Gugur kandungan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 31 Januari 2023 21.39 lihat sumber Future Changer ID (bicara \| kontrib) 720 suntingan →‎Akibat Abortus Provokatus Kriminalis: Pengembangan artikel Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 4 Maret 2024 23.39 lihat sumber Medelam (bicara \| kontrib) Pengecualian blokir IP, Peninjau, Pengembali revisi 279.983 suntingan kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan
(8 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 19: <!-- Methods and safety --> Dikatakan bahwa aborsi di negara-[[negara maju]], yang mengizinkannya merupakan salah satu prosedur medis yang paling aman dalam bidang kedokteran.<ref name="lancet-grimes">{{Cite journal \|last1=Grimes \|first1=DA \|last2=Benson \|first2=J \|last3=Singh \|first3=S \|last4=Romero \|first4=M \|last5=Ganatra \|first5=B \|last6=Okonofua \|first6=FE \|last7=Shah \|first7=IH \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6 \|title=Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic \|journal=The Lancet \|volume=368 \|issue=9550 \|pages=1908–1919 \|year=2006 \|pmid=17126724 \|url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_4.pdf \|format=PDF \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2011-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040442/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_4.pdf \|dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Ray2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Raymond \|first1=EG \|last2=Grossman \|first2=D \|last3=Weaver \|first3=MA \|last4=Toti \|first4=S \|last5=Winikoff \|first5=B \|title=Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States \|journal=Contraception \|date=November 2014 \|volume=90 \|issue=5 \|pages=476–479 \|pmid=25152259 \|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012}}</ref> Metode-metode modern memanfaatkan obat atau bedah dalam pelaksanaan aborsi.<ref name=1st_Methods>{{cite journal \|last1=Kulier \|first1=R \|last2=Kapp \|first2=N \|last3=Gülmezoglu \|first3=AM \|last4=Hofmeyr \|first4=GJ \|last5=Cheng \|first5=L \|last6=Campana \|first6=A \|title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion. \|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \|date=9 November 2011 \|issue=11 \|pages=CD002855 \|pmid=22071804 \|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4}}</ref> Obat mifepriston dikombinasikan dengan [[prostaglandin]] kemungkinan sama aman dan efektifnya dengan bedah selama trimester pertama dan kedua kehamilan.<ref name=1st_Methods/><ref name=Kapp2013/> [[Pengaturan kelahiran]], seperti pil atau [[Intrauterine device (IUD)\|alat intrauterin]], mungkin saja digunakan segera setelah aborsi.<ref name=Kapp2013>{{cite journal\|last1=Kapp \|first1=N \|last2=Whyte \|first2=P \|last3=Tang \|first3=J \|last4=Jackson \|first4=E \|last5=Brahmi \|first5=D \|title=A review of evidence for safe abortion care \|journal=Contraception \|date=September 2013 \|volume=88 \|issue=3 \|pages=350–63 \|pmid=23261233 \|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027}}</ref> Dilaporkan bahwa abortus provokatus, jika dilakukan secara aman dan legal, tidak meningkatkan risiko terkait masalah fisik ataupun [[kesehatan mental\|mental]] pada jangka panjang.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Sebaliknya, aborsi yang tidak aman mengakibatkan 47.000 [[kematian maternal\|kematian]] dan 5 juta kasus perawatan di rumah sakit setiap tahunnya.<ref name=BMJ2014>{{Cite journal \|last1=Lohr \|first1=PA \|last2=Fjerstad \|first2=M \|last3=Desilva \|first3=U \|last4=Lyus \|first4=R \|title=Abortion \|journal = BMJ \| volume = 348 \| page = f7553 \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.1136/bmj.f7553}}</ref><ref name="OBGY09">{{Cite journal \|last1=Shah \|first1=I \|last2=Ahman \|first2=E \|title=Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges \|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada \|volume=31 \|issue=12 \|pages=1149–58 \|date=December 2009 \|pmid=20085681 \|url=http://www.sogc.org/jogc/abstracts/full/200912_WomensHealth_1.pdf \|format=PDF \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212405/http://www.sogc.org/jogc/abstracts/full/200912_WomensHealth_1.pdf \|archivedate=16 July 2011 \|df=dmy }}</ref> [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] merekomendasikan tersedianya aborsi yang aman dan legal bagi semua wanita.<ref name=WHOPolicy2012>{{cite book \|author=World Health Organization \|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems \|date=2012 \|publisher=World Health Organization \|location=Geneva \|isbn=9789241548434 \|page=8 \|edition=2nd \|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1 \|format=PDF \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2015-01-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116223512/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1 \|dead-url=no }}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Sekitar 56 juta aborsi terjadi setiap tahunnya di seluruh dunia,<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Sedgh\|first1=Gilda\|last2=Bearak\|first2=Jonathan\|last3=Singh\|first3=Susheela\|last4=Bankole\|first4=Akinrinola\|last5=Popinchalk\|first5=Anna\|last6=Ganatra\|first6=Bela\|last7=Rossier\|first7=Clémentine\|last8=Gerdts\|first8=Caitlin\|last9=Tunçalp\|first9=Özge\|last10=Johnson\|first10=Brooke Ronald\|last11=Johnston\|first11=Heidi Bart\|last12=Alkema\|first12=Leontine\|title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends\|journal=The Lancet\|date=May 2016\|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4}}</ref> dengan hampir setengahnya dilakukan secara tidak aman.<ref name="Sedgh 2012">{{Cite journal \|last1=Sedgh \|first1=G. \|last2=Singh \|first2=S. \|last3=Shah \|first3=I. H. \|last4=Åhman \|first4=E. \|last5=Henshaw \|first5=S. K. \|last6=Bankole \|first6=A. \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8 \|title=Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 \|journal=The Lancet \|volume=379 \|issue=9816 \|pages=625–632 \|year=2012 \|pmid=22264435 \|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf \|format=PDF \|quote=Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO. \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2012-02-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043854/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf \|dead-url=no }}</ref> Angka atau tingkat aborsi hanya berubah sedikit antara tahun 2003 dan 2008,<ref name="Sedgh 2012" /> setelah sebelumnya mengalami penurunan selama setidaknya dua dasawarsa karena meningkatnya akses atas pengendalian kelahiran dan [[keluarga berencana]].<ref name="worldtrends2007">{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J \|title=Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends \|journal=Int Fam Plan Perspect \|volume=33 \|issue=3 \|pages=106–116 \|date=September 2007 \|pmid=17938093 \|doi=10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07 \|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2009-08-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819122933/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html \|dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada tahun 2008, 40% wanita di seluruh dunia memiliki akses untuk melakukan aborsi secara legal tanpa batasan tertentu sebagai alasan.<ref name=IJGO10/> Setiap negara yang mengizinkan aborsi memiliki batasan berbeda mengenai seberapa terlambat aborsi kehamilan diperbolehkan.<ref name=IJGO10>{{Cite journal\|vauthors=Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M \|title=Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion \|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics \|volume=110 \|pages=S13–16 \|date=July 2010 \|pmid=20451196 \|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003}}</ref> <!-- History, society and culture --> Sejak zaman kuno, aborsi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat-obatan herbal, benda-benda tajam, dengan [[cedera\|paksaan]], atau juga [[ramuan tradisional\|metode-metode tradisional]] lainnya.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1">{{cite book\|chapter=1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history\|isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5\|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]]\|year=2009\|location=[[Oxford, United Kingdom]]\|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy\|edition=1st\|editors=M Paul, ES Lichtenberg, L Borgatta, DA Grimes, PG Stubblefield, MD Creinin\|first=Carole\|last=Joffe\|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf\|format=PDF\|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62bppK1Iw?url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf\|archivedate=2011-10-21\|deadurl=no\|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> Terdapat perbedaan [[hukum aborsi]] dan [[agama dan aborsi\|pandangan agama]] ataupun budaya di seluruh dunia. Di beberapa wilayah hukum, aborsi dilegalkan dalam kasus tertentu seperti pemerkosaan, [[kelainan bawaan\|masalah pada janin]], [[status sosial ekonomi\|kemiskinan]], risiko pada kesehatan sang ibu, ataupun [[inses]].<ref name="Dev98-07">{{Cite journal \|last1=Boland \|first1=R. \|last2=Katzive \|first2=L. \|doi=10.1363/ifpp.34.110.08 \|title=Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007 \|journal=International Family Planning Perspectives \|volume=34 \|issue=3 \|pages=110–120 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18957353 \|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2011-10-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007221828/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html \|dead-url=no }}</ref> Di berbagai daerah di dunia terjadi banyak [[perdebatan aborsi\|perdebatan]] terkait isu moral, etika, dan hukum dalam hal aborsi.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Nixon\|first1=edited by Frederick Adolf Paola, Robert Walker, Lois LaCivita\|title=Medical ethics and humanities\|date=2010\|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers\|location=Sudbury, Mass.\|isbn=9780763760632\|page=249\|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9pM2pw-2wl4C&pg=PA249\|access-date=2017-01-10\|archive-date=2023-08-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101023/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9pM2pw-2wl4C&pg=PA249\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Johnstone\|first1=Megan-Jane\|title=Bioethics a nursing perspective\|date=2009\|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier\|location=Sydney, N.S.W.\|isbn=9780729578738\|page=228\|edition=5th\|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=EG-Yg1xDYakC&pg=PA228\|quote=Although abortion has been legal in many countries for several decades now, its moral permissibilities continues to be the subject of heated public debate.\|access-date=2017-01-10\|archive-date=2023-08-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810100944/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EG-Yg1xDYakC&pg=PA228\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Mereka yang [[gerakan antiaborsi\|menentang aborsi]] umumnya bersikukuh bahwa embrio ataupun janin adalah seorang pribadi manusia dengan [[hak untuk hidup]] dan mereka menyamakan aborsi dengan suatu [[pembunuhan]].<ref>{{Cite news \|author=Pastor Mark Driscoll \|title=What do 55 million people have in common? \|publisher=Fox News \|date=18 October 2013 \|accessdate=2 July 2014 \|url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ \|archive-date=2014-08-31 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831022138/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ \|dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|first=Dale \|last=Hansen \|title=Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure? \|publisher=Huffington Post \|date=18 March 2014 \|accessdate=2 July 2014 \|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html \|archive-date=2014-07-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230359/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html \|dead-url=no }}</ref> Sedangkan mereka yang mendukung legalitas aborsi umumnya berpandangan bahwa seorang wanita memiliki hak untuk mengambil keputusan atas tubuhnya sendiri.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Sifris\|first1=Ronli Noa\|title=Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture.\|date=2013\|publisher=Taylor and Francis\|location=Hoboken\|isbn=9781135115227\|page=3\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pVWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref> {{TOC limit\|3}} Baris 34: Tindakan aborsi menurut [[Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana\|Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP)]] di Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai tindakan [[kriminal]]. Pasal-pasal KUHP yang mengatur hal ini adalah pasal 299, 341, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, dan 349. Menurut KUHP, aborsi merupakan: * Pengeluaran hasil [[konsepsi]] pada setiap [[stadium]] perkembangannya sebelum masa kehamilan yang lengkap tercapai (38-40 minggu). * Pengeluaran hasil konsepsi sebelum janin dapat hidup di luar kandungan (berat kurang dari 500 gram atau kurang dari 20 minggu).<ref>{{cite book\|last=Astari\|first=Rika\|last2=Triana\|first2=Winda\|date=2018\|url=http://eprints.uad.ac.id/19039/1/Kamus%20Kesehatan_11Nop18.pdf\|title=Kamus Kesehatan Indonesia-Arab\|place=[[Sleman]], [[Yogyakarta]]\|publisher=Trussmedia Grafika\|isbn=978-602-5747-22-9\|edition=\|pages=3\|language=\|coauthors=\|access-date=2022-02-02\|archive-date=2022-05-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528040907/http://eprints.uad.ac.id/19039/1/Kamus%20Kesehatan_11Nop18.pdf\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dari segi [[medikolegal]] maka istilah abortus, keguguran, dan kelahiran prematur mempunyai arti yang sama dan menunjukkan pengeluaran janin sebelum usia kehamilan yang cukup. == Klasifikasi Abortus == Baris 152: === Abortus provokatus / Induced === '''[[Abortus provokatus]]''' merupakan jenis abortus yang sengaja dibuat/dilakukan, yaitu dengan cara menghentikan kehamilan sebelum janin dapat hidup di luar tubuh ibu.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ristica\|first=Octa Dwienda\|last2=Juliarti\|first2=Widya\|date=2015\|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Prinsip_Etika_dan_Moralitas_dalam_Pelaya/4WvkCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Abortus+provocatus+merupakan+jenis+abortus+yang+sengaja+dibuat/dilakukan,&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover\|title=Prinsip Etika dan Moralitas dalam Pelayanan Kebidanan\|publisher=Deepublish\|isbn=9786022806745\|pages=100\|url-status=live\|access-date=2022-02-02\|archive-date=2023-08-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810100949/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Prinsip_Etika_dan_Moralitas_dalam_Pelaya/4WvkCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Abortus+provocatus+merupakan+jenis+abortus+yang+sengaja+dibuat/dilakukan,&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada umumnya bayi dianggap belum dapat hidup di luar [[kandungan]] apabila usia kehamilan belum mencapai 28 minggu, atau [[berat badan]] bayi kurang dari 1000 gram, walaupun terdapat beberapa kasus bayi dengan berat dibawah 1000 gram dapat terus hidup. Pengelompokan Abortus provokatus secara lebih spesifik: * Abortus Provokatus Medisinalis/Artificialis/Therapeuticus, abortus yang dilakukan dengan disertai [[indikasi medik]]. Di Indonesia yang dimaksud dengan [[indikasi medik]] adalah demi menyelamatkan nyawa ibu. Syarat-syaratnya: Baris 213: * [[Mola hidatidosa]]. * [[Penyakit plasenta]] dan [[desidua]], misalnya [[inflamasi]] dan [[degenerasi]]. '''Tanda-tanda Abortus''' beberapa gejala spontan abortus, diantaranya: # panggul terasanya nyeri dan kram # semburan cairan atau abortus spontan, cairan ketuban pecah # serviks yang melebar dan aborsu tidak dapat dihindari # pendarahan uterus # keluarnya jaringan == Alasan untuk melakukan tindakan Abortus Provokatus == Baris 267 ⟶ 276: :Komplikasi yang dapat timbul dengan segera pada pemberian NaCl hipertonik adalah apabila larutan garam masuk ke dalam rongga peritoneum atau ke dalam pembuluh darah dan menimbulkan gejala-gejala konvulsi, penghentian kerja jantung, penghentian pernapasan, atau hipofibrinogenemia. Sedangkan komplikasi yang dapat ditimbulkan pada pemberian prostaglandin antara lain panas, rasa enek, muntah, dan diare. ''' Resiko ~~gangguan~~psikologis mental ''' :Proses aborsi bukan saja suatu proses yang memiliki resiko tinggi dari segi kesehatan dan keselamatan seorang wanita secara fisik, tetapi juga memiliki dampak yang sangat hebat terhadap keadaan mental seorang wanita. Gejala ini dikenal dalam dunia psikologi sebagai “[[Post-Abortion Syndrome]]” ([[Sindrom Paska-Aborsi]]) atau PAS. '''Komplikasi yang dapat timbul pada Janin:''' Baris 384 ⟶ 393: * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus demi keselamatan kehidupan penderita (ibu), seperti di Prancis dan Pakistan. * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi medik, seperti di Kanada, Muangthai dan Swiss. * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi sosio-medik, seperti di Eslandia, Swedia, Inggris, ~~Scandinavia~~Skandinavia, dan India. * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi sosial, seperti di Jepang, Polandia, dan Yugoslavia. * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas permintaan tanpa memperhatikan indikasi-indikasi lainnya (Abortion on requst atau Abortion on demand), seperti di Bulgaris, ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria, USSR, Singapura. * Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi eugenistis (aborsi boleh dilakukan bila fetus yang akan lahir menderita cacat yang serius) misalnya di India * Hukum yang memperbolehkan aborsi atas indikasi humanitarian (misalnya bila hamil akibat perkosaan) seperti di Jepang, Baris 470 ⟶ 479: == Daftar pustaka == Apuranto, H dan Hoediyanto. 2006. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dan Medikolegal. Surabaya: Bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR▼ ▲* Apuranto, H dan Hoediyanto. 2006. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dan Medikolegal. Surabaya: Bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR Chadha, P. Vijay.1995.▼ ▲* Chadha, P. Vijay.1995. :Catatan kuliah ilmu forensic & toksikologi (Hand book of forensic medicine & toxicology Medical jurisprudence). Jakarta: Widya Medika * Dewi, Made Heny Urmila. 1997. :Aborsi Pro dan Kontra di Kalangan Petugas Kesehatan. Jogjakarta: Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan UGM * Prawirohardjo, Sarwono. 2002. :Ilmu Kebidanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo * Pradono, Julianty et al. :Pengguguran yang Tidak Aman di Indonesia, SDKI 1997. Jurnal Epidemiologi Indonesia. Volume 5 Edisi I-2001. hal. 14-19. * Safe Motherhood Newsletter. :Unsafe Abortion – A Worldwide Problem. Issue 28, 2000 (1). * Utomo, Budi et al. :Incidence and Social-Psychological Aspects of Abortion in Indonesia: A Community-Based Survey in 10 Major Cities and 6 Districts, Year 2000. Jakarta: Center for Health Research University of Indonesia, 2001. * World Health Organization. :Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of Incidence of and Mortality due to Unsafe Abortion with a Listing of Available Country Data. Third Edition. Geneva: Division of Reproductive Health (Technical Support) WHO, 1998. Baris 516 ⟶ 526: ;Other OB/GYN textbooks * "Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation calculated from date of onset of last [[menses]]. An alternative definition is delivery of a fetus with a weight of less than 500 g. If abortion occurs before 12 weeks' gestation, it is called early; from 12 to 20 weeks it is called late." {{cite book\|last=Katz\|first=Vern L.\|publisher=[[Mosby (publisher)\|Mosby]]\|year=2007\|edition=5\|title=Katz: Comprehensive Gynecology\|editor1-last=Katz\|editor1-first=Vern L.\|editor2-last=Lentz\|editor2-first=Gretchen M.\|editor3-last=Lobo\|editor3-first=Rogerio A.\|editor4-last=Gershenson\|editor4-first=David M.\|displayeditors=3\|chapter=16. Spontaneous and Recurrent Abortion – Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment\|isbn=978-0-323-02951-3}} * "Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. Because popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, some prefer the word miscarriage to refer to spontaneous fetal loss before viability ... The National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) define abortion as pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks' gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 g. Despite this, definitions vary widely according to state laws." {{cite book\|editor1-last=Schorge\|editor1-first=John O.\|editor2-first=Joseph I.\|editor2-last=Schaffer\|editor3-first=Lisa M.\|editor3-last=Halvorson\|editor4-first=Barbara L.\|editor4-last=Hoffman\|editor5-first=Karen D.\|editor5-last=Bradshaw\|editor6-first=F. Gary\|editor6-last=Cunningham\|year=2008\|title=Williams Gynecology\|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse_u2n9\|edition=1\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical\|isbn=978-0-07-147257-9\|chapter=6. First-Trimester Abortion}} ;Major [[medical dictionaries]] Baris 561 ⟶ 571: \|accessdate=9 April 2014 \|author=Kulczycki, Andrzej \|archive-date=2014-04-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132203/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1 \|dead-url=no }} ;[[English dictionary#Major English dictionaries\|Major English dictionaries]] (general-purpose) * "1. a. The expulsion or removal from the womb of a developing embryo or fetus, spec. (Med.) in the period before it is capable of independent survival, occurring as a result either of natural causes (more fully spontaneous abortion) or of a deliberate act (more fully induced abortion); the early or premature termination of pregnancy with loss of the fetus; an instance of this." {{cite book \|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] \|chapter=abortion, n. \|chapterurl=http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/503 \|edition=Third \|date=September 2009 \|orig-year=online version September 2011 \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2023-08-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810100955/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/abortion_n \|dead-url=no }} * "[A]n operation or other procedure to terminate pregnancy before the fetus is viable" or "[T]he premature termination of pregnancy by spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus". {{cite web \|title=abortion Baris 571 ⟶ 584: \|accessdate=7 October 2012 \|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/abortion \|archive-date=2012-10-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023220614/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/abortion \|dead-url=no }} * "[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." {{cite web Baris 578 ⟶ 594: \|date=27 June 2011 \|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2013-10-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210140/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion \|dead-url=no }} * "1. ''medicine'' the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently, deliberately induced by the use of drugs or by surgical procedures. Also called termination or induced abortion. 2. ''medicine'' the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently. Also called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion." ''Chambers 21st Century Dictionary''. London: Chambers Harrap, 2001. * "a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive". ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', [http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/abortion online edition] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029224903/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/abortion \|date=2013-10-29 }}. ;Other dictionaries * "The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life." {{cite book \|title=The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy \|edition=3rd \|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]] \|year=2005 \|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion \|access-date=2017-01-10 \|archive-date=2013-10-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210140/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion \|dead-url=no }} * "A term that, in philosophy, theology, and social debates, often means the deliberate termination of pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus. However, participants in these debates sometimes use the term abortion simply to mean the termination of pregnancy before birth, regardless of whether the fetus is viable or not." "abortion." ''Dictionary of World Philosophy''. London: Routledge, 2001. * "1. An artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. 2. The spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus before viability;" {{cite book\| last=Garner\| first=Bryan A.\| authorlink=Bryan A. Garner\| title=[[Black's Law Dictionary]]\| edition=9th\|date=June 2009\| publisher=Thomson West\| isbn=978-0-314-19949-2}} Baris 611 ⟶ 631: == Referensi == {{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}} == Lihat pula == * [[Aborsi dan kesehatan mental]] == Pranala luar == {{wikiquotepar\|Abortion}} {{Kehamilan}} [[Kategori:masalah utama dalam etika]] [[Kategori:Kehamilan dan kelahiran]]