Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Kwangymyongsong-3-2 gt.jpg|300px|jmpl]]
'''Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2''' atau '''Gwangmyeongseong-3 ho 2-hogi''' ({{korean|hangul=《광명성―3》호 2호기<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/ko/news/news_view.php?0+47525|title=조선우주공간기술위원회 대변인 대답|publisher=Naenara|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-date=2016-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313005112/http://naenara.com.kp/ko/news/news_view.php?0+47525|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|hanja=光明星3號2號機|mr=Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 ho 2-hogi|rr=Gwangmyeongseong-3 ho 2-hogi|context=north}}; Bahasa Inggris: Bright Star-3 Unit 2 atau Lodestar-3 Unit 2) adalah [[satelit]] pertama yang berhasil diluncurkan dari [[Korea Utara]], sebuah [[pesawat ruang angkasa]] [[observasi]] [[Bumi]] yang diluncurkan pada 12 Desember 2012, 00:49 UTC, untuk menggantikan [[Kwangmyŏngsng-3]] asli, yang gagal mencapai orbit pada 13 April 2012. [[Dewan Keamanan PBB]] mengutuk peluncuran satelit, menganggapnya sebagai pelanggaran terhadap larangan tes [[rudal balistik]] Korea Utara, sebagai [[teknologi]] [[roket]] yang digunakan adalah sama.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20690338|title=North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket|publisher=BBC|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15278612 | work=BBC News | title=North Korea profile | date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50167891/ns/technology_and_science-space/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213030251/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50167891/ns/technology_and_science-space/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-13|title=North Korea reports successful launch of controversial rocket|publisher=MSN/NBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norad.mil/News/2012/121112b.html |title=NORAD acknowledges missile launch |publisher=North American Aerospace Defense Command |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214134546/http://www.norad.mil/News/2012/121112b.html |archive-date=14 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Encyclopedia Astronautica|title=1998.08.31 - Kwangmyŏngsŏng 1|url=http://www.astronautix.com/details/kwa11163.htm|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=N.Korea says it successfully launched satellite|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSEO88417|publisher=Reuters|access-date=15 December 2012|date=5 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=United States Northern Command|title=NORAD and USNORTHCOM monitor North Korean launch|url=http://www.northcom.mil/News/2009/040509.html|access-date=15 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017015121/http://www.northcom.mil/News/2009/040509.html|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea space launch 'fails'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7984254.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=15 December 2012|date=5 April 2009}}</ref>
Peluncuran itu dilakukan selama periode ketika DPRK sedang memperingati ulang tahun pertama kematian mantan pemimpin [[Kim Jong-il]] dan tepat sebelum peluncuran satelit domestik pertama [[Korea Selatan]] dan pemilihan presiden Korea Selatan pada 19 Desember 2012. Peluncuran yang sukses menjadikan DPRK kekuatan [[ruang angkasa]] kesepuluh yang mampu menempatkan satelit di [[orbit]] menggunakan kendaraan peluncurannya sendiri.<ref name=ap20121218>{{cite news|last=Talmadge |first=Eric |title=Crippled NKorean probe could orbit for years |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/crippled-nkorean-probe-could-orbit-years?goback=.gde_3433693_member_197139555 |access-date=2012-12-18 |agency=Associated Press|date=2012-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210856/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/crippled-nkorean-probe-could-orbit-years?goback=.gde_3433693_member_197139555 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1907197.stm |title=Profile: Kim Jong-il |publisher=BBC News |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.worldministries.org/prophecynewsarticles/korea_north/120414_US_stops_food_aid_North_Korea_after_rocket_explodes_nkorea.html|title=US stops food aid to North Korea after rocket explodes|last=Wen|first=Philip|date=14 April 2012|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410082751/http://www.worldministries.org/prophecynewsarticles/korea_north/120414_US_stops_food_aid_North_Korea_after_rocket_explodes_nkorea.html|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/details/kwa11163.htm|title=1998.08.31 - Kwangmyŏngsŏng 1|first=Mark|last=Wade|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21115985|title=North Korea rocket was domestically made|publisher=BBC News|date=21 January 2013|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allthingsnuclear.org/north-korea-gives-location-of-splashdown-zones-begins-assembling-rocket/ |title=North Korea Gives Location of Splashdown Zones, Begins Assembling Rocket |author=David Wright |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=4 December 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023715/http://allthingsnuclear.org/north-korea-gives-location-of-splashdown-zones-begins-assembling-rocket/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Korea Utara menyatakan peluncuran itu berhasil, dan militer Korea Selatan dan Komando Pertahanan Dirgantara Amerika Utara ([[NORAD]]) melaporkan bahwa indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebuah objek telah mencapai orbit. Korea Utara sebelumnya mengklaim peluncuran [[Kwangmyŏngsng-1]] dan [[Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2]] sukses, meskipun sumber [[militer]] [[Amerika]] mengklaim bahwa mereka gagal mencapai orbit.
Beberapa hari setelah peluncuran, sumber-sumber Barat menyatakan bahwa, meskipun satelit itu memang awalnya mencapai orbit, sekarang tampaknya jatuh, dan mungkin di luar kendali.<ref>{{cite web |author=AdminGMT |url=http://nknews.org/2012/03/n-korea-reveals-details-of-kwangmyŏngsŏng-3-satellite/ |title="N. Korea Reveals Details of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Satellite", NK News, 29 March 2012 |publisher=Nknews.org |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ABC1">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/north-korea-launches-long-range-missile/story?id=17939423|title=US Calls North Korea Rocket Launch a 'Provocative Act'|last=Riviera|first=Gloria|author2=Joohee Cho |author3=Akiko Fujita |date=12 December 2012|publisher=ABC News|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="ABC1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/59451/north-korea-rocket-parts-plunge-east-of-luzon|title=North Korea rocket parts plunge east of Luzon|last=Aning|first=Jerome|author2=Nikko Dizon |date=13 December 2012|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>
Nama "Kwangmyŏngsŏng" kaya akan simbol nasionalisme Korea Utara dan kultus keluarga Kim. Sementara catatan [[Soviet]] menceritakan bahwa mendiang pemimpin Korea Utara Kim Jong-il lahir di desa Vyatskoye dekat [[Khabarovsk]] di [[Timur Jauh Rusia]], sumber internal DPRK mengklaim bahwa Kim lahir di [[Gunung Baekdu]] dan pada hari itu cerah tanda pedoman ("Kwangmyongsong") muncul di langit.
Peluncuran Kwangmyŏngsng-3 Unit 2 adalah upaya Korea Utara keempat untuk mengorbit satelit, dan Korea Utara mengklaim bahwa dua dari peluncuran sebelumnya telah menempatkan muatannya ke orbit meskipun beberapa negara lain mengonfirmasi bahwa peluncuran tersebut gagal, dan tidak ada konfirmasi independen bahwa satelit berada di orbit. Upaya pertama terjadi pada Agustus 1998, dengan roket pembawa [[Baekdusan]] mencoba meluncurkan Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1; yang kedua terjadi pada bulan April 2009 dengan [[Kwangmyŏngsng-2]], dan yang ketiga pada bulan April 2012 dengan Kwangmyŏngsng-3 yang asli. Peluncuran April 2012 adalah satu-satunya yang diakui gagal oleh Korea Utara. Roket itu sebagian besar dibuat menggunakan suku cadang dan teknologi yang diproduksi di dalam negeri; kemampuan ini dipandang sebagai penyebab keprihatinan yang lebih besar atas kemampuan Korea Utara untuk mengembangkan teknologi rudal balistik meskipun ada sanksi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/12/12/how-did-north-korea-fix-its-rocket-program-so-quickly/|title=How did North Korea fix its rocket program so quickly?|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=12 December 2012|work=The Washington Post|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/american-space-expert-says-satellite-launch-a-perfect-success-for-north-korea/2012/12/11/4237283e-4411-11e2-8c8f-fbebf7ccab4e_story.html|title=American space expert says satellite launch a 'perfect success for North Korea'|date=11 December 2012|work=The Washington Post|access-date=13 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/12/15866530-north-korean-satellite-tumbling-out-of-control-us-officials-say?lite North Korean satellite 'tumbling out of control'] – NBCNews.com, 12 December 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=North Korean satellite 'orbiting normally' after rocket launch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/13/north-korea-satellite-rocket-launch|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 December 2012|location=London}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/18/astronomers-say-apparently-malfunctioning-north-korea-satellite-could-orbit/|title=Astronomers say apparently malfunctioning North Korea satellite could orbit Earth for years|publisher=AP Tokyo/Fox News|date=18 December 2012|access-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htspace/20130131.aspx We Did It Ourselves] – Strategypage.com, 31 January 2013</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|title=North Korean TV Airs "New" Rocket Footage|url=http://www.nknews.org/2012/12/north-korean-tv-airs-new-rocket-footage/|publisher=NK News|access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20691021 |title=N Koreans speak of 'pride' over banned rocket launch |publisher=BBC |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea Rocket Launch: Celebrations in Pyonyang|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/12/north-korea-rocket-launch-celebrations_n_2283776.html|work=news article|publisher=Huffington Post, Associated Press|access-date=13 December 2012|date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Korea celebrates rocket launch|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1720653/North-Korea-celebrates-rocket-launch|publisher=SBS News Australia|access-date=14 December 2012|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419215832/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1720653/North-Korea-celebrates-rocket-launch|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Peluncuran diumumkan pada tanggal 1 Desember 2012, ketika Kantor Berita Pusat Korea melaporkan bahwa Komite Teknologi Luar Angkasa Korea memberi tahu mereka bahwa mereka "[berencana] untuk meluncurkan satelit lain yang berfungsi, versi kedua Kwangmyŏngsng-3, diproduksi dengan upaya sendiri dan dengan teknologi sendiri, sesuai dengan perintah pemimpin Kim Jong-il," dengan waktu peluncuran prospektif 10-22 Desember 2012 diberikan. Zona splashdown peluncur dilaporkan ke [[Organisasi Maritim Internasional]], menunjukkan orbit kutub dimaksudkan. Pada 8 Desember 2012, KCNA melaporkan bahwa KCST menjawab "pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh KCNA, terkait peluncuran versi kedua satelit Kwangmyŏngsng-3" dan juga melaporkan bahwa periode peluncuran diperpanjang hingga 29 Desember 2012. Korea Utara mengklaim satelit itu akan memperkirakan hasil panen dan mengumpulkan data cuaca serta menilai tutupan hutan dan [[sumber daya alam]] negara itu. Negara tersebut juga mengklaim bahwa satelit tersebut memiliki berat sekitar 100 kg (220 lbs) dan masa pakai yang direncanakan adalah sekitar dua tahun.<ref>2012-12-12, [http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/gillard-slams-north-korea-rocket-launch-20121212-2b9gv.html Gillard slams North Korea rocket launch], The Sydney Morning Herald</ref><ref name="Itamaraty">{{cite web|url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/lancamento-de-foguete-pela-coreia-do-norte|title=Lançamento de Foguete pela Coreia do Norte|publisher=Ministry of External Relations of Brazil|date=12 December 2012|access-date=16 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115051542/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/lancamento-de-foguete-pela-coreia-do-norte|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/en/events/6/1/597/index.html|title=Concerning today's long-range missile launch by the DPRK|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canada condemns North Korea's 'wilful defiance' after rocket launch|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/12/12/canada-condemns-north-koreas-wilful-defiance-after-rocket-launch/|work=National Post|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DPRK succeeds in satellite launch, draws protests|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-12/12/c_132036294.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=COMUNICADO DE PRENSA SOBRE EL LANZAMIENTO DEL COHETE REALIZADO POR LA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DEMOCRÁTICA DE COREA (RPDC)|url=http://cancilleria.gov.co/news/news/node/4377|agency=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica de Colombia|date=12 December 2012|access-date=15 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119220446/http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/news/news/node/4377|archive-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hungary Condemns DPRK's Rocket Launch|url=http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/news/hungary-condemns-dprk-s-rocket-launch|agency=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary|date=12 December 2012|access-date=15 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218153432/http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/news/hungary-condemns-dprk-s-rocket-launch|archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India joins in condemning North Korea's rocket launch|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/india-joins-in-condemning-north-korea-s-rocket-launch/20121212.htm|publisher=Rediff News|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's launch sparks worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/12/world/asia/north-korea-rocket-launch/index.html?hpt=hp_c1|publisher=CNN|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|title=North Korea rocket: International reaction|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20690762|publisher=BBC|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/59367/ph-condemns-north-koreas-rocket-launch-dfa | title=PH condemns North Korea's rocket launch—DFA |publisher= [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]| date=12 December 2012 | access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mae.ro/en/node/17137 | title=MFA press release on launch by the DPRK of a satellite using ballistic missile technology | date=12 December 2012 | access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia voices 'deep regret' over North Korea rocket launch|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-russia-launch-idUSBRE8BB09N20121212|work=Reuters|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-russia-launch-idUSBRE8BB09N20121212 "Russia voices "deep regret" over North Korea rocket launch"]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=North Korean Missile Said to Have Military Purpose |author=Choe Sang-Hun |url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/world/asia/north-korean-rocket-had-military-purpose-seoul-says.xml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216141851/http://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/world/asia/north-korean-rocket-had-military-purpose-seoul-says.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 December 2012 |access-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=北韓發射火箭 馬英九總統：不智！|url=http://www.nownews.com/2012/12/12/91-2881650.htm|access-date=12 December 2012|newspaper=NOW News|date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/12/north-korea-rocket-launch-condemnation|title=North Korea rocket launch provokes widespread condemnation|work=The Guardian|first=Tania|last=Branigan|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2012/12/12/obama-north-korea-missile-launch-tommy-vietor/1762927/|title=U.S. condemns North Korea missile launch|first=David|last=Jackson|work=USA Today|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gov.vn/Home/VN-raises-concern-over-DPRKs-coming-satellite-lauch/201212/16474.vgp |title=VGP News | VN raises concern over DPRK's coming satellite {{sic|lauch|hide=y}} |publisher=News.gov.vn |access-date=2012-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402232947/http://news.gov.vn/Home/VN-raises-concern-over-DPRKs-coming-satellite-lauch/201212/16474.vgp |archive-date= 2 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Pada 12 Desember 2012, Kwangmyŏngsng-3 diluncurkan dari [[Sohae Satellite Launching Ground]] pada 00:49:46 UTC (09:49 KST). [[Komando Pertahanan Luar Angkasa Amerika Utara]] mampu melacak roket saat itu. Tahap pertama menghantam lautan 200 kilometer (120 mil) di lepas pantai barat Korea Selatan pada 00:58, dengan fairing turun satu menit kemudian 100 kilometer (62 mil) downrange. Pada 01:01, roket terbang di atas Okinawa, dengan tahap kedua menghantam 300 kilometer (190 mil) timur [[Filipina]] empat menit kemudian. Selama pendakian roket melakukan manuver untuk meningkatkan kemiringan cukup untuk mencapai [[orbit sinkron matahari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-korea-north-nato-idUKBRE8BB0EJ20121212|title=NATO calls North Korea rocket launch "provocative"|access-date=12 December 2012|date=12 December 2012|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=bbc-20121212>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20690762 |title=North Korea rocket: International reaction |publisher=BBC |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="oosa">{{cite report |author=Permanent Mission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the United Nations |date=24 January 2013 |title=Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space: Note verbale dated 22 January 2013 from the Permanent Mission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General |url=http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/regdocs/ser662E.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>
Satelit dikerahkan ke orbit kutub sinkron matahari dengan puncak 584 kilometer (363 mi), [[perigee]] 499 kilometer (310 mi), [[kemiringan orbit]] 97,4 derajat, dan [[periode orbit]] 95 menit dan 29 detik. [[Pesawat ruang angkasa]] terpisah dari tahap ketiga roket pada 00:59:13; sembilan menit dan 27 detik setelah [[lepas landas]].
[[US Space Command]] mulai melacak tiga objek dari peluncuran, memberikan Kwangmyongsong-3 [[Satelit Katalog Nomor]] 39.026 dan [[designator internasional]] 2012-072A. Mereka kemudian mulai melacak objek keempat yang terkait dengan peluncuran tersebut.
Hari berikutnya, para pejabat AS yang melacak satelit itu melaporkan bahwa satelit itu tampaknya "jatuh di luar kendali" di orbitnya. Namun sumber Korea Utara mengatakan bahwa satelit itu mengorbit secara normal. Data yang dikumpulkan oleh [[Spanyol]], [[Italia]] dan [[Inggris]] menunjukkan kecerahan satelit telah berfluktuasi, yang menunjukkan itu jatuh saat mengorbit.
Pakar rudal Korea Selatan memeriksa komponen rudal dari dua tahap roket yang jatuh kembali ke Bumi. Awalnya mereka melaporkan komponen-komponen itu berkualitas buruk dan beberapa buatan luar negeri. Pemeriksaan lebih lanjut mengungkapkan bahwa sebagian besar komponen diproduksi di dalam negeri di Korea Utara. Mereka efektif untuk peluncuran, tetapi sebagian besar ditemukan mentah, tidak dapat diandalkan, dan tidak efisien. Desain roket didasarkan pada teknologi yang lebih tua dari tahun 1960-an dan 70-an. Desain mesin roket hampir identik dengan yang dibangun di [[Iran]].
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://n2yo.com/?s=39026 Live time satellite tracking]
* [http://isssp.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2013-R-20-North-Koreas-Successful-Space-Launch.pdf NORTH KOREA’S SUCCESSFUL SPACE LAUNCH]
* [http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/206177/north-koreas-juche-rocket/ North Korea’s Juche Rocket]
* [http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/206037/more-unha-wreckage/ More Unha Wreckage]
* [http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/01/22/2013012201035.html N.Korea Built Rocket 'Mostly on Its Own']
* [https://sg.news.yahoo.com/korea-says-north-rocket-could-fly-10-000-052035992.html N.Korea's latest rocket 'could reach US']
* [http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Unha-2/index.htm North Korea's impressive space launch vehicle "Unha-2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221035434/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Unha-2/index.htm |date=2016-02-21 }}
* [http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/proliferation-pathways-north-korean-intercontinental-ballistic-missile/ Proliferation Pathways to a North Korean Intercontinental Ballistic Missile]
* [https://s3.amazonaws.com/ucs-webinars/Summer-Symposium/Missile-webinar-slides-6-19-14.pdf Missile Technology Basics]
* [http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs21schilling.pdf A Revised Assessment of the North Korean KN-08 ICBM]
* [http://spaceflight101.com/north-korea-gears-up-for-orbital-space-launch/ North Korea gears up for orbital space launch]
* [http://spaceflight101.com/north-korea-kms-4-launch-success/ North Korea successfully places Satellite into Orbit]
[[Kategori:Satelit]]
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa yang diluncurkan tahun 2012]]
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