Mumbai: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Etimologi ==
Nama ''Mumbai'' berasal dari kata ''Mumbā'' atau ''Mahā-Ambā''—nama dari dewi pelindung ([[Kuladewata|Kuladewi]]) [[Mumbadewi]] dari komunitas [[suku Agri|Agri]], [[suku Koli|Koli]] dan [[Dinasti Bulan|Somwanshi Kshatriya]]—<ref>{{cite news|date=
[[Berkas:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Kuil dewi Hindu lokal [[Mumbadewi]], nama kota Mumbai berasal dari namanya]]
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Pembukaan [[Terusan Suez]] pada 1869 membuat Bombay menjadi salah satu pelabuhan terbesar di [[Laut Arab]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> Pada September 1896, Bombay diserang oleh [[wabah pes Mumbai|wabah pes bubonik]] yang menewaskan sekitar 1,900 orang per minggu.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> Sekitar 850,000 orang pergi dari Bombay dan industri tekstil terkena dampaknya.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=Time out (Mumbai) |publisher=[[Time Out (perusahaan)|Time Out]] |date=14 November 2008 |accessdate=19 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archivedate=29 November 2010 }}
</ref> Sebagai ibu kota [[Kepresidenan Bombay]], kota tersebut menjadi saksi bisu [[gerakan kemerdekaan India]], dengan [[Gerakan Keluar India]] pada 1942 dan [[Serangan Angkatan Laut Kerajaan India]] pada 1946 menjadi
=== India independen ===
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Para penduduk Mumbai merayakan perayaan-[[perayaan India]] dan Barat. [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Idul Fitri]], Natal, [[Navratri]], [[Jumat Agung]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Moharram]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Durga Puja]] dan [[Maha Shivratri]] adalah beberapa perayaan populer di kota tersebut [[Festival Seni Rupa Kala Ghoda]] adalah sebuah pameran dunia seni rupa yang menampilkan karya-karya para artis dalam bidang musik, tari, teater dan film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |accessdate=6 February 2008}}</ref> Sebuah perayaan tahunan yang berjalan selama sepekan yang dikenal sebagai [[Perayaan Bandra]], yang dimulai pada Minggu berikutnya setelah 8 September, diikutsertakan oleh orang-orang dari seluruh kepercayaan, untuk memperingati [[Kelahiran Maria]], ibu Yesus, pada 8 September.<ref name="mid1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/life-and-style |title=Bandra's spirit captured in cakes, tattoos |first=Shika |last=Shah|date=17 September 2008 |work=MiD DAY |accessdate=27 September 2008}}</ref>
Festival Banganga adalah sebuah festival musik dua hari, yang diadakan setiap tahun pada bulan Januari, yang diselenggarakan oleh [[Perusahaan Pengembangan Pariwisata Maharashtra]] di [[Tempat Penampungan Air Banganga]], Mumbai.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news|title= MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |accessdate=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM
|title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day
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Universitas meraih peringkat ke-10 dari Universitas-Universitas teratas di India menurut QS pada 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Dengan 7 dari sepuluh Universitas India teratas adalah universitas ilmu pengetahuan murni dan teknologi, universitas tersebut merupakan Universitas [[Antardisiplin|Multi Disipliner]] terbaik ke-3 di India dalam peringkat Universitas QS.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[IIT Bombay|Institut Teknologi India (Bombay)]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> [[VJTI|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), |accessdate=9 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |archivedate=2009-05-18 }}</ref> [[UICT|Institut Universitas Teknologi Kimia]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |date=11 June 2008 |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |accessdate=9 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archivedate=2011-12-19 }}</ref> yang merupakan sekolah teknik dan teknologi utama di India, dan [[Universitas Wanita SNDT]] aadalah universitas otonomi lainnya di Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7|title=About University|publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]]|accessdate=9 June 2009|archive-date=2009-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Kolese Teknik Thadomal Shahani]] adalah kolese teknik swasta tertua dan pertama yang berafiliasi dengan [[Universitas Mumbai]] federal dan juga mempelopori institut pertama di universitas kota tersebut yang menawarkan kursus tingkat pasca-kelulusan dalam bidang [[Teknik Komputer]], [[Teknologi Informasi]], [[Teknik Biomedikal]] dan [[Bioteknologi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182|title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::..|publisher=|accessdate=28 July 2015|archive-date=2015-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901014638/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Grant Medical College]] didirikan pada 1845 dan [[Kolese Kedokteran Seth G.S.]] adalah lembaga kedokteran utama yang masing-masing berafiliasi dengan [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] dan [[KEM Hospital]]. Mumbai juga merupakan tempat dari [[Institut Teknik Industri Nasional]], [[Institut Pembelajaran Manajemen Jamnalal Bajaj]], [[Institut Pembelajaran Manajemen Narsee Monjee]], [[Institut Manajemen dan Riset S P Jain]], [[Institut Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Tata]] dan beberapa sekolah manajemen lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> [[Kolese Hukum Pemerintah, Mumbai|Kolese Hukum Pemerintah]] dan [[Kolese Sydenham]], masing-masing kolese hukum dan komersial tertua di India, berbasis di Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Kolese Sydenham]] |accessdate=26 April 2009 |archive-date=2009-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] |accessdate=26 April 2009 |archive-date=2009-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Sekolah Seni Rupa Sir J. J.]] adalah institusi seni rupa tertua di Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends|date=6 October 2002|first=Nina|last=Martyris|work=The Times of India|accessdate=13 May 2009}}</ref>
Mumbai adalah tempat dari dua lembaga penelitian berpengaruh: [[Lembaga Riset Fundamental Tata]. dan [[Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha]] (PPAB).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006|title=University ties up with renowned institutes |publisher=''[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA)'' |accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref> PPAB mengoperasikan [[CIRUS]], sebuah reaktor riset nuklir 40 MW pada fasilitas mereka di [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html|title=CIRUS reactor|publisher=[[Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha]] (PPAB)|accessdate=12 Mei 2009|archive-date=2007-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
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}}
[[Kriket]] lebih populer ketimbang olahraga lainnya di kota tersebut. Karena sempitnya lahan, [[kriket halaman belakang|berbagai versi yang dimodifikasi]] (umumnya disebut sebagai kriket guli) dimainkan dimana saja. Mumbai juga merupakan rumah dari [[Badan Kontrol Kriket India]] (BKKI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |accessdate=16 Mei 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archivedate=2010-10-04 }}</ref> dan [[Liga Primer India]] (LPI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |title=I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=5 Mei 2010 |archive-date=2012-12-08 |archive-url=https://archive.
|last=Makarand
|first=Waingankar
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* {{Cite book|title=Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |year=1995 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Davis |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Davis (scholar) |title=Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "] |publisher=La Découverte |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaycitieswith0000dwiv|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sharada|authorlink1=Sharada Dwivedi|last2=Mehrotra|first2=Rahul|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=2001 |ref=harv|isbn=81-85028-80-X}}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p2WAlJQ2?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archivedate=2010-04-16|accessdate=28 August 2009|title=Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|publisher=MMRDA|ref=exe|dead-url=no}}
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* {{Cite book|title=Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey|last=Khalidi |first=Omar|publisher=Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-13-8 |year=2006 |ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Asha|title=Hinduism and Buddhism|year =1990 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=81-7124-060-7| ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Lok Sabha debates|year=1998 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |ref=lsd}}
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* {{Cite book|title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo|publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements|year=1993|isbn=978-92-1-131233-1|ref=UNB}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1982 |ref=misra}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |url=https://archive.org/details/stonesofempirebu0000morr_i9l5 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |origyear=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|title=Mumbai Plan|publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|ref=plan|accessdate=29 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|archivedate=10 March 2009}}
* {{Cite book|last= Naravane|first=M. S.|year=2007|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book|first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney|title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|year=2010|publisher=Springer|ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9048194253}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated |year=2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/masscommunicatio0000vila |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask |year=2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |ref=harv}}
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