Hardboiled: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Hardboiled''' (atau '''hard-boiled''') adalah genre [[sastra]] yang memiliki beberapa karakter dan latar yang sama dengan genre [[Kriminal (genre)|fiksi kriminal]] (terutama [[cerita detektif]]). Protagonis khas genre ini adalah seorang detektif yang memerangi kekerasan kejahatan terorganisir yang berkembang selama [[Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat]] (1920-1933) dan setelahnya, sementara berurusan dengan sistem hukum yang telah menjadi sama [[Korupsi|korupnya]] dengan kejahatan terorganisir itu sendiri. Dianggap sinis oleh siklus kekerasan ini, para detektif fiksi keras seringkali menjadi [[antipahlawan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Dennis|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prie|title=The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00871-6|editor-last=Priestman|editor-first=Martin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00prie/page/n115 96]–97|chapter=Chapter 6: The Private Eye|url-access=limited}}</ref>
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* {{Cite journal|last=Breu|first=Christopher|date=July 2004|title=Going blood-simple in poisonville: hard-boiled masculinity in Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest|journal=[[Men and Masculinities]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=52–76|doi=10.1177/1097184X03257449|s2cid=144998130}}
* {{cite journal|author=Duggan, Eddie|author-link=Eddie_Duggan|date=2000|title=Dashiell Hammett: Detective, Writer|url=https://www.academia.edu/6778743|journal=Crimetime|volume=3|issue=2|pages=101–114|via=[[Academia.edu]]|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203038/https://www.academia.edu/6778743|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|author=Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson|date=2002|title=Multicultural Detective Fiction: Murder from the "Other" Side|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturaldet0000unse|publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=0-8153-3153-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Haut, Woody|date=1996|title=Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/pulpculturehardb0000haut|publisher=Serpent's Tail|isbn=1-85242-319-6}}
* {{cite web|author=Horsley, Lee|title=1920–1945: The Interwar Period and the Development of Hard-boiled Crime Fiction|url=http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/1920-45.htm|publisher=crimeculture.com|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2017-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712080726/http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/1920-45.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|author=Horsley, Lee|title=American Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction, 1920s–1940s|url=http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Hard-Boiled.html|publisher=crimeculture.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918222246/http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Hard-Boiled.html|archive-date=2008-09-18|access-date=2006-09-16|url-status=dead}} An essay on the form's early history.
* {{cite web|author=Horsley, Lee|title=Hard-boiled Investigators|url=http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Hard-BoiledInvest.htm|publisher=crimeculture.com|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2016-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216124124/http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Hard-BoiledInvest.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=Irwin, John T.|date=2006|title=Unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir|url=https://archive.org/details/unlessthreatofde0000irwi|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8435-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Kemp, Simon|date=2006|title=Defective Inspectors: Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century|publisher=Maney Publishing|isbn=1-904350-51-8}}
* {{cite news|author=Lovisi, Gary|date=March 1995|title=The Hard-Boiled Way|url=http://www.gryphonbooks.com/Articles/hard_boiled_way.html|work=A Shot in the Dark|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2022-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313121458/http://www.gryphonbooks.com/Articles/hard_boiled_way.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web|author=Marling, Professor William (Case Western Reserve University)|title=Detective Novels: An Overview|url=http://www.detnovel.com/index.html|publisher=detnovel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918041919/http://www.detnovel.com/index.html|archive-date=2008-09-18|access-date=2007-10-06|url-status=dead}} History of the genre.
* {{cite book|author=Mizejewski, Linda|date=2004|title=Hardboiled and High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/hardboiledhighhe0000mize|publisher=Routledge Chapman Hall|isbn=0-415-96970-0}}
* {{cite web|author=O'Brien, Geoffrey|date=2005-08-27|title=The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929–1958|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/checklist.html|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033304/https://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/checklist.html|dead-url=no}} A chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his ''Hardboiled America''.
* {{cite book|author=O'Brien, Geoffrey|date=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/hardboiledameric00obri_0|title=Hardboiled America: Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir|publisher=Da Capo|isbn=0-306-80773-4}}
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