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[[Berkas:Seatbelt.png|rightka|framebingkai|Sabuk pengaman dengan tiga titik.]]
'''Sabuk pengaman''' atau '''sabuk keledar''' adalah sebuah alat yang dirancang untuk menahan seorang penumpang [[mobil]] atau [[kendaraan]] lainnya agar tetap di tempat apabila terjadi [[tabrakan]], atau, yang lebih lazim terjadi, bila kendaraan itu berhenti mendadak. Sabuk pengaman dirancang untuk mengurangi [[luka]] dengan menahan si pemakai dari benturan dengan bagian-bagian dalam kendaraan itu atau terlempar dari dalam kendaraannya. Di dalam mobil, sabuk pengaman juga mencegah penumpang yang duduk di kursi belakang membentur penumpang yang duduk di barisan depan.
== Jenis-jenis sabuk pengaman ==
* '''Pangkuan''': Sabuk pengaman yang dapat disesuaikan yang melintang di atas pangkuan. Sabuk ini sering digunakan di mobil-mobil yang lebih tua, kini jarang kecuali untuk penumpang yang duduk di tengah pada barisan belakang. Kursi-kursi penumpang pesawat terbang juga menggunakan sabuk pengaman pangkuan.
[[Berkas:Seat belt BX.jpg|thumbjmpl|Sabuk pengaman]]
* '''Dua titik''': Sistem penahan dengan dua titik. Sabuk pangkuan atau sabuk diagonal (jarang).
* '''[[Sabuk pengaman otomatis|Otomatis]]''': Sabuk pengaman apapun yang secara otomatis terpasang. Ada pula sabuk pangkuan yang harus dikenakan. Sabuk seperti ini biasanya digunakan pada mobil-mobil mewah yang lebih tua seperti [[Ford]] dari awal tahun [[1990]]-an.
* '''Sash''': Sabuk yang dapat disesuaikan yang melintang melewati bahu. Biasa digunakan terutama pada tahun 1960-an, tetapi kegunaannya terbatas karena sangat mudah terlepas bila terjadi tabrakan.
* '''Pangkuan dan Sash''': Kombinasi dari dua jenis sabuk di atas (dua sabuk terpisah). Terutama digunakan pada 1960-an dan 1970-an, biasanya di kursi belakang. Umumnya telah digantikan oleh desain tiga titik.
* '''Tiga titik''': Serupa dengan pangkuan dan sash, tetapi membentuk satu jaringan yang sinambung. Baik sabuk pengaman tiga titik maupun jenis pangkuan dan sash menolong menyebarkan energi dari tubuh yang bergerak dalam sebuah tabrakan ke dada, selangkangan dan bahu. Hingga tahun 1980-an sabuk tiga titik umumnya terdapat di kursi depan saja, sedangkan di kursi belakang hanya tersedia sabuk pangkuan. Bukti-bukti bahwa sabuk pangkuan berpotensi menyebabkan terpisahnya [[lumbar vertebrae]] dan kadang-kadang [[kelumpuhan]] yang terkait, atau "sindroma sabuk pengaman", telah menyebabkan direvisinya aturan-aturan keamanan di hampir semua negara maju yang mengharuskan agar semua bangku di dalam kendaraan dilengkapi dengan sabuk tiga titik. Pada 1 September 2007, semua mobil baru yang dijual di AS harus dilengkapi dengan sabuk pengaman bahu dan pangkuan untuk penumpang di kursi belakang tengah.[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/Anton_FRNov16.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325092859/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/Anton_FRNov16.html |date=2010-03-25 }}
[[Berkas:Harness.jpg||thumbjmpl|rightka|200px|Harness]]
<!--*'''Five-point harnesses''' are safer but more restrictive seat belts. They are typically found in [[child safety seat]]s and in [[Automobile racing|racing]] cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the [[Human leg|leg]]s and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat.
*'''Six-point harnesses''' is like a five-point harness but includes an extra belt between the legs. These belts are used mainly in racing. In NASCAR, the six-point harness became popular after th
e death of [[Dale Earnhardt]]. Earnhardt was wearing a five-point harness when he crashed and died. Because it was thought at first that his belt had broken, some teams ordered a six-point harness. The sixth point has two belts between the legs, which is seen by some to be a weaker point than the other parts. source: TIME magazine article on issue about Earnhardt
*'''Inertia reel''': Used almost universally today, inertia reel belts are effectively self-adjusting, which improves effectiveness. They also retract when not in use, reducing the chances of damage to the belts. A retractor reel lets out the strap or pulls it back as needed, and in the event of an accident the reel locks, preventing any more strap to come out and holding the passenger in the car. This may be augmented by pretensioners (see below). Most three-point belts are of inertia-reel construction, as are some lap-and-sash and lap belts.
== History ==
[[Berkas:Seatbelt.jpg|thumb|250px|A three point seat belt in a [[Lincoln Town Car]].]]
Seat belts were first invented by [[George Cayley]] in the 1800s. Seat belts were introduced in aircraft for the first time in [[1913]], for air shows and became common in the [[1930s]]. The automotive seat belt was introduced into the United States by Kenneth Ligon and his brother, Bob Ligon, whose patented quick release seat belt, the AutoCrat Safety Belt, was the first seat belt installed as original equipment in the US by Ford in its 1956 model year. The first seat belt to be included as standard was on the [[1959]] [[Volvo]]. [[Australia]] was the first country to make seat belts compulsory in vehicles. However, they were not required by law in the US on passenger vehicles until the [[1968]] model year.
Three point harnesses were first made readily available in [[mass production|mass-produced]] vehicles by [[Volvo]]. It was Swedish engineer [[Nils Bohlin]] who patented the modern three-point belt design and gave it to Volvo.
== Mechanism ==
Most seat belts are equipped with locking mechanisms that tighten the belt when pulled hard (e.g. by the force of a passenger's body during a crash) but do not tighten when pulled slowly. Many are also equipped with 'pretensioners', which preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the passenger from jerking forward in a crash.
Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the load on the occupant in a violent crash. Like [[airbag]]s, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and most pretensioners use explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which is when a passenger slides forward under a loosely worn seat belt.
== Legislation and Risk Compensation ==
The issue of [[seat belt legislation]] has been a source of some controversy. [[Hospital]] based studies of [[car accident]] victims, [[experiment]]s using both [[crash test dummy|crash test dummies]] and actual human [[cadaver]]s have indicated that wearing seat belts should provide a reduced risk of [[death]] and injury in many types of car crash. This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly lower chance of death or serious injury. Within the USA, 49 states now require adults to wear seat-belts; [[New Hampshire]] has no such law.
The effects of such laws are disputed, stemming from the observed fact that no country is able to demonstrate a reduction in road fatalities due to passage of a seat belt law, though deaths have in some cases been migrated from drivers to other road users. This has influenced the development of [[risk compensation]] theory, which says that drivers adjust their behaviour in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides. In one trial habitual wearers and non-wearers were asked to drive round a course a number of times under the pretence of testing different seat belt materials for comfort. It was found that non-wearers drove consistently faster when belted than when unbelted (similar responses have been shown in respect of [[ABS brake|ABS braking]] and, more recently, airbags). It is also possible that the types of injury modelled in the trials were only a subset of potential serious injuries — for example, oblique impacts may produce twisting forces on the head leading to [[diffuse axonal injury]], a particularly serious type of brain injury.
Put simply, then: if one is involved in a crash, one is almost always better off wearing a seat belt. However, the probability of being in a crash in the first place may be affected by the fact that the person feels safer, so the overall safety benefit may be offset to some unspecified degree.-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Undang-undang keselamatan berkendaraan]]
== Pranala luar ==
[[Kategori:Teknologi keselamatan kendaraan]]
[[Kategori:Perlengkapan mobil]]
[[Kategori:Alatperalatan pengamankeselamatan]]
[[af:Veiligheidsgordel]]
[[ar:حزام أمان]]
[[az:Təhlükəsizlik kəməri]]
[[ca:Cinyel de seguretat]]
[[cs:Bezpečnostní pás]]
[[de:Sicherheitsgurt]]
[[el:Ζώνη ασφαλείας]]
[[en:Seat belt]]
[[eo:Sekurzono]]
[[es:Cinturón de seguridad]]
[[fa:کمربند ایمنی]]
[[fi:Turvavyö]]
[[fr:Ceinture de sécurité]]
[[he:חגורת בטיחות]]
[[it:Cinture di sicurezza]]
[[ja:シートベルト]]
[[ko:안전띠]]
[[nl:Autogordel]]
[[nn:Setebelte]]
[[no:Sikkerhetsbelte]]
[[pl:Pas bezpieczeństwa]]
[[pt:Cinto de segurança]]
[[ru:Ремень безопасности]]
[[simple:Seat belt]]
[[sr:Сигурносни појас]]
[[sv:Säkerhetsbälte]]
[[tr:Emniyet kemeri]]
[[yi:שיצפאס]]
[[zh:座位安全帶]]
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