekatan dengan laut. Di subperkotaan, tanah yang menyelimuti sebagian [[aluvial]] dan ber[[geluh]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> Bebatuan di di wilayah tersebut terdiri dari lapisan basalt [[Dekkan]] hitam, dan dengan kandungan asam dan basa yang beragam yang berasal dari akhir zaman [[Kretaseus]] dan awal zaman [[Eosen]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai berada di [[Seismologi|zona aktif seismik]] yang dilewati 23 garis sesar di kawasan sekitar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kanth|first1=S. T. G. Raghu|last2=Iyenagar|first2=R. N.|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City
|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume = 91|title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City|date=10 December 2006|issue = 11|page=1486|publisher=Current Science Association|accessdate=3 September 2009|quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city.}}</ref> Wilayah tersebut diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Zona gempa bumi di India|wilayah Zona Seismik III]],<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=20 July 2008
=== Iklim ===
Baris 195:
Mumbai adalah kota terbesar di India berdasarkan jumlah populasi dan pusat finansial serta komersial India yang menyumbangkan 6,16% dari total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp"/><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm|title = Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course!|last=Thomas |first=T.|publisher = Rediff|date = 27 April 2007|accessdate = 31 May 2009 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636/|title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest|accessdate=5 September 2009|date=29 January 2008|publisher=[[The Financial Express]]}}</ref> Kota tersebut menjabat merupakan pusat perekonomian di India, yang berkontribusi sebesar 10% dari pekerjaan pabrik, 25% dari pengeluaran industrial, 33% dari pemungutan [[pajak pemasukan]], 60% dari pemungutan [[pabean]], 20% dari pemungutan [[cukai]] pusat, 40% dari [[perdagangan luar negeri]] India dan {{INRConvert|4000|c}} dalam [[pajak korporat]].<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref> Bersama dengan belahan India lainnya, Mumbai telah menjadi saksi bisu ledakan ekonomi sejak liberalisasi 1991, ledakan keuangan pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas dan merebaknya IT, ekspor, jasa dan alih daya pada 2000-an.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> Meskipun Mumbai dikenal sebagai pusat aktivitas ekonomi India pada 1990-an, [[Wilayah Metropolitan Mumbai]] sekarang menjadi saksi bisu pengurangan dalam kontribusinya dalam GDP India.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web | url = http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf | title = City Development Plan (Economic Profile) | accessdate = 25 Agustus 2013 | author = [[Perusahaan Munisipal Brihanmumbai]] (BMC) | format = PDF | quote = Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life. | archive-date = 2013-11-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
Pada Oktober 2015, GDP Mumbai adalah $278 miliar (dari 2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenews.in/article/India-adds-one-Pakistan-to-its-GDP-Year-On-Year--305|title=Defence News, India adds one Pakistan to its GDP Year-On-Year|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-25|archive-date=2016-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801161714/http://www.defencenews.in/article/India-adds-one-Pakistan-to-its-GDP-Year-On-Year--305|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/|title=India’s top 15 cities with the highest GDP|work=Yahoo India Finance|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> dan pendapatan per kapita-nya (PPP) pada 2009 adaah {{INRConvert|486|k}},<ref name="livemint.com"/><ref name=percapita>{{cite web |title=Mumbai, the Financial Capital of India |url=http://www.ftkmc.com/newsletter/Vol2-6-april25-2011.pdf |publisher=ftkmc.com |accessdate=15 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219203838/http://www.ftkmc.com/newsletter/Vol2-6-april25-2011.pdf |archivedate=2011-12-19 }}</ref> yang sekitar tiga kali rata-rata nasional.<ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra — trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |accessdate=7 December 2007 |archive-date=2007-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pendapatan per kapita nominal-nya adalah {{INRConvert|125|k}},<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-beats-Delhi-in-per-capita-income/articleshow/7767857.cms?referral=PM|title=Mumbai beats Delhi in per capita income|work=The Times of India|accessdate=28 July 2015|date=23 March 2011}}</ref> (US$2,094). Sejumlah konglometat India (yang meliputi [[Larsen and Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] dan [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global"/> dan lima perusahaan [[Fortune Global 500]] berbasis di Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fortune Global 500|url=http://fortune.com/global500/|publisher=CNN|date=21 July 2008|accessdate=28 April 2009}}</ref> Keadaan tersebut difasilitasi oleh kehadiran [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), [[Bursa Saham Bombay]] (BSE), [[Bursa Saham Nasional India]] (BSN), dan regulator-regulator sektor keuangan seperti [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) .<ref name="ecoprofile"/>
Sampai 1970-an, Mumbai sebagian besar diutamakan untuk pabrik-pabrik tekstil dan pelabuhan, namun sejak itu ekonomi lokal dibagi dalam bidang [[keuangan]], [[teknik]], pengolesan berlian, [[perawatan kesehatan]] dan teknologi informasi.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
Baris 265:
[[Monorel Mumbai]] dan [[Mumbai Metro]] dibangun dan didirikan dalam rangka meringankan kepadatan pada jaringan yang telah ada. Monorel dibuka pada awal Februari 2014.<ref name="startMono">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 | title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday | date=30 Januari 2014 | accessdate=30 Januari 2014 | last=Gupta | first=Saurabh | newspaper=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Jalur 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Jalur pertama]] Mumbai Metro dibuka pada awal Juni 2014.<ref name="startMetro">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms|title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro|work=The Times of India|accessdate=28 Juli 2015}}</ref>
Mumbai adalah markas besar dari dua zona dari [[Jalur Kereta Api India]]: [[Jalur Kereta Api Tengah (India)|Jalur Kereta Api Tengah]] bermarkas besar di [[Terminal Chhatrapati Shivaji]] (awalnya Terminal Victoria), dan [[Jalur Kereta Api Barat (India)|Jalur Kereta Api Barat]] bermarkas besar di [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai juga terhubung dengan sebagian besar India oleh [[Jalur Kereta Api India]]. Kereta-kereta jarak jauh berasal dari [[Terminal Chhatrapati Shivaji]], [[stasiun kereta api Dadar|Dadar]], [[Terminal Lokmanya Tilak]], [[Mumbai Tengah]], [[Terminal Bandra]], [[stasiun kereta api Andheri|Andheri]] dan [[stasiun kereta api Borivali|Borivali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf
==== Bus ====
Baris 282:
==== Air ====
[[Transportasi air di Mumbai]] terdiri dari kapal feri, kapal bantalan udara dan kapal layar. Layanan tersebut disediakan oleh agensi-agensi pemerintah serta mitra-mitra swasta.<ref name="alibauglaunch">{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |accessdate=3 January 2015 |archive-date=2014-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Layanan [[kapal bantalan udara]] dibuka pada akhir 1990-an antara [[Gerbang India]] dan [[CBD Belapur]] di Navi Mumbai. Layanan tersebut kemudian ditarik karena kurangnya [[infrastruktur transportasi air|infrastruktur]] yang memadai.<ref name="nmhovercraft">{{cite news|title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=Sify|location=Navi Mumbai |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>
=== Jalan raya ===
Baris 335:
}}</ref> Pengolahan kotoran dilakukan di [[Worli]] dan [[Bandra]], dan dibuat ke dua muara sungai terpisah masing-masing sepanjang {{convert|3.4|km|1|abbr=on}} dan {{convert|3.7|km|1|abbr=on}} di Bandra dan Worli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india|title=Bombay Sewage Disposal|publisher=The World Bank Group|accessdate=12 Mei 2009}}</ref>
Listrik didistribusikan oleh [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) yang menangani kota pulau tersebut, dan oleh [[Reliance Infrastructure|Reliance Energy]], [[Tata Power]], dan Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd ([[Mahavitaran]]) di sub-subperkotaan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last= Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |publisher=The Times of India |date=26 April 2007 |accessdate=13 June 2009}}</ref> Pemakaian listrik bertumbuh lebih cepat ketimbang kapasitas produksi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/ntpc-to-give-mumbai-350-mw-electricity-tariff-may-go-up/181350 |title=NTPC to give Mumbai 350 mw; electricity tariff may go up |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=21 October 2006 |accessdate=13 June 2009 |archive-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109011949/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/ntpc-to-give-mumbai-350-mw-electricity-tariff-may-go-up/181350 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kabel-kabel suplai listrik berada di [[bawah tanah]], untuk menghindari pencurian dan kehilangan lainnya.<ref name="curbtheft">{{cite news|title= Reliance Energy curbs power theft |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |first=Ashwin |last=Aghor |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[DNA (surat kabar)]]|location=Mumbai |accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="explorecurbtheft">{{cite news|title= To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=11 March 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=India |accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref>
Gas masa disuplai dalam bentuk [[elpiji]] yang dijual oleh perusahaan-perusahaan minyak yang dimiliki negara,<ref name="cylinderatpump">{{cite news|title= Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> serta [[gas alam cair]] yang disuplai oleh Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref name="pipedattractive">{{cite news|title= Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |first=Promit |last=Mukherjee |date=14 September 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>
Baris 424:
Para penduduk Mumbai merayakan perayaan-[[perayaan India]] dan Barat. [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Idul Fitri]], Natal, [[Navratri]], [[Jumat Agung]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Moharram]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Durga Puja]] dan [[Maha Shivratri]] adalah beberapa perayaan populer di kota tersebut [[Festival Seni Rupa Kala Ghoda]] adalah sebuah pameran dunia seni rupa yang menampilkan karya-karya para artis dalam bidang musik, tari, teater dan film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |accessdate=6 February 2008}}</ref> Sebuah perayaan tahunan yang berjalan selama sepekan yang dikenal sebagai [[Perayaan Bandra]], yang dimulai pada Minggu berikutnya setelah 8 September, diikutsertakan oleh orang-orang dari seluruh kepercayaan, untuk memperingati [[Kelahiran Maria]], ibu Yesus, pada 8 September.<ref name="mid1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/life-and-style |title=Bandra's spirit captured in cakes, tattoos |first=Shika |last=Shah|date=17 September 2008 |work=MiD DAY |accessdate=27 September 2008}}</ref>
Festival Banganga adalah sebuah festival musik dua hari, yang diadakan setiap tahun pada bulan Januari, yang diselenggarakan oleh [[Perusahaan Pengembangan Pariwisata Maharashtra]] di [[Tempat Penampungan Air Banganga]], Mumbai.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news|title= MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |accessdate=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Festival Elephanta—yang dirayakan setiap bulan Februari di [[Pulau Elephanta]]—ditujukan kepada para penampil musik dan tari India klasik dari seluruh belahan negara tersebut.<ref name="MTDCpullout" /><ref name="MTDCElephanta">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |accessdate=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |archive-date=2007-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hari libur publik khusus pada kota tersebut dan negara bagiannya meliputi [[Hari Maharashtra]] pada 1 Mei, untuk merayakan pembentukan negara bagian Maharashtra pada 1 Mei 1960,<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM
|title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day
Baris 431:
|accessdate=6 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm
|last=
|first=Ananth
|title=‘Vote at Eight’ campaign
Baris 437:
|work=The Hindu
|accessdate=6 July 2009
|location=Chennai, India
|archive-date=2011-07-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> dan [[Gudi Padwa]] yang merupakan Hari Tahun Baru bagi [[orang Marathi]].
[[Daftar pantai Mumbai|Pantai-pantai]] adalah tempat wisata utama di kota tersebut. Pantai-pantai utama di Mumbai adalah [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Pantai Juhu]], Dadar Chowpatty, Pantai Gorai, [[Pantai Marve]], Pantai Versova, Pantai Madh, [[Pantai Aksa]], dan Pantai [[Manori]].<ref>{{cite news | title = BMC to transfer beach cleaning works | date = 24 August 2013 | url = http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 | work = [[The Asian Age]] | accessdate = 27 August 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 | archivedate = 21 September 2013}}</ref> Sebagian besar pantai digunakan untuk berenang, kecuali Girgaum Chowpatty dan Pantai Juhu.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city’s 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=27 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archivedate=2013-09-21 }}</ref> [[Essel World]] adalah sebuah taman bermain dan pusat hiburan yang berdekatan dengan Pantai Gorai,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |accessdate=29 January 2008}}</ref> dan meliputi taman wisata air terbesar di Asia, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] yang dibuka pada April 2013 terletak di dekat kota Khopoli lepas [[Jalan Ekspres Mumbai-Pune]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2012}}</ref>
Baris 448 ⟶ 452:
| publisher = ''Televisionpoint.com''
| date = 26 April 2006
| accessdate = 16 October 2007
| archive-date = 2007-10-12
}}</ref>]]▼
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260
| dead-url = yes
▲ }}</ref>]]
Mumbai memiliki sejumlah publikasi [[surat kabar India|surat kabar]], televisi dan stasiun radio. Harian-harian Marathi menikmati pembagian pembaca yang maksimum di kota tersebut dan [[Daftar surat kabar berbahasa Marathi|surat-surat kabar berbahasa Marathi]] tersohor adalah ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Nava Kaal|Navakaal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''Mumbai Chaufer'', ''[[Saamana]]'' dan ''[[Sakaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |title=IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=1 September 2010 |accessdate=15 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Majalah-majalah berbahasa Marathi populer adalah ''Saptahik Sakaal'', ''Grihashobhika'', ''Lokrajya'', ''Lokprabha'' & ''Chitralekha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |title=IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light |publisher=Exchange4media.com |accessdate=15 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |archivedate=17 January 2013 }}</ref> Surat-surat kabar berbahasa Inggris populer yang dipublikasikan dan dijual di Mumbai meliputi ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[MiD DAY|Mid-day]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[DNA India]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Surat-surat kabar juga dicetak dalam bahasa-bahasa India lainnya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi |last1=Bansal |last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=6 April 2005 |accessdate=14 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032345/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Fapr%2F06spec1.htm |archivedate=2011-08-06 }}</ref> Mumbai adalah rumah dari surat kabar tertua di Asia, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', yang dipublikasikan dalam bahasa Gujarati sejak 1822.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |title=Learn with newspapers |date=16 October 2004 |accessdate=14 May 2009 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=2015-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ''Bombay Durpan'', surat kabar Marathi pertama, dimulai oleh [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] di Mumbai pada 1832.<ref name="PubliclifeMSG">{{cite web|title= Public life and voluntary social service organisations |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
Baris 508 ⟶ 515:
Universitas meraih peringkat ke-10 dari Universitas-Universitas teratas di India menurut QS pada 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Dengan 7 dari sepuluh Universitas India teratas adalah universitas ilmu pengetahuan murni dan teknologi, universitas tersebut merupakan Universitas [[Antardisiplin|Multi Disipliner]] terbaik ke-3 di India dalam peringkat Universitas QS.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[IIT Bombay|Institut Teknologi India (Bombay)]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> [[VJTI|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), |accessdate=9 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |archivedate=2009-05-18 }}</ref> [[UICT|Institut Universitas Teknologi Kimia]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |date=11 June 2008 |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |accessdate=9 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archivedate=2011-12-19 }}</ref> yang merupakan sekolah teknik dan teknologi utama di India, dan [[Universitas Wanita SNDT]] aadalah universitas otonomi lainnya di Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7|title=About University|publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]]|accessdate=9 June 2009|archive-date=2009-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Kolese Teknik Thadomal Shahani]] adalah kolese teknik swasta tertua dan pertama yang berafiliasi dengan [[Universitas Mumbai]] federal dan juga mempelopori institut pertama di universitas kota tersebut yang menawarkan kursus tingkat pasca-kelulusan dalam bidang [[Teknik Komputer]], [[Teknologi Informasi]], [[Teknik Biomedikal]] dan [[Bioteknologi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182|title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::..|publisher=|accessdate=28 July 2015|archive-date=2015-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901014638/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Grant Medical College]] didirikan pada 1845 dan [[Kolese Kedokteran Seth G.S.]] adalah lembaga kedokteran utama yang masing-masing berafiliasi dengan [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] dan [[KEM Hospital]]. Mumbai juga merupakan tempat dari [[Institut Teknik Industri Nasional]], [[Institut Pembelajaran Manajemen Jamnalal Bajaj]], [[Institut Pembelajaran Manajemen Narsee Monjee]], [[Institut Manajemen dan Riset S P Jain]], [[Institut Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Tata]] dan beberapa sekolah manajemen lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> [[Kolese Hukum Pemerintah, Mumbai|Kolese Hukum Pemerintah]] dan [[Kolese Sydenham]], masing-masing kolese hukum dan komersial tertua di India, berbasis di Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Kolese Sydenham]] |accessdate=26 April 2009 |archive-date=2009-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] |accessdate=26 April 2009 |archive-date=2009-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Sekolah Seni Rupa Sir J. J.]] adalah institusi seni rupa tertua di Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends|date=6 October 2002|first=Nina|last=Martyris|work=The Times of India|accessdate=13 May 2009}}</ref>
Mumbai adalah tempat dari dua lembaga penelitian berpengaruh: [[Lembaga Riset Fundamental Tata]. dan [[Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha]] (PPAB).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006|title=University ties up with renowned institutes |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> PPAB mengoperasikan [[CIRUS]], sebuah reaktor riset nuklir 40 MW pada fasilitas mereka di [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html|title=CIRUS reactor|publisher=[[Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha]] (PPAB)|accessdate=12 Mei 2009|archive-date=2007-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 526 ⟶ 533:
}}
[[Kriket]] lebih populer ketimbang olahraga lainnya di kota tersebut. Karena sempitnya lahan, [[kriket halaman belakang|berbagai versi yang dimodifikasi]] (umumnya disebut sebagai kriket guli) dimainkan dimana saja. Mumbai juga merupakan rumah dari [[Badan Kontrol Kriket India]] (BKKI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |accessdate=16 Mei 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archivedate=2010-10-04 }}</ref> dan [[Liga Primer India]] (LPI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |title=I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=5 Mei 2010 |archive-date=2012-12-08 |archive-url=https://archive.
|last=Makarand
|first=Waingankar
Baris 565 ⟶ 572:
|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm
|accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> dan [[Air India (klub sepak bola)|Air-India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=I-League: Mahindra United to face Mumbai FC |date=10 October 2008 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200810101668.htm |accessdate=9 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714003007/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200810101668.htm |archivedate=14 July 2011 }}</ref>
Ketika [[Liga Sepak Bola Elit India]] diperkenalkan pada August 2011, Mumbai diangkat menjadi salah satu dari delapan kotta yang menganugerahkan sebuah tim untuk musim pembuka. Dinamai [[Mumbai Gladiators]], musim pertama tim tersebut dimainkan di [[Pune]] pada akhir 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Gridiron league launched in India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=17 July 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 August 2011}}</ref> dan tim tersebut akan menjadi [[waralaba (olahraga)|waralaba]] [[sepak bola Amerika]] profesional pertama di Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title=‘They Need TV Product’: Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed |publisher=Newsfeed.time.com |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref> Dalam olahraga [[Hoki Lapangan|Hoki]], Mumbai adalah tuan rumah dari [[Mumbai Marines]] dan [[Mumbai Magicians]] masing-masing dalam [[World Series Hockey]] dan [[Hockey India League]]. Pertandingan-pertandingan di kota tersebut dimainkan di [[Stadion Hoki Mahindra]].<ref name="marines">{{cite news |title=
[[Uni rugbi|Rugbi]] adalah olahraga berkembang lainnya di Mumba dengan pertandingan-pertandingan liga diadakan di [[Bombay Gymkhana]] dari Juni sampai November.<ref name="rugbyhost">{{cite news|title=Mumbai to host Asian men’s rugby |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |date=10 October 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
Baris 576 ⟶ 583:
|work=The Times of India
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms
|accessdate=8 June 2009}}</ref> Pada Maret 2004, Mumbai Grand Prix menjadi bagian dari [[Kejuaraan Dunia Perahu Motor Formula 1|kejuaraan dunia perahu motor F1]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race-|accessdate=22 June 2015|work=NDTV|date=17 December 2003|location=Mumbai|archive-date=2015-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mobil tim F1 [[Force India]] F1 diluncurkan di kota tersebut, pada 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |accessdate=27 January 2008 |agency=Reuters UK |first=Alan |last=Baldwin |archive-date=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kota tersebut berencana membangun tempat balap F1 mereka sendiri dan berbagai tempat di kota tersebut dikapuri, dimana otoritas berencana untuk menjadikan tanah Marve-Malad atau Panvel-Kalyan sebagai titik nol-nya. Jika disepakati, tempat balap tersebut akan disatukan dengan sebuah taman wisata dengan berada pada wilayah dengan luas sekitar {{convert|400|to|500|acres|abbr=on|disp=flip|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{cite news| title= Formula track soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Formula-One-track-soon/articleshow/7351368.cms?referral=PM|author=Ashley D'Mello|accessdate=24 January 2011|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=24 January 2011}}</ref> Pada 2004, [[Maraton Mumbai]] tahunan didirikan sebagai bagian dari "[[Balap Terbesar di Dunia]]". Mumbai juga telah menjadi tuan rumah [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], turnamen [[Turnamen International Series|International Series]] dari [[Asosiasi Tenis Profesional|Tur Dunia ATP]], pada 2006 dan 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|work=CBS Sports|title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit|url=http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns|date
{{clear}}
Baris 597 ⟶ 604:
* {{Cite book|title=Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |year=1995 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Davis |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Davis (scholar) |title=Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "] |publisher=La Découverte |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaycitieswith0000dwiv|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sharada|authorlink1=Sharada Dwivedi|last2=Mehrotra|first2=Rahul|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=2001 |ref=harv|isbn=81-85028-80-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=Environment and urbanization|volume=v. 14, no. 1|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development|date=April 2002|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&printsec=frontcover|isbn=978-1-84369-223-2|accessdate=29 August 2009|ref=n450}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p2WAlJQ2?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archivedate=2010-04-16|accessdate=28 August 2009|title=Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|publisher=MMRDA|ref=exe|dead-url=no}}
Baris 614 ⟶ 621:
* {{Cite book|title=Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey|last=Khalidi |first=Omar|publisher=Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-13-8 |year=2006 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Politics in India |last=Kothari |first= Rajni|authorlink=Rajni Kothari |year=1970 |publisher=Orient Longman}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Bala|title=Environmental Management: Text And Cases|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.344.046.kri.25474|isbn=978-81-203-3329-1 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |year=2008 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Asha|title=Hinduism and Buddhism|year =1990 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=81-7124-060-7| ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Lok Sabha debates|year=1998 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |ref=lsd}}
Baris 621 ⟶ 628:
* {{Cite book|title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo|publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements|year=1993|isbn=978-92-1-131233-1|ref=UNB}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1982 |ref=misra}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |url=https://archive.org/details/stonesofempirebu0000morr_i9l5 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |origyear=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|title=Mumbai Plan|publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|ref=plan|accessdate=29 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|archivedate=10 March 2009}}
* {{Cite book|last= Naravane|first=M. S.|year=2007|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |ref=harv}}
Baris 643 ⟶ 650:
* {{cite book|first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney|title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|year=2010|publisher=Springer|ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9048194253}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated |year=2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/masscommunicatio0000vila |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask |year=2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=WMO bulletin|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|year=2000|volume=49|ref=wmo}}
* {{Cite book|title= An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|year=2004|isbn=3-86537-206-6|ref=yakg}}
| |||