Baron von Münchhausen: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sebagai pelayan [[Anthony Ulrich II, Duke dari Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Münchhausen pindah bersama majikannya ke Rusia. Ia memperoleh pangkat [[cornet (pangkat kemiliteran)|cornet]] dalam pasukan kavaleri Rusia ketika Anthony Ulrich menjadi [[jenderal besar]] Rusia pada [[1739]]. Pada [[1740]], Münchhausen dipromosikan menjadi [[letnan]]. Ia ditempatkan di [[Riga]], tetapi ikut serta dalam dua peperangan melawan [[Kerajaan Ottoman]] pada 1740 dan [[1741]]. Ketika Anthony Ulrich dipenjarakan pada 1741, Münchhausen tetap berdinas di militer Rusia. Pada [[1750]], ia memperoleh pangkat [[kapten]] kavaleri.

[[ImageBerkas:dore-munchausen-illustration.jpg|thumbjmpl|Karikatur [[Gustave Doré|Doré]] tentang Münchhausen]]

Cerita-cerita tentang Münchhausen pertama kali dikumpulkan dan diterbitkan oleh seorang pengarang anonim pada [[1781]]. Sebuah versi [[bahasa Inggris]] diterbitkan di London pada [[1785]], oleh [[Rudolf Erich Raspe]], dengan judul ''Baron Munchhausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia'', juga disebut ''The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen''. Namun, banyak dari bahan yang ada di dalamnya dipinjam dari sumber-sumber lain. Sang Baron sendiri sebenarnya dikenal sebagai orang yang sopan dan jujur dalam profesinya dan keberhasilannya. Karena itu, penerbitan Raspe agak merusakkan reputasinya.

Pada [[1786]], [[Gottfried August Bürger]] menerjemahkan cerita-cerita Raspe kembali ke dalam bahasa Jerman, dan memperluasnya. Ia menerbitkannya dengan judul ''Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande: Feldzüge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherrn von Münchhausen'' ("Perjalanan di Air dan Darat yang Ajaib: Peperangan dan Petualangan Lucu Baron von Münchhausen"). Versi Bürger adalah salah satu yang paling dikenal oleh pembaca-pembaca Jerman sekarang.

Tidak jelas berapa banyak bahan cerita ini yang berasal dari sang Baron sendiri. Namun diakui bahwa kebanyakan dari ceritanya didasarkan pada cerita-cerita rakyat yang telah beredar selama berabad-abad sebelum von Münchhausen sendiri dilahirkan.

Von Münchhausen dijadikan obyekobjek berbagai karya seni, namuntetapi kata terakhir dari citra visualnya terdapat dalam edisi bukunya yang diterbitkan pada [[1862]] dan diilustrasikan oleh seniman [[Gustave Doré]], yang juga terkenal karena karyanya yang menggambarkan karangan [[Dante Alighieri]], ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'' dan [[Alkitab]].

[[ImageBerkas:Paul Gustave Doré (1832-1883) - Baron von Münchhausen (1862) - 009.jpg|thumbjmpl|Ilustrasi 9 oleh Doré]]

Pada [[1943]] buku Raspe diadaptasi ke dalam film [[bahasa Jerman|berbahasa Jerman]] ''[[Münchhausen (film 1943)|Münchhausen]]'' yang disutradarai oleh [[Josef von Baky]], dengan [[Hans Albers]] sebagai von Münchhausen dan [[Brigitte Horney]] sebagai Ratu Katharina Aung, dan naskah ditulis oleh [[Erich Kästner]]. Ini adalah film keempat Jerman yang berwarna penuh, yang difilmkan dengan berbagai efek yang menakjubkan untuk waktu itu, serta diproduksi di studio [[Universum Film AG|UFA]].

Pada [[1979]] [[Mark Zakharov]] membuat film Rusia [[That Very Munchausen]], yang mengisahkan kehidupan sang Baron setelah petualangan-petualangan yang digambarkan dalam bukunya, khususnya perjuangannya untuk membuktikan bahwa ia waras.

[[Terry Gilliam]] mengadaptasi cerita-ceritanya ke dalam film tahun [[1988]] yang berjudul ''[[The Adventures of Baron Munchausen]]'', yang dibuat di [[Belchite]], [[Spanyol]]. Filmnya menampilkan [[John Neville]] sebagai sang Baron, dan juga [[Eric Idle]] dari ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]''.

Pada [[1998]] sebuah permainan bercerita dengan banyak peserta berjudul ''The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Münchhausen'' ("Petualangan luar biasa Baron von Münchhausen" dicptakan oleh James Wallis dari Hogshead Publishing. Para pemain permainan ini [[permainan peran|mengambil sebuah peranan]] dari seorang bangsawan dan menantang yang lainnya untuk mengisahkan sebuah cerita [[improvisasi|yang diimprovisasikan]] berdasarkan kata-kata pembukaan yang diberikan oleh seorang pemain lain (misalnya: "Grand Poobah, tolong ceritakan kepada kumpulan kita di sini bagaimana engkau mengalahkan seluruh pasukan Turki sendirian dengan hanya menggunakan sepiring keju dan sebuah pembuka gabus!"). Para pemain lainnya dapat menyisipkan dan menambahkan beberapa komplikasi yang terbatas ke dalam cerita khayal itu kapan saja, dan akhirnya semua memilih siapa pencerita yang terbaik.

*Chapter 1: The Baron relates an account of his first travels —— The astonishing effects of a storm —— Arrives at [[Ceylon]]; combats and conquers two extraordinary opponents —— Returns to [[Holland]].

*Chapter 2: In which the Baron proves himself a good shot —— He loses his horse, and finds a [[wolf]] —— Makes him draw his sledge —— Promises to entertain his company with a relation of such facts as are well deserving their notice

*Chapter 3: An encounter between the Baron's nose and a door-post, with its wonderful effects —— Fifty brace of [[duck]]s and other fowl destroyed by one shot —— Flogs a [[fox]] out of his skin —— Leads an old [[pig|sow]] home in a new way, and vanquishes a wild [[boar]]

*Chapter 4: Reflections on [[Saint Hubert]]'s [[deer|stag]] —— Shoots a stag with cherry-stones; the wonderful effects of it —— Kills a [[bear]] by extraordinary dexterity; his danger pathetically described —— Attacked by a wolf, which he turns inside out —— Is assailed by a mad dog, from which he escapes —— The Baron's cloak seized with madness, by which his whole wardrobe is thrown into confusion

*Chapter 5: The effects of great activity and presence of mind —— A favourite hound described, which pups while pursuing a hare; the hare also litters while pursued by the hound —— Presented with a famous horse by Count Przobossky, with which he performs many extraordinary feats

*Chapter 6: The Baron is made a [[prisoner of war]], and sold for a slave —— Keeps the Sultan's [[bee]]s, which are attacked by two bears —— Loses one of his bees; a silver [[hatchet]], which he throws at the bears, rebounds and flies up to the moon; brings it back by an ingenious invention; falls to the earth on his return, and helps himself out of a pit —— Extricates himself from a carriage which meets his in a narrow road, in a manner never before attempted nor practised since —— The wonderful effects of the frost upon his servant's [[French horn]]

*Chapter 7: The Baron relates his adventures on a voyage to North America, which are well worth the reader's attention —— Pranks of a [[whale]] —— A [[seagull|sea-gull]] saves a sailor's life —— The Baron's head forced into his stomach —— A dangerous leak stopped а posteriori

*Chapter 8: Bathes in the [[Mediterranean]] —— Meets an unexpected companion —— Arrives unintentionally in the regions of heat and darkness, from which he is extricated by dancing a [[hornpipe]] —— Frightens his deliverers, and returns on shore

*Chapter 9: Adventures in [[Turkey]], and upon the river [[Nile]] —— Sees a balloon over [[Constantinople]]; shoots at, and brings it down; finds a French experimental philosopher suspended from it —— Goes on an embassy to Grand [[Cairo]], and returns upon the Nile, where he is thrown into an unexpected situation, and detained six weeks

*Chapter 10: Pays a visit during the siege of [[Gibraltar]] to his old friend General [[George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield|Elliot]] —— Sinks a Spanish man-of-war —— Wakes an old woman on the African coast —— Destroys all the enemy's cannon; frightens the Count d'Artois, and sends him to [[Paris]] —— Saves the lives of two English spies with the identical [[sling (weapon)|sling]] that killed [[Goliath]]; and raises the siege

*Chapter 11: An interesting account of the Baron's ancestors —— A quarrel relative to the spot where [[Noah]] built his ark —— The history of the sling, and its properties —— A favourite poet introduced upon no very reputable occasion —— queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]]'s abstinence —— The Baron's father crosses from England to Holland upon a marine horse, which he sells for seven hundred [[ducat]]s

*Chapter 12: The frolic; its consequences —— [[Windsor Castle]] —— [[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's]] —— [[Royal College of Physicians|College of Physicians]] —— Undertakers, sextons, &c., almost ruined —— Industry of the apothecaries

*Chapter 13: The Baron sails with Captain Phipps, attacks two large bears, and has a very narrow escape —— Gains the confidence of these animals, and then destroys thousands of them; loads the ship with their hams and skins; makes presents of the former, and obtains a general invitation to all city feasts —— A dispute between the Captain and the Baron, in which, from motives of politeness, the Captain is suffered to gain his point —— The Baron declines the offer of a throne, and an empress into the bargain

*Chapter 14: Our Baron excels Baron Tott beyond all comparison, yet fails in part of his attempt —— Gets into disgrace with the [[Grand Seignior]], who orders his head to be cut off —— Escapes, and gets on board a vessel, in which he is carried to [[Venice]] —— Baron Tott's origin, with some account of that great man's parents —— [[Pope Clement XIV|Pope Ganganelli]]'s amour —— His Holiness fond of shell-fish

*Chapter 15: A further account of the journey from [[Harwich]] to [[Helvoetsluys]] —— Description of a number of marine objects never mentioned by any traveller before —— Rocks seen in this passage equal to the [[Alps]] in magnitude; [[lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, &c., of an extraordinary magnitude —— A woman's life saved —— The cause of her falling into the sea —— Dr. Hawes' directions followed with success

*Chapter 17: Voyage eastward —— The Baron introduces a friend who never deceived him: wins a hundred guineas by pinning his faith upon that friend's nose —— Game started at sea —— Some other circumstances which will, it is hoped, afford the reader no small degree of amusement

*Chapter 18: A second visit (but an accidental one) to the moon —— The ship driven by a whirlwind a thousand leagues above the surface of the water, where a new atmosphere meets them and carries them into a capacious harbour in the moon —— A description of the inhabitants, and their manner of coming into the lunarian world —— Animals, customs, weapons of war, wine, vegetables, &c

*Chapter 20: The Baron slips through the world: after paying a visit to [[Mount Etna]] he finds himself in the [[South Sea]]; visits [[Vulcan (god)|Vulcan]] in his passage; gets on board a Dutchman; arrives at an island of cheese, surrounded by a sea of milk; describes some very extraordinary objects —— Lose their compass; their ship slips between the teeth of a fish unknown in this part of the world; their difficulty in escaping from thence; arrive in the [[Caspian Sea]] —— Starves a bear to death —— A few waistcoat anecdotes —— In this chapter, which is the longest, the Baron moralises upon the virtue of veracity

*Chapter 21: The Baron insists on the veracity of his former Memoirs —— Forms a design of making discoveries in the interior parts of Africa —— His discourse with Hilaro Frosticos about it —— His conversation with Lady Fragrantia —— The Baron goes, with other persons of distinction, to Court; relates an anecdote of the Marquis de Bellecourt

*Chapter 22: Preparations for the Baron's expedition into Africa —— Description of his [[chariot]]; the beauties of its interior decorations; the animals that drew it, and the mechanism of the wheels

*Chapter 23: The Baron proceeds on his voyage —— Convoys a squadron to Gibraltar —— Declines the acceptance of the island of Candia —— His chariot damaged by [[Pompey's Pillar]] and [[Cleopatra's Needle]] —— The Baron out-does [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] —— Breaks his chariot, and splits a great rock at the [[Cape of Good Hope]]

*Chapter 24: The Baron secures his chariot, &c., at the Cape and takes his passage for England in a homeward-bound [[Indiaman]] —— Wrecked upon an island of ice, near the coast of [[Guinea]] —— Escapes from the wreck, and rears a variety of vegetables upon the island —— Meets some vessels belonging to the negroes bringing white slaves from Europe, in retaliation, to work upon their plantations in a cold climate near the [[South Pole]] —— Arrives in England, and lays an account of his expedition before the [[Privy Council]] —— Great preparations for a new expedition —— The [[Sphinx]], [[Gog and Magog]], and a great company attend him —— The ideas of Hilaro Frosticos respecting the interior parts of Africa

*Chapter 25: Count Gosamer thrown by Sphinx into the snow on the top of [[Tenerife|Teneriffe]] —— Gog and Magog conduct Sphinx for the rest of the voyage —— The Baron arrives at the Cape, and unites his former chariot, &c., to his new retinue —— Passes into Africa, proceeding from the Cape northwards —— Defeats a host of [[lion]]s by a curious stratagem —— Travels through an immense desert —— His whole company, chariot, &c., overwhelmed by a whirlwind of sand —— Extricates them, and arrives in a fertile country

*Chapter 26: A feast on live bulls and kava —— The inhabitants admire the European adventurers —— The Emperor comes to meet the Baron, and pays him great compliments —— The inhabitants of the centre of Africa descended from the people of the moon proved by an inscription in Africa, and by the analogy of their language, which is also the same with that of the ancient [[Scythians]] —— The Baron is declared sovereign of the interior of Africa on the decease of the Emperor —— He endeavours to abolish the custom of eating live bulls, which excites much discontent —— The advice of Hilaro Frosticos upon the occasion —— The Baron makes a speech to an Assembly of the states, which only excites greater murmurs —— He consults with Hilaro Frosticos

*Chapter 27: A proclamation by the Baron —— Excessive curiosity of the people to know what [[fudge]] was —— The people in a general ferment about it —— They break open all the granaries in the empire —— The affections of the people conciliated —— An ode performed in honour of the Baron —— His discourse with Fragrantia on the excellence of the music

*Chapter 28: The Baron sets all the people of the empire to work to build a bridge from their country to Great Britain —— His contrivance to render the arch secure —— Orders an inscription to be engraved on the bridge —— Returns with all his company, chariot, etc., to England —— Surveys the kingdoms and nations under him from the middle of the bridge

*Chapter 29: The Baron's retinue is opposed in a heroic style by [[Don Quixote]], who in his turn is attacked by Gog and Magog —— Lord Whittington, with the [[Lord Mayor's Show]], comes to the assistance of Don Quixote —— Gog and Magog assail his Lordship —— Lord Whittington makes a speech, and deludes Gog and Magog to his party —— A general scene of uproar and battle among the company, until the Baron, with great presence of mind, appeases the tumult

*Chapter 30: The Baron arrives in England —— the [[Colossus of Rhodes]] comes to congratulate him —— Great rejoicings on the Baron's return, and a tremendous concert —— The Baron's discourse with Fragrantia, and her opinion of the Tour to the [[Hebrides]]

*Chapter 31: A litigated contention between Don Quixote, Gog, Magog, &c. —— A grand court assembled upon it —— The appearance of the company —— The matrons, judges, &c. —— The method of writing, and the use of the fashionable amusement quizzes —— Wauwau arrives from the country of [[Prester John]], and leads the whole Assembly a wild-goose chase to the top of [[Plinlimmon]], and thence to [[Virginia]] —— The Baron meets a [[floating island]] in his voyage to America —— Pursues Wauwau with his whole company through the deserts of North America —— His curious contrivance to seize Wauwau in a morass

*Chapter 32: The Baron harangues the company, and they continue the pursuit —— The Baron, wandering from his retinue, is taken by the savages, scalped, and tied to a stake to be roasted; but he contrives to extricate himself, and kills the savages —— The Baron travels overland through the forests of North America, to the confines of Russia —— Arrives at the castle of the Nareskin Rowskimowmowsky, and gallops into the kingdom of Loggerheads —— A battle, in which the Baron fights the Nareskin in single combat, and generously gives him his life —— Arrives at the [[Friendly Islands]], and discourses with Omai —— The Baron, with all his attendants, goes from [[Otaheite]] to the isthmus of [[Darien]], and having cut a canal across the isthmus, returns to England

*Chapter 33: The Baron goes to [[St Petersburg|Petersburgh]], and converses with [[Catherine II of Russia|the Empress]] —— Persuades the Russians and Turks to cease [[Russo-Turkish War|cutting one another's throats]], and in concert cut a [[Suez Canal|canal]] across the Isthmus of [[Suez]] —— The Baron discovers the [[Alexandrine Library]], and meets with [[Hermes Trismegistus]] —— Besieges [[Seringapatam]], and challenges [[Tippoo Sahib]] to single combat —— They fight —— The Baron receives some wounds to his face, but at last vanquishes the tyrant —— The Baron returns to Europe, and raises the hull of the "[[HMS Royal George (1756)|Royal George]]"

*Chapter 34: The Baron makes a speech to the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]], and drives out all the members —— Routs the fishwomen and the [[National Guard (France)|National Guards]] —— Pursues the whole rout into a Church, where he defeats the National Assembly, &c., with [[Rousseau]], [[Voltaire]], and [[Beelzebub]] at their head, and liberates [[Marie Antoinette]] and the [[French royal family|Royal Family]]

Di [[Kaliningrad]] (Königsberg), Rusia, terdapat klub "Cucu-cucu Munchhausen" (Внучата Мюнхаузена). Dengan pertolongan [[kota kembar]] [[Bodenwerder]], [[Jerman]], yang merupakan tempat kelahiran sang Baron, klub ini berhasil mengumpulkan sejumlah "bukti sejarah" tentang keberadaan sang Baron di Königsberg: sebuah mata uang [[thaler]] perak yang kuno "dikembalikan" ke Kaliningrad oleh walikotawali kota Bodenwerder sebagai pembayar utang atas segelas bir yang diminum oleh Munchhausen, [[Bintang Santa Anna]] yang diterbitkan untuk sang Baron oleh [[Pavel I dari Rusia]] untuk "pelayanannya yang tak bercela", serta kerangka [[ikan paus]] yang di dalam perutnya sang Baron pernah terperangkap selama beberapa waktu. Pada 18 Juni 2005 ada upacara besar peresmian monumen sang Baron, yang dipersembahkan kepada Kaliningrad oleh Bodenwerder. Monumen ini menggambarkan perjalanan sang Baron menumpang peluru meriam.

Sebuah monumen sang Baron juga ditempatkan di kota kelahirannya.

* [[KarelMr. ZemanMunchausen]]

[[CategoryKategori:Tokoh militerdalam Rusialiteratur]]