Kesejarahan Yesus: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Yesus}}

 

Sambil membahas fakta "mencolok" bahwa "kita tidak memiliki catatan Romawi apapun yang membuktikan keberadaan Yesus," Ehrman menolak klaim bahwa hal ini berarti Yesus tidak pernah ada. Katanya, "Dia tentu ada, karena hampir setiap akademisi antikuitas yang kompeten, baik Kristen ataupun non-Kristen, sependapat berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang jelas dan pasti."<ref name="Ehrman2011">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MtOMO8i4GLoC|date=22 March 2011|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 285|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[Robert M. Price]], seorang mantan apologis fundamentalis yang berubah menjadi ateis mengatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus tidak dapat dikesampingkan, tetapi kemungkinannya kurang dibandingkan dengan non eksistensi. Ia sependapat bahwa perspektifnya bertentangan dengan pandangan sebagian besar akademisi.<ref name="Dunn2010">{{cite book|author=James Douglas Grant Dunn|title=The Historical Jesus: Five Views|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DtRhzgAACAAJ|date=1 February 2010|publisher=[[:en:SPCK Publishing|SPCK Publishing]] |pages= 61|isbn=978-0-281-06329-1}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[:en:Michael Grant (writer)|Michael Grant]] (seorang yang mendalami [[klasika]]) menyatakan bahwa, "Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, 'tidak ada akademisi yang serius memberanikan diri untuk mendalilkan non historistias Yesus' atau pada tingkatan yang sangat sedikit, dan mereka belum berhasil menyingkirkan bukti-bukti yang jauh lebih kuat, yang memang sangat berlimpah, untuk menyatakan sebaliknya."<ref name="Grant2004">{{cite book|author=Michael Grant|title=Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zVUxICZlgYIC|date=January 2004|publisher=Orion|pages= 200|isbn=978-1-898799-88-7}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"Ada orang-orang yang berpendapat bahwa Yesus adalah bagian dari imajinasi Gereja, bahwa Yesus sama sekali tidak pernah ada. Saya harus mengatakan bahwa saya tidak tahu jika ada akademisi kritis terhormat yang mengatakan hal itu lagi."<ref name="BurridgeGould2004">{{cite book|author1=Richard A. Burridge|author2=Graham Gould|title=Jesus Now and Then|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AB3ciLwoWkQC|year=2004|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|pages= 34|isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3}}</ref>}} kendati mereka memiliki perbedaan pendapat mengenai keyakinan dan ajaran Yesus serta keakuratan detail kehidupan Yesus sebagaimana dideskripsikan dalam kitab-kitab [[Injil]].{{refn|group=nb|Tentang "pembaptisan dan penyaliban", "kedua fakta [ini] dalam kehidupan Yesus mendapat persetujuan yang nyaris universal".<ref name="Dunn2003a">{{cite book|author=James D. G. Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages= 339|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}}</ref>}}<ref name=Hertzog1/>{{refn|group=nb|"Bahwa {{interp|orig=he|Yesus}} disalibkan adalah sama pastinya seperti hal historis lainnya yang bisa didapatkan, karena baik [[Yosefus]] maupun [[Tacitus|Tasitus]] ... sependapat dengan laporan-laporan Kristen dalam hal-hal yang setidaknya adalah kenyataan dasar."<ref name="Crossan1994">{{cite book|author=John Dominic Crossan|title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R76BnTswxEsC|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 45|isbn=978-0-06-061662-5}}</ref>}}<ref name="MAPowell168">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref>{{rp|168–173}} Meskipun akademisi-akademisi mengkritik keilmuan tentang Yesus karena bias agama dan kurangnya [[metode sejarah|kekukuhan metodologis]],{{refn|group=nb|..."Pokok yang akan saya kemukakan di bawah adalah bahwa praktik-praktik pembuktian yang disepakati para sejarawan Yesua, terlepas dari upaya-upaya terbaik mereka, belum menjadi praktik historis yang kukuh.".<ref name="Akenson2001">{{cite book|author=Donald H. Akenson|title=Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=40E8am9SlwgC|date=29 September 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01073-1}}</ref>}} dengan sangat sedikit pengecualian, para kritikus tersebut umumnya mendukung historisitas Yesus, dan menolak [[teori mitos Yesus]] yang menyatakan bahwa Yesus tidak pernah ada.<ref name="voorst16"/>{{refn|group=nb|"Teori-teori tidak meyakinkan yang menyatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus merupakan suatu penemuan Kristen adalah sangat tidak masuk akal."<ref name="Bockmuehl2001">{{cite book|author=Markus Bockmuehl|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC|date=8 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages =123–124|isbn=978-0-521-79678-1}}</ref>}}<ref name="Powell1998">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|pages= 168|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref><ref name="Houlden2003">{{cite book|author=James L. Houlden|title=Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A - J.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GjvmQgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-856-3}}</ref><ref name=VVoorst14>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|year=2000|pages= 14|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5}}</ref>

 

Historisitas Yesus berbeda dengan studi terkait [[Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah|Yesus historis]] yang mengacu pada rekonstruksi ilmiah mengenai kehidupan Yesus, didasarkan terutama pada analisis [[Kritik teks (Alkitab)|kritis]] teks-teks Injil.<ref name="LevineJr.2006">{{cite book|author1=Amy-Jill Levine|author2=Dale C. Allison Jr.|author3=John Dominic Crossan|title=The Historical Jesus in Context|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC|date=16 October 2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages= 1–2|isbn=0-691-00992-9}}</ref><ref name="Ehrman1999">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vzszmQEACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages= ix–xi|isbn=978-0-19-512473-6}}</ref><ref name="Dunn2003">{{cite book|author=James D. G. Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages= 125–127|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}}</ref> Sebaliknya, historisitas sebagai suatu subjek penelitian yang berbeda dari sejarah secara tepat berkaitan dengan dua isu mendasar berbeda. Pertama-tama hal ini berkaitan dengan proses perubahan sosial yang sistemik; yang kedua adalah intensi dan konteks sosial apa dari para penulis sumber-sumber tersebut yang dengannya dapat dibangun kebenaran peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah, dengan cara memisahkan [[:en:Christian mythology|laporan-laporan mitologis]] dari keadaan-keadaan faktual.<ref>Hare Rom and Moghadda Fathali "Historicity, Social Psychology and Change" in Rochmore, Tom and Margolis, Tom (2008) "History, Historicity and Science" (Ashgate)</ref>

<!--{{main article|Sources for the historicity of Jesus}}

[[File:First century Iudaea province.gif|thumb|right|250px|[[Judea (Roman province)|Judea Province]] during the 1st century]]

 

 

Non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include the Jewish historian [[Josephus]] and [[ancient Rome|Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]]. These sources are compared to Christian sources, such as the [[Pauline letters]] and [[synoptic gospels]], and are usually independent of each other; that is, the Jewish sources do not draw upon the Roman sources. Similarities and differences between these sources are used in the authentication process.<ref name="Camber121">''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 {{ISBN|0521796784}} pp. 121–125</ref><ref name="ChiltonEvans1998">{{cite book|author1=Bruce David Chilton|author2=Craig Alan Evans|title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC|year=1998|publisher=BRILL|pages= 460–470|isbn=90-04-11142-5}}</ref><ref name= Blomberg431 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} pp. 431–436</ref><ref name="Blomberg431"/><ref>[[#refVanVoorst2000|Van Voorst (2000)]] pp. 39–53</ref>

 

 

The [[Roman historiography|Roman historian]] [[Tacitus]], in his ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' (written ''ca.'' AD 115), [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|book 15, chapter 44]],<ref>P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), ''The Cambridge History of Latin Literature'', p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996) {{ISBN|0-521-21043-7}}</ref> describes [[Nero]]'s [[scapegoating]] of the Christians following the [[Fire of Rome]]. He writes that founder of the sect was named Christus (the Christian title for Jesus); that he was executed under [[Pontius Pilate]]; and that the movement, initially checked, broke out again in [[Judea]] and even in Rome itself.{{sfn|Eddy|2007|p=179-180}} Some scholars question the [[Tacitus on Christ#Authenticity and historical value|historical value of the passage]] on various grounds.<ref>F.F. Bruce,''Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament'', (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) p. 23</ref>

The historical reliability of the gospels refers to the reliability and historic character of the [[Canonical Gospels|four New Testament gospels]] as historical documents. Little in the four [[Gospel#Canonical gospels|canonical gospels]] is considered to be historically reliable.<ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5</ref><ref name="Charles H. Talbert pg 42">Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).</ref><ref name="Jesus 1995">“The Historical Figure of Jesus," Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p. 3.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction</ref><ref name="religion-online.org">{{Cite web | last=Grant | first=Robert M. | title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament (Harper and Row, 1963) | url=http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 | website=Religion-Online.org | access-date= | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 | archivedate=21 June 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>-->

 

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Kitab-kitab [[Injil Sinoptik]] adalah sumber utama informasi sejarah mengenai Yesus dan gerakan agamawi yang didirikan-Nya.<ref name="Sanders"/><ref>{{Cite web | quote=The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus | title=Jesus Christ | work=Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=27 November 2010 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus}}</ref><ref name="Vermes">Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004.</ref> Kitab-kitab Injil agamawi ini – [[Injil Matius]], [[Injil Markus]], dan [[Injil Lukas]]– mencatat [[:en:Life of Jesus|kehidupan]], [[:en:Ministry of Jesus|pelayanan]], [[Penyaliban Yesus|penyaliban]] dan [[Kebangkitan Yesus|kebangkitan]] seorang Yahudi bernama [[Yesus]] yang berbicara dalam [[bahasa Aram]].<!-- Ada berbagai hipotesis mengenai asal usul teks-teks ini karena kitab-kitab Injil [[Perjanjian Baru]] [[:en:Language of the New Testament|ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani]] untuk [[:en:Early centers of Christianity|komunitas berbahasa Yunani]],<ref>Mark Allan Powell (editor), ''The New Testament Today'', p. 50 (Westminster John Knox Press, 1999). {{ISBN|0-664-25824-7}}</ref> dan kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam [[bahasa Suryani]], [[bahasa Latin|Latin]], dan [[bahasa Koptik|Koptik]].<ref>Stanley E. Porter (editor), ''Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament'', p. 68 (Leiden, 1997). {{ISBN|90-04-09921-2}}</ref>

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{{Utama|Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah|Pencarian akan Yesus historis}}

 

<!--According to New Testament scholar [[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]], nearly all modern scholars consider the [[baptism of Jesus]] and [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]] to be historically certain.<ref name=JDunn339/> He states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical 'facts' they are obvious starting points for an attempt to clarify the what and why of Jesus' mission."<ref name=JDunn339 /> [[John P. Meier]] views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that based on the ''[[criterion of embarrassment]]'' Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<ref name=JMeier126>John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 {{ISBN|1-57506-100-7}} pp. 126–128</ref>

While there is widespread scholarly agreement on the existence of Jesus,<ref name=Ehrman285/><ref name="Grantmajority"/> and a basic consensus on the general outline of his life,<ref name=AmyJill4 /> the portraits of Jesus constructed in the quests have often differed from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.<ref name=GerdD5/><ref name=Charlesworth2/> There are overlapping attributes among the portraits, and while pairs of scholars may agree on some attributes, those same scholars may differ on other attributes, and there is no single portrait of the historical Jesus that satisfies most scholars.<ref name=Cradel124/><ref name=familiar20/><ref>[[Amy-Jill Levine]] in ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton University Press {{ISBN|978-0-691-00992-6}} p. 1: "no single picture of Jesus has convinced all, or even most scholars"</ref>-->

 

 

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{{Utama|Teori mitos Yesus}}

[[Teori mitos Yesus]] adalah "pandangan bahwa tokoh y ang dikenal sebagai [[Yesus Kristus|Yesus dari Nazaret]] tidak pernah ada dalam sejarah."<ref>{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Gullotta |first=Daniel N.|title=On Richard Carrier’s Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier’s On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus|year=2017|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=310–346|doi=10.1163/17455197-01502009}}</ref>

 

 

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Historisitas Alkitab]]

* [[Kronologi kehidupan Yesus]]

* [[Pencarian akan Yesus historis]]

* [[Sensus Kirenius]]

* [[Daftar nama tempat dalam Perjanjian Baru#Berhubungan dengan Yesus Kristus|Tempat dalam Perjanjian Baru yang berhubungan dengan Yesus]]

 

== Catatan ==

== Sumber ==

{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

* Daniel Boyarin (2004). ''Border Lines. The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity''. University of Pennsylvania Press.

* Drews, Arthur & Burns, C. Deslisle (1998). ''The Christ Myth'' (Westminster College-Oxford Classics in the Study of Religion). ISBN 1-57392-190-4

* [[Alvar Ellegård|Ellegård, Alvar]] ''Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology'', (London 1999).

* [[Vittorio Messori|Messori, Vittorio]] (1977). ''Jesus hypotheses''. St Paul Publications. ISBN 0-85439-154-1

* New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version. (1991) New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-528356-2

* Wells, George A. (1988). ''The Historical Evidence for Jesus''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-429-X

* Wells, George A. (1998). ''The Jesus Myth''. ISBN 0-8126-9392-2