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[[Berkas:Jakarta slumhome 2.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|300px|Rumah di pinggir [[kali]] di Jakarta. (2004)]]
'''Kemiskinan''', merupakan'''kemelaratan''', masalah'''kefakiran'''<ref>{{Kamus|kefakiran}}</ref>, global'''kepapaan'''<ref>{{Kamus|kepapaan}}</ref>, sering'''kekedanaan''', dihubungkan'''kerudinan'''<ref>{{Kamus|rudin}}</ref>, dengan'''kegembelan'''<ref>{{Kamus|gembel}}</ref>, '''kebansatan'''<ref>{{Kamus|bansat}}</ref>, atau '''prasejahtera''' adalah keadaan saat ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti [[makanan]], kesulitanpakaian, [[tempat berlindung]], pendidikan, dan kekurangan[[kesehatan]]. diKemiskinan berbagaidapat keadaandisebabkan hidupoleh kelangkaan alat pemenuh kebutuhan dasar, ataupun sulitnya akses terhadap pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Kemiskinan merupakan masalah global. Sebagian orang memahami istilah ini secara subyektif dan komparatif, sementara yang lainnya melihatnya dari segi [[moral]] dan evaluatif, dan yang lainnya lagi memahaminya dari sudut ilmiah yang telah [[mapan.]], Istilah "negara berkembang"dan biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada negaralain-negara yang "miskin"lain.
Kemiskinan dipahami dalam berbagai cara. Pemahaman utamanya mencakup:
* Gambaran kekurangan materi, yang biasanya mencakup kebutuhan [[pangan]] sehari-hari, [[sandang]], perumahan, dan pelayanan kesehatan. Kemiskinan dalam arti ini dipahami sebagai situasi kelangkaan barang-barang dan pelayanan dasar.
* Gambaran tentang kebutuhan sosial, termasuk [[keterkucilan sosial]], ketergantungan, dan ketidakmampuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat. Hal ini termasuk [[pendidikan]] dan [[informasi]]. Keterkucilan sosial biasanya dibedakan dari kemiskinan, karena hal ini mencakup masalah-masalah politik dan moral, dan tidak dibatasi pada bidang ekonomi. Gambaran kemiskinan jenis ini lebih mudah diatasi daripada dua gambaran yang lainnya.
* Gambaran tentang kurangnya [[penghasilan]] dan [[kekayaan]] yang memadai. Makna "memadai" di sini sangat berbeda-beda melintasi bagian-bagian [[politik]] dan [[ekonomi]] di seluruh dunia. Gambaran tentang ini dapat diatasi dengan mencari objek penghasilan di luar profesi secara halal. Perkecualian apabila institusi tempatnya bekerja melarang.
[[Berkas:Percent_poverty_world_mapPercent poverty world map.PNG|rightka|250px|thumbjmpl|Peta dunia memperlihatkan persentase manusiamanusi yang hidup di bawah [[batas kemiskinan]] nasional. Perhatikan bahwa garis batas ini sangat berbeda-beda menurut masing-masing negara, sehingga kita sulit membuat perbandingan.]]
[[Berkas:Life_expectancy_world_mapLife expectancy world map.PNG|rightka|250px|thumbjmpl|Peta dunia memperlihatkan [[Tingkat harapan hidup]].]]
[[Berkas:HDImap_currentUN Human Development Report 2008.pngsvg|rightka|250px|thumbjmpl|Peta dunia memperlihatkan [[Indeks pengembanganPembangunan manusiaManusia]].]]
[[Berkas:World_Map_Gini_coefficientWorld Map Gini coefficient.png|thumbjmpl|rightka|250px|Peta dunia memperlihatkan [[Ko-efisien Gini]], sebuah ukuran tentang [[kesenjangan pendapatan]].]]
== Definisi Bank Dunia dan Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa ==
== Mengukur kemiskinan ==
Sementara Bank Dunia dan Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa mendefinisikan :<br/>
[[Berkas:India.Mumbai.01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Orang-orang miskin mencuci baju di [[Mumbai]], [[India]]'' oleh Antônio Milena/ABr''.]]
'''Kemiskinan atau Miskin absolut''' sebagai hidup dengan pendapatan dibawah '''US$2/hari (Rp30.338)'''.<br/>
Meskipun kemiskinan yang paling parah terdapat di dunia bekembang, ada bukti tentang kehadiran kemiskinan di setiap region. Di negara-negara maju, kondisi ini menghadirkan kaum [[tuna wisma]] yang berkelana ke sana kemari dan daerah pinggiran kota dan [[ghetto]] yang miskin. Kemiskinan dapat dilihat sebagai kondisi kolektif masyarakat miskin, atau kelompok orang-orang miskin, dan dalam pengertian ini keseluruhan [[negara]] kadang-kadang dianggap miskin. Untuk menghindari stigma ini, negara-negara ini biasanya disebut sebagai [[negara berkembang]].
dan '''Kemiskinan atau Miskin menengah''' untuk pendapatan dibawah '''US$3,2 per hari (Rp48.541)'''.
== Definisi BPS dan Pemerintah Indonesia ==
<!--When measured, poverty may be [[absolute poverty|absolute]] (also known as [[objective poverty|objective]]) or [[relative poverty]]. Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. An example of an absolute measurement would be the percentage of the population eating less food than is required to sustain the human body (approximately 2000-2500 [[calorie|kilocalories]] per day). Absolute poverty is a condition that applies to people with the lowest incomes, the least education, the lowest social status, the fewest opportunities, etc.
Perhitungan kemiskinan di [[Indonesia]] ditetapkan berdasarkan [[garis]] kemiskinan [[Pemerintah Pusat]]. [[BPS]] menetapkan pendapatan garis kemiskinan sebesar '''Rp535.547/orang/bulan atau Rp17.851/hari'''.
== Mengukur kemiskinan ==
The [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] defines ''[[extreme poverty]]'' as living on less than US$ ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) 1 per day, and ''moderate poverty'' as less than $2 a day. It has been estimated that in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day. The proportion of the [[developing world]]'s population living in extreme economic poverty has fallen from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Much of the improvement has occurred in East and South Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa GDP/capita shrank with 14 percent and extreme poverty increased from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001. Other regions have seen little or no change. In the early 1990s the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income. Poverty rates rose to 6 percent at the end of the decade before beginning to recede. [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html] There are various crticisms of these measurments.[http://socialanalysis.org/][http://www.transnational.org/features/chossu_worldbank.html]
[[Berkas:India.Mumbai.01.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|''Gambaran kemiskinan di [[Mumbai]], [[India]]'' oleh Antônio Milena/ABr''.]]
<!--{{ImageStackRight|220|
[[Berkas:Percentage population undernourished world map.PNG|thumb|right|Persentase dari polpulasi yg mengalami kelaparan, [[World Food Programme]], 2006]]
Other indicators of absolute poverty are also improving. [[Life expectancy]] has greatly increased in the developing world since [[World War II|WWII]] and is starting to close the gap to the developed world where the improvement has been smaller. Even in Sub-Saharan Africa, the least developed region, life expectancy increased from 30 years before World War II to about a peak of about 50 years before the AIDS pandemic and other diseases started to force it down to the current level of 47 years. [[Child mortality]] has decreased in every developing region of the world [http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=2429]. The proportion of the world's population living in countries where per-capita food supplies are less than 2,200 [[calorie]]s (9,200 [[kilojoule]]s) per day decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Between 1950 and 1999, global literacy increased from 52% to 81% of the world. Women made up much of the gap: Female literacy as a percentage of male literacy has increased from 59% in 1970 to 80% in 2000. The percentage of children not in the labor force has also risen to over 90% in 2000 from 76% in 1960. There are similar trends for electric power, cars, radios, and telephones per capita, as well as the proportion of the population with access to clean water.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb]
[[Berkas:Percentage population living on less than 1 dollar day 2007-2008.png|thumb|right|Persentase populasi yg hidup dg pendapatan di bawah 1 dolar per hari. Perkiraan [[PBB]] 1990-2005.]]
Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on [[social context]]. In this case, the number of people counted as poor could increase while their income rise. A relative measurement would be to compare the total wealth of the poorest 1/3 of the population with the total wealth of richest 1% of the population. There are several different [[income inequality metrics]], one example is the [[Gini coefficient]]. Relative poverty is a condition that is measured by comparing one group’s situation to the situations of those who are more advantaged.
[[Berkas:Percent poverty world map.png|thumb|right|Persentase populasi yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan nasional masing masing negara.]]
In many developed countries, the official definition of poverty used for statistical purposes is based on relative income. As such many critics argue that poverty statistics measure inequality rather than material deprivation or hardship. Furthermore, they are usually based on a person's yearly income and frequently take no account of total wealth. The main [[poverty line]] used in the [[OECD]] and the [[European Union]] is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 50% of the median household income. The US poverty line is more arbitrary. It was created in 1963-64 and was based on the dollar costs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's "economy food plan" multiplied by a factor of three. The multiplier was based on research showing that food costs then accounted for about one third of the total money income. This one-time calculation has since been annually updated for inflation.[http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/faq.shtml]
[[Berkas:Life Expectancy 2007 Est. CIA World Factbook.PNG|right|thumb|[[Harapan Hidup]].]]
[[Income inequality]] for the world as a whole may be diminishing.[http://www.columbia.edu/~xs23/papers/worldistribution/NYT_november_27.htm]
[[Berkas:UN Human Development Report 2007 (2).svg|thumb|right|[[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]].]]
Even if poverty may be lessening for the world as a whole, it continues to be an enormous problem:
[[Berkas:Gini Coefficient World Human Development Report 2007-2008.png|thumb|right|[[Koefisien Gini]], pengukuran [[Kesenjangan sosial]].]]
* One third of deaths - some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day - are due to poverty-related causes. That's 270 million people since 1990, the majority women and children, roughly equal to the population of the US.
}}-->
* Every year nearly 11 million children die before their fifth birthday.
Kemiskinan bisa dikelompokan dalam dua kategori, yaitu [[kemiskinan absolut]] dan [[kemiskinan relatif]]. Kemiskinan absolut mengacu pada satu set standard yang konsisten, tidak terpengaruh oleh waktu dan tempat / negara. Sebuah contoh dari pengukuran absolut adalah persentase dari populasi yang makan di bawah jumlah yg cukup menopang kebutuhan tubuh manusia (kira kira 2000-2500 kalori per hari untuk laki laki dewasa).
* 800 million people go to bed hungry every night.
* The three richest people in the world control more wealth than all 600 million people living in the world's poorest countries.[http://www.millenniumcampaign.org/site/pp.asp?c=grKVL2NLE&b=185518]
[[World Bank Group|Bank Dunia]] mendefinisikan [[Kemiskinan absolut]] sebagai hidup dg pendapatan di bawah [[Dolar Amerika Serikat|Dolar Amerika Serikat (USD)]] $1/hari dan ''Kemiskinan menengah'' untuk pendapatan di bawah $2 per hari, dg batasan ini maka diperkiraan pada 2001 1,1 miliar orang didunia mengonsumsi kurang dari $1/hari dan 2,7 miliar orang didunia mengonsumsi kurang dari $2/hari."<ref name="worldbank-Poverty">[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty]</ref> Proporsi penduduk negara berkembang yang hidup dalam Kemiskinan ekstrem telah turun dari 28% pada 1990 menjadi 21% pada 2001.<ref name="worldbank-Poverty" /> Melihat pada periode 1981-2001, persentase dari penduduk dunia yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan $1 dolar/hari telah berkurang separuh. Tetapi, nilai dari $1 juga mengalami penurunan dalam kurun waktu tersebut.
==Causes of poverty==
{{Unreferencedsect}}
[[Image:P7032101_small2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A [[Homelessness|homeless]] Frenchman.]]
Meskipun kemiskinan yang paling parah terdapat di dunia bekembang, ada bukti tentang kehadiran kemiskinan di setiap region. Di negara-negara maju, kondisi ini menghadirkan kaum [[tuna wisma]] yang berkelana ke sana kemari dan daerah pinggiran kota dan [[ghetto]] yang miskin. Kemiskinan dapat dilihat sebagai kondisi kolektif masyarakat miskin, atau kelompok orang-orang miskin, dan dalam pengertian ini keseluruhan [[negara]] kadang-kadang dianggap miskin. Untuk menghindari stigma ini, negara-negara ini biasanya disebut sebagai [[negara berkembang]].
Many different factors have been cited to explain why poverty occurs. However, no single explanation has gained universal acceptance at all. The factors that have been alleged to cause poverty include the following:
Kemiskinan tidak bisa dipahami dengan menggunakan satu dimensi atau satu indikator saja. Kemiskinan sangat kompleks, sehingga diperlukan indikator atau ukuran yang multidimensi. Indikator yang banyak digunakan adalah indikator global dengan menggunakan pendekatan moneter seperti garis kemiskinan yang digunakan oleh World Bank dengan batas USD 1.25 ''Purchasing Power Parity'' (PPP) atau melalui pendekatan konsumsi dasar (''basic need'') yang digunakan pula di Indonesia.<ref>Prakarsa. 2015. Penghitungan Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi Indonesia 2012-2024. </ref> Sementara itu, pendekatan tersebut hanya melihat indikator pendapatan atau konsumsi yang dilakukan masyarakat dan menurut Sen (2000) dianggap belum menangkap akar permasalahan kemiskinan yang sebenarnya.<ref>Sen, Amartya. 2000. “Social Exclusion: Concept, Application, and Scrutiny”. Manila: Office of Environment and Social Development, Asia Development Bank </ref>
* State discrimination and [[corruption]]. Abuse of public power.
* Lack of social integration. [[Competition]] instead of cooperation.
* [[Crime]].
* [[Substance abuse]]
* [[Procrastination]]
* Natural factors such as [[climate]] or [[Environmental science|environment]].
* [[History|Historical]] factors, for example [[imperialism]] and [[colonialism]].
* [[Overpopulation]]. Note that population growth slows or even become negative as poverty is reduced due to the [[demographic transition]].
* [[War]], including [[civil war]], [[genocide]], [[democide]], and [[politicide]].
* Lack of [[education]] and skills.
* [[Matthew effect]]— the phenomenon, widely observed across advanced welfare states, that the middle classes tend to be the main beneficiaries of social benefits and services, even if these are primarily targeted at the poor.
* Cultural causes, which attribute poverty to common patterns of life, learned or shared within a [[community]]. For example, some have argued that [[protestantism]] contributed to economic growth during the industrial revolution.
* Individual beliefs, actions and choices.
* Mental [[diseases]], such as [[Autism]], and [[Schizophrenia]].
* Excessive [[economic materialism|materialism]]
Untuk melihat persoalan kemiskinan secara holistik, dikembangkan IKM (Indeks Kemsikinan Multidimensi). Konsep tersebut pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Oxford Poverty and Human Initiative (OPHI) berkolaborasi dengan Nation Development Programme (UNDP) pada tahun 2010. Tujuan utama dari dikembangkannya konsep tersebut adalah untuk memetakan indikator-indikator kemiskinan secara lebih komprehensif dan jelas. Hasilnya, ketika diadposi di Indonesia, ada tiga indikator yang digunakan untuk memahami persoalan kemiskinan, yaitu kesehatan, pendidikan, dan standar kualitas hidup.<ref>Prakarsa. 2015. Penghitungan Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi Indonesia 2012-2024. </ref> Indikator-indikator tersebut menunjukan bahwa pedekatan moneter dan konsumsi saja tidak cukup untuk memberikan gambaran yang jelas tentang kemiskinan, diperlukan indikator-indikator lain seperti kesehatan, pendidikan, dan standar kualitas hidup.
===Acute causes of poverty===
; [[Warfare]] : The material and human destruction caused by warfare is a major development problem. For example, from 1990 to 1993, the period encompassing [[Desert Storm]], [[per capita GDP]] in [[Iraq]] fell from $3500 to $761. The drop in average income, while a striking representation of the drop in the well-being of the average Iraqi citizen in the aftermath of the war, fails to capture the broader affects of damages to the infrastructure and social services, such as health care and access to clean water.
; [[Agricultural cycle]]s : People who rely on fruits and vegetables that they produce for household food consumption (subsistence farmers) often go through cycles of relative abundance and scarcity. For many families that rely on subsistence production for survival, the period immediately prior to harvest is a 'hungry period.' During these periods of scarcity, many families lack sufficient resources to meet their minimal nutritional needs. Being familiar with these cycles has enabled development practitioners to anticipate and prepare for periods of acute need for assistance.
; [[Natural disaster]]s : Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes and earthquakes have devastated communities throughout the world. Developing countries often suffer much more extensive and acute crises at the hands of natural disasters, because limited resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms for responding to crises.
==Eliminating poverty==
[[Image:Bomj1-1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A group of impoverished Russians butchering a dog for food.]]
In [[politics]], the fight against poverty is usually regarded as a social goal and many governments have — secondarily at least — some dedicated institutions or departments.
===Economic growth ===
*The anti-poverty strategy of the [[World Bank]] [http://www.worldbank.org/poverty] depends heavily on reducing poverty through the promotion of [[economic growth]]. However, some consider this approach does not actively or directly work to reduce or eliminate poverty.
The World Bank argues that an overview of many studies show that:
**Growth is fundamental for poverty reduction, and in principle growth as such does not seem to affect inequality.
**Growth accompanied by progressive distributional change is better than growth alone.
**High initial income inequality is a brake on poverty reduction.
**Poverty itself is also likely to be a barrier for poverty reduction; and wealth inequality seems to predict lower future growth rates.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPGI/0,,contentMDK:20263370~menuPK:342777~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:342771,00.html]
*Research on the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] suggests that a set of economic conditions which have been termed "economic freedom" help increase growth and reduce poverty.
*Business groups see the reduction of barriers to the creation of new businesses [http://www.doingbusiness.org], or reducing barriers for existing business, as having the effect of bringing more people into the formal economy.
===Direct aid===
*The government can directly help those in need. This has been applied in most Western societies during the 20th century in what became known as the [[welfare state]]. Especially for those most at risk, such as the elderly and people with disabilities. The help can be for example monetary or food aid.
*Private charity. This is often formally encouraged within the legal system. For example, [[charitable trust]]s and tax deductions for charity.
===Improving the social environment and abilities of the poor===
*[[Affordable housing]] development and urban regeneration.
*Affordable education.
*Affordable health care.
*Providing help in finding employment.
*Subsidizing employment of groups that have difficulty finding work otherwise.
*Encouraging political participation and [[community organizing]].
===Millennium Development Goals===
Eradication of extreme poverty and [[hunger]] by 2015 is a [[Millennium Development Goals|Millennium Development Goal]]. In addition to broader approaches, the [[Jeffrey Sachs|Sachs]] Report (for the UN Millennium Project) [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/] proposes a series of "quick wins", approaches identified by development experts which would cost relatively little but could have a major constructive effect on world poverty. The quick wins are:
* Eliminating school fees.
* Providing soil nutrients to farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.
* [[Free school meal]]s for schoolchildren.
* Supporting breast-feeding.
* Deworming school children in affected areas.
* Training programmes for community health in rural areas.
* Providing mosquito nets.
* Ending user fees for basic health care in developing countries.
* Access to information on sexual and reproductive health.
* Drugs for AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
* Upgrading slums, and providing land for public housing.
* [[Rural electrification|Access to electricity]], water and sanitation.
* Legislation for women’s rights, including rights to property.
* Action against domestic violence.
* Appointing government scientific advisors in every country.
* Planting trees.
[http://www.borgenproject.org/ The Borgen Project] points out that while the U.S. government spends over $230 billion dollars a year on military contracts, $40-$60 billion a year is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of ending severe poverty by 2015. [http://www.borgenproject.org/Ending_poverty.html]
===Other approaches===
Most developed nations send some aid to developing nations. Polls have shown that, on average, Americans believe that 24% of the federal budget goes to development assistance. In reality, less than 1% of the budget goes to this.[http://www.borgenproject.org/]
Most developing countries have produced [[Poverty Reduction Strategy]] papers or PRSPs [http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/prsp.asp].
Inequality can be reduced by [[progressive taxation]], [[wealth tax]], and/or [[inheritance tax]].
Some argue for a radical change of the economic system. There are several proposals for a fundamental restructuring of existing economic relations, and many of their supporters argue that their ideas would reduce or even eliminate poverty entirely if they were implemented. Such proposals have been put forward by both left-wing and right-wing groups:[[socialism]], [[communism]], [[anarchism]], [[libertarianism]] and [[participatory economics]], among others.
In [[law]], there has been a movement to seek to establish the absence of poverty as a [[human right]].
In his book [http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/endofpoverty/ "The End of Poverty"] [http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1034738,00.html], world renowned economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]] laid out a lucid plan to eradicate global poverty by the year 2025. Following his doctrine, international organizations such as the [http://www.globalsolidaritynetwork.org Global Solidarity Network] are helping end poverty working with governments and partners to help eradicate poverty worldwide with known, proven, reliable, and appropriate interventions in the areas of housing, food, education, basic health, agricultural inputs, safe drinking water, transportation and communications.
==Debates about poverty==
[[Image:Jakarta_slumlife65.JPG|thumb|left|A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] shows his find.]]
The underlying causes of poverty and the elimination thereof are a controversial, [[politicized issue]]. Those with [[right wing]] views may consider that poverty results from personal choices or preferences, the breakdown of "[[traditional values]
== Diskusi tentang kemiskinan ==
Kemiskinan dipelajari oleh banyak ilmu, seperti ilmu sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya.
* Dalam sebuah lingkungan belajar, terutama murid yang lebih kecil yang berasal dari keluarga miskin, kebutuhan dasar mereka seperti yang dijelaskan oleh [[Abraham Maslow]] dalam [[hirarki kebutuhan Maslow]]; kebutuhan ini beralih ke kemiskinan pada umumnya, yaitu [[efek Matthew]].
* Dalam [[ekonomi]], dua jenis kemiskinan dipertimbangkan: [[kemiskinan absolut]] dan [[kemiskinan relatif|relatif]].
* Dalam [[politik]], perlawanan terhadap kemiskinan biasanya dianggap sebagai tujuan sosial dan banyak pemerintahan telah berupaya mendirikan institusi atau departemen. Pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh badan-badan ini kebanyakan terbatas hanya dalam [[sensus]] dan pengidentifikasian tingkat pendapatan di bawah di mana warga negara dianggap miskin. Penanggulangan aktif termasuk rencana perumahan, [[pensiun]] sosial, kesempatan kerja khusus, dll. Beberapa ideologi seperti [[Marxisme]] menyatakan bahwa para ekonomis dan politisi bekerja aktif untuk menciptakan kemiskinan. Teori lainnya menganggap kemiskinan sebagai tanda [[sistem ekonomi]] yang gagal dan salah satu penyebab utama [[kejahatan]].
* Dalam [[hukum]], telah ada gerakan yang mencari pendirian "[[hak manusia]]" universal yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan kemiskinan.
* Dalam [[pendidikan]], kemiskinan mempengaruhi kemampuan murid untuk belajar secara efektif dalam sebuah lingkungan belajar. Terutama murid yang lebih kecil yang berasal dari keluarga miskin, kebutuhan dasar mereka seperti yang dijelaskan oleh [[Abraham Maslow]] dalam [[hirarki kebutuhan Maslow]]; kebutuhan akan [[keamanan]] dan rumah yang stabil, pakaian, dan jadwal makan yang teratur membayangi kemampuan murid-murid ini untuk belajar. Lebih jauh lagi, dalam lingkungan pendidikan ada istilah untuk menggambarkan fenomen "yang kaya akan tambah kaya dan yang miskin bertambah miskin" (karena berhubungan dengan pendidikan, tetapi beralih ke kemiskinan pada umumnya) yaitu [[efek Matthew]].
Perdebatan yang berhubungan dalam keadaan [[capital manusia]] dan [[capital individual]] seseorang cenderung untuk memfokuskan kepada akses [[capital instructional]] dan [[capital social]] yang tersedia hanya bagi mereka yang terdidik dalam sistem formal.
== Kemiskinan dunia ==
Deklarasi Copenhagen menjelaskan kemiskinan absolut sebagai "sebuah kondisi yang dicirikan dengan kekurangan parah kebutuhan dasar manusia, termasuk [[makanan]], [[air minum]] yang aman, fasilitas [[sanitasi]], kesehatan, rumah, pendidikan, dan informasi."
[[Bank Dunia]] menggambarkan "sangat miskin" sebagai orang yang hidup dengan pendapatan kurang dari [[Dolar ASPPP|ASPPP$]]1 per hari, dan "miskin" dengan pendapatan kurang dari AS$[[Dolar PPP|PPP$]]2 per hari. Berdasarkan standar tersebut, 21% dari penduduk dunia berada dalam keadaan "sangat miskin", dan lebih dari setengah penduduk dunia masih disebut "miskin", pada 2001. [http://www.developmentgoals.org/Poverty.htm#percapita]
[http://www.borgenproject.org/ Proyek Borgen] menunjuk pemimpin Amerika memberikan AS$230 milyar per tahun kepada kontraktor militer, dan hanya AS$19 milyar yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai [http://www.borgenproject.org/Ending_poverty.html tujuan Perkembangan Milenium PBB] untuk mengakhiri kemiskinan parah sebelum 2025.
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Poverty may be seen as the collective condition of poor people, or of poor groups, and in this sense entire [[nation|nation-states]] are sometimes regarded as poor. To avoid stigma these are usually called [[developing nation]]s, but this too is considered [[derogatory]] by some.
Maps of world poverty can be found at [http://www.povertymap.net/ povertymap.net]. There is evidence of poverty in every region. In developed countries, this condition results in wandering [[homelessness|homeless]] people and poor suburbs (with so-called [[bidonville]]s or [[favela]]s) in which poor people are—more or less—restricted to a [[ghetto]]. See [[List of countries by poverty]].
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== Penyebab kemiskinan ==
Kemiskinan banyak dihubungkan dengan:
* penyebab individual, atau patologis, yang melihat kemiskinan sebagai akibat dari perilaku, pilihan, atau kemampuan dari si miskin;. Contoh dari perilaku dan pilihan adalah penggunaan keuangan tidak mengukur pemasukan.
* penyebab keluarga, yang menghubungkan kemiskinan dengan pendidikan keluarga;. Penyebab keluarga juga dapat berupa jumlah anggota keluarga yang tidak sebanding dengan pemasukan keuangan keluarga.
* penyebab sub-budaya ''("subcultural")'', yang menghubungkan kemiskinan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, dipelajari atau dijalankan dalam lingkungan sekitar;. Individu atau keluarga yang mudah tergoda dengan keadaan tetangga adalah contohnya.
* penyebab agensi, yang melihat kemiskinan sebagai akibat dari aksi orang lain, termasuk perang, pemerintah, dan ekonomi;. Contoh dari aksi orang lain lainnya adalah gaji atau honor yang dikendalikan oleh orang atau pihak lain. Contoh lainnya adalah perbudakan.
* penyebab struktural, yang memberikan alasan bahwa kemiskinan merupakan hasil dari struktur sosial.
Meskipun diterima luas bahwa kemiskinan dan pengangguran adalah sebagai akibat dari kemalasan, namun di [[Amerika Serikat]] (negeranegara terkaya per kapita di dunia) misalnya memiliki jutaan masyarakat yang diistilahkan sebagai [[pekerja miskin]]; yaitu, orang yang tidak [[sejahtera]] atau rencana bantuan publik, namun masih gagal melewati atas [[garis kemiskinan]].
== Menghilangkan kemiskinan ==
Tanggapan utama terhadap kemiskinan adalah:
* Bantuan kemiskinan, atau membantu secara langsung kepada orang miskin. Ini telah menjadi bagian pendekatan dari masyarakat Eropa sejak jamanzaman pertengahan. Di Indonesia salah satunya berbentuk BLT.
* Bantuan terhadap keadaan individu. Banyak macam kebijakan yang dijalankan untuk mengubah situasi orang miskin berdasarkan perorangan, termasuk hukuman, pendidikan, kerja sosial, pencarian kerja, dan lain-lain.
* Persiapan bagi yang lemah. Daripada memberikan bantuan secara langsung kepada orang miskin, banyak [[negara sejahtera]] menyediakan bantuan untuk orang yang dikategorikan sebagai orang yang lebih mungkin miskin, seperti orang tua atau orang dengan ketidakmampuan, atau keadaan yang membuat orang miskin, seperti kebutuhan akan [[perawatan kesehatan]]. Persiapan bagi yang lemah juga dapat berupa pemberian pelatihan sehingga nanti yang bersangkutan dapat membuka usaha secara mandiri.
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*Strategic intervention. Many people have argued that poor people can be helped to change their circumstances through focusing on selected, specific measures. Examples have included political participation, urban regeneration and the development of [[social capital]].
*Economic development. The anti-poverty strategy of the [http://www.worldbank.org/poverty World Bank] depends heavily on preventing poverty through the promotion of economic growth. It is often argued that "a rising tide lifts all boats," though as critics comment, it can also sink those that are held down.
*Renewable Energy. Solar, wind, waves energy now are cheap and every little village of the world can have the energy for its own development with little cost.
*Technology and progress. Thanks to technology and progress most of the problems can be solved easily. The same for illness.
*The Internet. Thanks to the internet now all the people of the world have a voice and can communicate with little cost. A single doctor can open a hospital and through the internet he can get the help of specialists of bigger structures (for example MSF). It is the same for teachers and fair trade organizations. They are not alone in the desert of poverty.
Many societies at various times have tried to eliminate poverty, through numerous measures including [[education]], [[industrialization]], and through forms of [[social welfare]]. A true solution has remained elusive.
==Debates about poverty==
Poverty is a highly [[political]] issue. People with [[right wing]] views often see it as related to [[laziness]], a lack of [[family planning]] or too much interference of government. People with [[left wing]] views see it more in terms of [[social justice]] and lack of opportunity in [[education]]. It is a highly complex issue in which various factors often play a part.
The condition in itself is not always considered negatively, even if this is the prevalent interpretation: some cultural or religious groups consider poverty an ideal condition to live in, a condition necessary in order to reach certain spiritual or intellectual states. Poverty in this sense is understood as the lack of material possessions. For some orders this is equivalent to [[voluntary simplicity]]: [[Mother Teresa]] said that the vow "frees us from all material possessions". However the vow of poverty traditionally goes beyond that: the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s "lived a life of voluntary poverty, exposing themselves to innumerable dangers and sufferings, for the salvation of others." ([[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]], 1217).
There are also several different ways to measure poverty. See [[income inequality metrics]].
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== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* Frances Fox Piven, Richard A. Cloward, ''Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare'', Vintage Books 1993
* Jean Swanson, ''Poor-Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion'', 2001
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Siklus kemiskinan]]
* [[Pekerja miskin]]
* [[Perbedaan pendapatan]]
* [[Upah minimum]]
* [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]]
* [[Daftar negara menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://ditpk.bappenas.go.id/ ditpk.bappenas.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012054041/http://ditpk.bappenas.go.id/ |date=2010-10-12 }} — Direktorat Penanggulangan Kemiskinan BAPPENAS
*[http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ Make Poverty History] — Campaign dealing with fighting poverty.
* [http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ Make Poverty History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916042045/http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ |date=2004-09-16 }} — Campaign dealing with fighting poverty.
*[http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty Poverty] — The Development Gateway community portal on Poverty is a comprehensive collection of articles, reports, data, statistics, projects and other resources.
* [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217153936/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/ |date=2005-02-17 }} — The Development Gateway community portal on Poverty is a comprehensive collection of articles, reports, data, statistics, projects and other resources.
*[http://www.povertynet.org/ PovertyNet] — PovertyNet from The World Bank Group provides an introduction to key issues as well as in-depth information on poverty measurement, monitoring, analysis, and on poverty reduction strategies for researchers and practitioners.
*[http://www.cgdev.org Center for Global Development] — The Center for Global Development is a Washington, D.C. policy center pursuing research-based, actionable ideas for the fight against global poverty.
*[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us65566/us63968/ LookSmart — Poverty Issues] directory category
*[http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Poverty/ Open Directory Project — Poverty Issues] directory category
*[http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Issues_and_Causes/Poverty/ Yahoo! — Poverty Issues and Causes] directory category
*[http://www.liberaassociazioneilpopolo.it/inglese/index.html 2010: Poverty Elimination] proposes a nine-step poverty elimination plan. The first historycal global campaign for poverty elimination that changed the mentality from "poverty reduction" to "poverty elimination". A work published for free in internet with a similar Wikipedia method with the contibution and the approval of more of 200.000 people, translated in several languages and that more than 25 milion people read.
*[http://www.iddc.org.uk International Disability and Development Consortium] Network of NGOs and disability organisations
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[[Kategori:Sosioekonomi]]
[[Kategori:Keadilan sosial]]
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[[af:Armoede]]
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[[en:Poverty]]
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[[fi:Köyhyys]]
[[fr:Pauvreté]]
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