Seksualitas perempuan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:
{{Orientasi seksual}}
'''Seksualitas perempuan
Di sebagian besar masyarakat dan yurisdiksi hukum, ada batasan hukum tentang perilaku seksual yang diizinkan. Seksualitas bervariasi di berbagai budaya dan wilayah di dunia, dan terus berubah sepanjang sejarah, dan ini juga berlaku untuk seksualitas perempuan. Aspek seksualitas perempuan mencakup isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan seks biologis, citra tubuh, harga diri, kepribadian, orientasi seksual, nilai dan sikap, [[peran gender]], hubungan, pilihan aktivitas, dan komunikasi.
Meskipun sebagian besar wanita adalah [[heteroseksual]], sebagian besar minoritas adalah [[homoseksual]] atau [[biseksual]] dengan derajat yang berbeda-beda.<ref name=Bailey16>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Fisiologis ==
=== Umum ===
Aktivitas seksual dapat mencakup berbagai faktor [[stimulasi seksual]] ([[Stimulus (fisiologi)|stimulasi fisiologis]] atau [[Stimulus (psikologi)|stimulasi psikologis]]), termasuk [[fantasi seksual]] dan [[posisi seks]], atau penggunaan [[mainan seks]].<ref name="Weiten, 2008">{{cite book|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|isbn = 978-0495553397|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2008|pages=422–423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6QRJb40C84C&pg=PA422|author1=Wayne Weiten |author2=Margaret A. Lloyd |author3=Dana S. Dunn |author4=Elizabeth Yost Hammer}}</ref><ref name="Kar">{{cite book|author=Nilamadhab Kar|author2=Gopal Chandra Kar|title=Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine|publisher=[[Jaypee Brothers| Jaypee Brothers Publishers]]|pages=107–112|isbn=978-8180614057|year=2005|access-date=September 4, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxcjMPbGHQIC&pg=PA107}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Taormino">{{cite book|last=Taormino |first=Tristan |author-link=Tristan Taormino |title=The Big Book of Sex Toys|publisher=Quiver|year=2009 |access-date=June 9, 2014|page=52|isbn=978-1-59233-355-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA52}}</ref> [[Foreplay]] mungkin mendahului beberapa aktivitas seksual, sering kali akan meningkatkan [[gairah seksual]] pasangan.<ref name="Weiten, 2011">{{cite book|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|isbn =978-1-111-18663-0|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2011|pages=384–386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT421 |author1=Wayne Weiten |author2=Dana S. Dunn |author3=Elizabeth Yost Hammer }}</ref> Seseorang juga biasanya akan merasa puas secara seksual dengan dicium, disentuh [[erotisme|secara erotis]], atau dipegang.<ref name="Alters2">{{cite book| author = Sandra Alters| author2 = Wendy Schiff|title =Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update|publisher = [[Jones & Bartlett Publishers]] | year = 2011 | page = [https://archive.org/details/essentialconcept00sand_1/page/154 154] |isbn = 978-1449653743| url =https://archive.org/details/essentialconcept00sand_1| url-access = registration}}</ref>
=== Orgasme ===
{{Main|Orgasme#Perempuan}}
[[Orgasme]], atau klimaks seksual, adalah pelepasan tiba-tiba dari akumulasi ketegangan seksual selama [[Siklus respons seksual manusia|siklus respons seksual]], yang mengakibatkan [[kontraksi otot]] di [[manusia panggul|panggul]] dan ditandai dengan sensasi kenikmatan yang intens.<ref name="M&J">{{Cite book|last1=Masters |first1=W.H. |last2=Johnson |first2=V.E.|title=Human Sexual Response|year=1970|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston}}</ref> Wanita biasanya merasa sulit untuk mengalami orgasme selama [[Hubungan seksual|seks vaginal]].<ref name="Rosenthal 2">{{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal | name-list-style = vanc | title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2012|page=150|access-date=October 22, 2013| isbn = 9780618755714 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT170}}</ref><ref name="Weiner2">{{cite book |first1==Irving B. |last1=Weiner |first2=George |last2=Stricker |first3=Thomas A. |last3=Widiger|title =Handbook of Psychology, Clinical Psychology| publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]] | year = 2012|access-date=October 22, 2013| pages = 172–175|isbn = 978-1118404430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_NaK3cwQSsC&pg=PA172}}</ref> [[Mayo Clinic]] menyatakan: "Orgasme bervariasi dalam intensitas, dan wanita bervariasi dalam frekuensi orgasme mereka dan jumlah rangsangan yang diperlukan untuk memicu orgasme."<ref name="Anorgasmia">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anorgasmia/DS01051 |title=Mayo Clinic; Women's Health|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> Selain itu, beberapa wanita mungkin memerlukan lebih dari satu jenis rangsangan seksual untuk mencapai orgasme. Stimulasi [[klitoris]] dalam persetubuhan normal terjadi saat penis mendorong menggerakkan [[tudung klitoris]].<ref name="Agmo2011">{{cite book|first=Anders |last=Agmo | name-list-style = vanc |title=Functional and Dysfunctional Sexual Behavior: A Synthesis of Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmJjj6UvB9YC&pg=PA65|date=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-054938-5|pages=65}}</ref>
Orgasme pada wanita biasanya dibagi menjadi dua kategori: orgasme [[klitoris|klitoral]] dan [[vagina]]l (atau orgasme [[G-spot]]).<ref name="Kenneth Mah">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mah K, Binik YM | title = Do all orgasms feel alike? Evaluating a two-dimensional model of the orgasm experience across gender and sexual context | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 104–13 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12476242 | doi = 10.1080/00224490209552129 | s2cid = 33325081 }}</ref><ref name="Sex and Society">{{cite book|author-link1=Marshall Cavendish |first1=Marshall |last1=Cavendish |title=Sex and Society, Volume 2|isbn =978-0761479079|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|year=2009|page=590|access-date=August 17, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&pg=PA590}}</ref> 70–80% wanita membutuhkan rangsangan klitoris langsung untuk mencapai orgasme,<ref name="Clitoris">{{cite web|title=I Want a Better Orgasm! |website=[[WebMD]] |access-date=August 18, 2011 |url=http://www.webmd.com/sex/want-better-orgasms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222220041/http://www.webmd.com/sex/want-better-orgasms |archive-date=February 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Flaherty">{{cite book|title=Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual|isbn=978-0-8385-1267-8|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill|Appleton & Lange]] (Original from Northwestern University)|orig-year=1993|date=29 October 2010|quote=The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable – and usually much longer – in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. b. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation.|author1=Joseph A. Flaherty|author2=John Marcell Davis|author3=Philip G. Janicak|url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatrydiagno00flah}}</ref><ref name="Kenneth Mah2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mah K, Binik YM | title = The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 823–56 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11497209 | doi = 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6 | quote = Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse. }}</ref><ref name="Kammerer-Doak">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kammerer-Doak D, Rogers RG | title = Female sexual function and dysfunction | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–83, vii | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18486835 | doi = 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006 | quote = Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes... }}</ref> meskipun stimulasi klitoris tidak langsung mungkin juga sudah cukup.<ref name="Masters and Johnson">{{cite book |last=Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers |year=1991 |title=A New View of a Woman's Body |publisher= Feminist Heath Press |pages=46 |isbn=978-0-9629945-0-0}}</ref><ref name="Lloyd">{{cite book|author=Elisabeth Anne Lloyd|title=The case of the female orgasm: bias in the science of evolution|isbn = 978-0-674-01706-1|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|pages=311 pages|access-date=January 5, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFNvA6TvlwC&pg=PA53}}</ref> Orgasme klitoris lebih mudah dicapai karena [[klitoris|glans klitoris]], atau klitoris secara keseluruhan, memiliki lebih dari 8.000 [[saraf|ujung saraf]] sensorik, sama banyaknya (atau lebih dalam beberapa kasus) dengan ujung saraf pada penis manusia atau pada [[glans penis]].<ref name="Carroll">{{cite book | title =Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]| year = 2009 | page = 118|access-date = 23 June 2012|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA118|isbn =978-0-495-60274-3 | first = Janell L. | last = Carroll}}</ref><ref name="Di Marino">{{cite book |last=Di Marino |first=Vincent | name-list-style = vanc |title=Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2014|page=81|isbn=978-3319048949|access-date=September 4, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKMpBAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Karena klitoris adalah [[Homologi (biologi)|homolog]] dengan penis, maka setara juga dalam kapasitasnya untuk menerima rangsangan seksual.<ref name="Clitoris"/><ref name="Francoeur">{{cite book |last=Francoeur |first=Robert T. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2000 |title=The Complete Dictionary of Sexology |publisher=The Continuum Publishing Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/completedictiona0000unse_w1u0/page/180 180] |isbn=978-0-8264-0672-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/completedictiona0000unse_w1u0/page/180 }}</ref>
Meski orgasme dengan stimulasi vagina lebih sulit dicapai,<ref name="Sex and Society"/><ref name="Kilchevsky">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I | title = Is the female G-spot truly a distinct anatomic entity? | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 719–26 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22240236 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x | lay-url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html | lay-date = January 19, 2012 | lay-source = [[Huffington Post]] }}</ref> area G-spot dapat menghasilkan orgasme jika dirangsang dengan benar.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/> Keberadaan G-spot, dan keberadaannya sebagai struktur yang berbeda, masih diperdebatkan, karena lokasinya yang dilaporkan dapat bervariasi dari satu wanita ke wanita lainnya, tampaknya tidak ada pada beberapa wanita, dan itu dihipotesiskan sebagai perpanjangan dari klitoris dan oleh karena itu alasan orgasme yang dialami melalui vagina.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Greenberg">{{cite book|first1=Jerrold S. |last1=Greenberg |first2=Clint E. |last2=Bruess |first3=Sara B. |last3=Oswalt|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|pages=102–104|isbn=978-1449648510|date=2014|access-date=October 30, 2014|publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Publishers]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102}}</ref><ref name="Balon, Segraves">{{cite book|first1=Richard |last1=Balon |first2=Robert Taylor |last2=Segraves|title=Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders |publisher= [[American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Pub]]|year=2009|access-date=February 21, 2014|page=258|isbn=978-1585629053|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258}}</ref>
Wanita dapat mencapai multi orgasme karena fakta bahwa mereka umumnya tidak memerlukan [[Periode refraktori (seks)|periode refraktori]] seperti yang dialami pria setelah orgasme pertama. Meskipun dilaporkan bahwa wanita tidak mengalami periode refraktori dan dengan demikian dapat mengalami orgasme tambahan, atau beberapa orgasme, segera setelah orgasme pertama,<ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal| title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society| publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year= 2012|pages=133–135| isbn = 978-0618755714|access-date=May 12, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT153}}</ref><ref name=SOC>{{cite web| title = The Sexual Response Cycle| publisher = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] | url = http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|access-date =May 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> beberapa sumber menyatakan bahwa baik pria maupun wanita mengalami periode refrakter karena, karena hipersensitivitas klitoris atau kepuasan seksual, wanita juga dapat mengalami periode setelah orgasme di mana rangsangan seksual lebih lanjut tidak menghasilkan rangsangan atau kenikmatan.<ref name="Schacter">{{cite book | first1=Daniel L. |last1=Schacter |first2=Daniel T. |last2=Gilbert |first3=Daniel M. |last3=Wegner| title =Psychology| publisher =[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year = 2010|page=336|access-date = November 10, 2012| isbn = 978-1429237192|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=emAyzTNy1cUC&pg=PA336}}</ref><ref name="Weiner & Craighead">{{cite book | first1==Irving B. |last1=Weiner |first2=W. Edward |last2=Craighead| title = The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2 | publisher =[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year = 2010|page=761|access-date = November 10, 2012| isbn = 978-0470170267|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pa5vKqntwikC&pg=PA761}}</ref><ref name="Rathus">{{cite book | last1 = Rathus | first1 = Spencer A. | last2 = Nevid | first2 = Jeffrey S. | last3 = Fichner-Rathus | first3 = Lois | last4 = Herold | first4 = Edward S. | last5 = McKenzie | first5 = Sue Wicks | year = 2005 | title = Human Sexuality In A World Of Diversity | edition = Second | publisher = Pearson Education | location = New Jersey, USA }}</ref>
Puting bisa sensitif terhadap sentuhan, dan rangsangan pada puting bisa memicu gairah seksual.<ref name="Harvey">{{cite book|first1=John H. |last1=Harvey |first2=Amy |last2=Wenzel |first3=Susan |last3=Sprecher|title=The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-1135624705|page=427|date=2004|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427}}</ref> Beberapa wanita melaporkan mengalami orgasme dari stimulasi puting.<ref name="Kinsey">{{cite book|first1=Alfred C. |last1=Kinsey |first2=Wardell B. |last2=Pomeroy |first3=Clyde E. |last3=Martin |first4=Paul H. |last4=Gebhard|title=Sexual Behavior in the Human Female|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0253019240|page=587|date=1998|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHWHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587|quote=There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.}}</ref><ref name="Boston">{{cite book|author=Boston Women's Health Book Collective|title=The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0684823522|page=575|date=1996|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI4AQAAIAAJ|quote=A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.}}</ref> Sebelum penelitian Komisaruk et al. [[Pencitraan resonansi magnetik fungsional|resonansi magnetik fungsional]] (fMRI) penelitian tentang stimulasi puting pada tahun 2011, laporan tentang wanita yang mencapai orgasme dari stimulasi puting hanya mengandalkan [[bukti anekdotal]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=Merril D. Smith|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0759123328|page=71|date=2014|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71}}</ref> Penelitian Komisaruk adalah yang pertama kali memetakan alat kelamin perempuan ke bagian sensorik otak; ini menunjukkan bahwa sensasi dari puting susu berjalan ke bagian otak yang sama dengan sensasi dari vagina, klitoris dan leher rahim, dan bahwa orgasme yang dilaporkan ini adalah orgasme genital yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan pada puting, dan mungkin langsung terkait dengan korteks sensorik genital ("area genital otak").<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Lehmiller">{{cite book|author=Justin J. Lehmiller|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1118351321|page=120|date=2013|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQRgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120}}</ref><ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|last1=Komisaruk |first1=B. R. |last2=Wise |first2=N. |last3=Frangos |first3=E. |last4=Liu |first4=W.-C. |last5=Allen |first5=K |last6=Brody |first6=S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x |lay-url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation/ |lay-source=CBSnews |lay-date=August 5, 2011|volume=8|issue=10|pages=2822–30 |pmid=21797981 |pmc=3186818}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
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{{identitas gender dan seksual}}
[[Kategori:Seksualitas]]
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