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{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
 
{{Infobox weapon
| name = ''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger Ausf. E
| image = [[FileBerkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Zschaeckel-207-12, Schlacht um Kursk, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|340px]]
| caption = Tiger I di [[Pertempuran Kursk]]
| origin = NaziJerman GermanyNazi
| type = [[Tank Kelas Beratberat]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| service = 1942–45
| used_by =
| wars = [[Perang Dunia II]]
| designer = Erwin Aders <br/> [[Henschel & Son]]
| design_date = 1941
| manufacturer = [[Henschel]]
| unit_cost = 250,.800 Reichsmark
| production_date = 1942–44
| number = 1,.347
| spec_label = RfRuK VK 4501H Ausf.E, Blatt: G-330
| weight = 54 ton
| length = 8.,45 dengan senjata depan
| part_length =
| width = 3.,56m
| height = 3.,0m
| crew = 5
| armour = {{convert|25|–|120|mm|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=8, 16}}{{sfn|Hart|2007|p=17}}
| primary_armament = 1× [[8.8 cm KwK 36|8.,8 cm KwK 36 L/56]]<br />92 roundspeluru
| secondary_armament = 2× [[7,92x57 mm|7.,92&nbsp;mm]] [[MG34MG-34|MG 34]]<br />4,500 roundspeluru
| engine = [[Maybach]] [[Maybach HL230|HL230 P45]] [[V12 engine|V-12]]
| engine_power = 700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Baris 34 ⟶ 30:
| fuel_capacity = {{convert|540|L|gal|abbr=on}} including reserve
| pw_ratio = {{convert|13|PS/t|kW/t|abbr=on}}
| suspension = [[torsioninterleaving barwheel]]
| clearance = {{convert|0.,47|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range = {{convert|110|-|195|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{convert|45.,4|km/h||abbr=on}}
|
}}
'''Tiger I''' adalah nama tank berat terkenal buatan [[Nazi Jerman|Jerman]] yang telah dipakai sejak 1942 dan digunakan di berbagai pertempuran pada [[Perang Dunia II]]. '''''Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausführung E''''' adalah nama resmi tank ini, tetapi sering disingkat menjadi Tiger saja. Tank Tiger I adalah tank pertama [[Wehrmacht|Angkatan Darat Jerman Nazi]] yang memiliki senjata utama kelas berat dan dapat membuat takut tank-tank [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]] di [[Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)|Front Timur]]. Tank Tiger pertama kali diterjunkan ke [[Leningrad]], saat pecahnya peristiwa [[Pengepungan Leningrad]] di bawah naungan [[Waffen SS]]. Pasukan Jerman, dengan dukungan tank Tiger, dapat merebut kota Leningrad dan meneruskan perjalanan, tetapi harus dibayar mahal, karena banyak yang mogok akibat kerusakan transmisi.
{{WWII tanks}}
 
Tank Tiger I ini sudah dicap dengan "tank berdesain luar biasa",{{sfn|Bishop|2002|p=9}} namun karena proses produksi yang tergesa-gesa dengan metode penekanan buruh dan dengan bahan bijih besi yang sulit untuk didapatkan hanya ada sekitar 1,347 yang berhasil dibuat antara Agustus 1942 dan Agustus 1944. Tank Tiger sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan roda karena membeku saat musim dingin Rusia (yang terkenal ganas sejak [[Perang Napoleon|Invasi Napoleon ke Rusia]] di 1812). Produksi tank ini kemudian dihentikan guna menghemat bahan baku dan membuat versi ke-2 yang lebih "kompeten" untuk membantu pasukan Jerman dalam perang; tank tersebut dinamai [[Tiger II]].
'''Tiger I''' {{Audio|De-Tiger-pronunciation.ogg|<small>listen</small>}} is the common name of a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[heavy tank]] developed in 1942 and used in [[World War II]]. The final official German designation was ''Panzerkampfwagen&nbsp;VI&nbsp;Tiger&nbsp;Ausf. E'', often shortened to Tiger. The Tiger I gave the [[Wehrmacht]] its first tank which mounted a [[8.8 cm KwK 36|KwK 36]] 88mm gun in an armoured fighting vehicle. The KwK 36 is not to be confused with the earlier and similar [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|8.8 cm Flak 36]], a different weapon designed in parallel with the KwK 36 and firing the same ammunition ("KwK" denotes an armored vehicle gun, while "Flak" denotes anti-aircraft artillery). During the course of the war, the Tiger I saw combat on all German battlefronts. It was usually deployed in independent heavy tank battalions.
 
Satu-satunya Tiger I yang masih berfungsi dengan baik berada di [[:en:The Tank Museum|Museum Tank]] di kota Bovington, [[Britania Raya]]. Tiger I yang berada di Inggris ini memiliki nomor seri 131, sehingga sering disebut dengan Tiger 131.
While the Tiger I has been called an outstanding design,{{sfn|Bishop|2002|p=9}} it was [[Overengineering|over-engineered]],{{sfn|Tucker-Jones|2012|p=7}} using expensive materials and labour-intensive production methods. Only 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944. The Tiger was prone to certain types of track failures and breakdowns, and limited in range by its high fuel consumption. It was expensive to maintain, but generally mechanically reliable.{{citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=There are sources and indications that disagree with this statement.}} It was also difficult to transport, and vulnerable to immobilization when mud, ice and snow froze between its overlapping and interleaved ''Schachtellaufwerk''-pattern road wheels in both [[rasputitsa]] and succeeding [[Russian winter|winter weather conditions]], often jamming them solid. In 1944, production was phased out in favour of the [[Tiger II]].
 
== Sejarah ==
The tank was given its nickname "Tiger" by [[Ferdinand Porsche]], and the [[Roman numeral]] was added after the later Tiger II entered production. The initial official German designation was ''Panzerkampfwagen&nbsp;VI&nbsp;Ausführung&nbsp;H'' (‘‘''[[Panzer]]&nbsp;VI&nbsp;version&nbsp;H''’’, abbreviated ''PzKpfw&nbsp;VI&nbsp;Ausf.&nbsp;H''), with the H being for the designer/manufacturer, [[Henschel & Sohn|Henschel]]. It was classed with ordnance inventory designation ''[[Sonderkraftfahrzeug|SdKfz]]&nbsp;182''. The tank was later redesignated as ''PzKpfw VI Ausf. E'' in March 1943, with ordnance inventory designation ''SdKfz&nbsp;181''.
=== Perancangan ===
Henschel & Son memulai pengembangan desain tank besar di awal Januari tahun 1937 saat Departemen Persenjataan Angkatan Darat meminta Henschel mengembangkan kendaraan tipe ''Durchbruchwagen'' ("Kendaraan Pemecah Pasukan") dengan berat rata-rata 30-33 ton.<ref>B T white ''German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles, 1914-1945'' p69-70</ref> Hanya satu prototipe badan yang pernah di buat sedangkan kubahnya tak pernah di pasangkan. Prototipe Tank ''Durchbruchwagen I'' bentuk badan dan suspensinya mirip dengan tank [[Panzer III]] sementara kubahnya sama dengan tank [[Panzer IV|Panzer IV C]] dengan senjata utama L/24.
 
Sebelum prototipe Durchbruchwagen ''I'' selesai dibuat, ada isu mengatakan bahwa Departemen Peralatan Angkatan Darat akan memesan pembuatan tank dengan berat awal 30 ton. Tank ini merupakan pengembangan Durchbruchwagen I namun dengan tambahan lebih: armor yang tebal pada Prototipe, yang mana tank Durchbruchwagen II ini, akan mampu memiliki 50mm lapis baja di depan dan kalau di total berat keseluruhan menjadi 36 ton. Hanya satu badan yang dibuat sama saja seperti Durchbruchwagen ''I'' dan tak pernah di buat kubahnya. Pengembangan tank ini dimulai tahun 1938 bentuk nya dan suspensi Durchwagen II ini serupa dengan Tank [[Panzer IV]]. Untuk membuat desain yang lebih baik dan lebih besar maka dibuat cetak biru baru bernama [[VK 30.01 (H)]] dan [[VK 36.01 (H)]]. Baik Durchbruchwagen I & II akan memiliki status "Kendaraan Uji Coba" sampai pada akhir 1941
Today, only a handful of Tigers survive in museums and exhibitions worldwide. The [[Bovington Tank Museum]]'s [[Tiger 131]] is currently the only one restored to running order.
 
Tank VK 30.01 (H) tank kelas medium dan tank VK 36.01 (H), Berdasarkan dari kedua prototipe tank Wehrmacht Durchbruchwagen I & II VK 30.01 akan difungsikan menjadi tank pembantu infanteri sedangkan VK 36.01 akan dibuat menjadi tank kelas berat yang nantinya akan menjadi cikal bakal Tiger.
==Design history==
Henschel & Sohn began development of a large tank design in January 1937 when the ''[[Waffenamt]]'' requested Henschel to develop a ''Durchbruchwagen'' ("breakthrough vehicle") in the 30-33 tonne range.<ref>B T white ''German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles, 1914-1945'' p69-70</ref> Only one prototype hull was ever built and it was never fitted with a turret. The ''Durchbruchwagen'' I's general shape and suspension resembled the [[Panzer III]] while the turret resembled the early Panzer IV C turret with the short barrelled 7.5&nbsp;cm L/24 cannon.
 
[[Berkas:Tiger (P).svg|jmpl|Tiger I (sering disebut sebagai "Porsche Tiger" atau "Tiger P"), purwarupa tank Tiger milik Porsche.|288x288px]]
Before ''Durchbruchwagen'' I was completed, a request was issued for a heavier 30-tonne class vehicle with thicker armour; this was the ''Durchbruchwagen'' II, which would have had 50&nbsp;mm (2 inches) of frontal armour and mounted a [[Panzer IV]] turret with a short-barrelled [[7.5 cm KwK 37|7.5&nbsp;cm L/24 gun]]. Overall weight would have been 36&nbsp;tonnes. Only one hull was built and no turret fitted. Development of this vehicle was dropped in 1938 in favour of the larger and better armoured [[VK 30.01 (H)]] and [[VK 36.01 (H)]] designs.{{efn|''VK'' from the German ''Voll Ketten'' meaning ''fully tracked''; ''H'' for ''Henschel''}} Both the ''Durchbruchwagen'' I and II prototype hulls were used as test vehicles until 1941.
Pada 26 Mei 1941, Henschel dan Porsche di beri permintaan untuk mendesain ulang proyek tank kelas berat dengan berat awal 45 ton. Tanpa pikir panjang, Porsche meneruskan pekerjaannya di VK 30.01 (P) tank Leopard, sedangkan Henschel melanjutkan juga di prototipe VK 36.01 (H). Henschel juga membuat dua prototipe lagi: VK 45.01 (H) H1 dengan senjata utama 88 mm, dan prototipe selanjutnya adalah VK 45.01 (H) H2, dengan senjata utama 75 mm.
 
Porsche dan Henschel mengajukan desain prototipe, masing-masing memanfaatkan kubah rancangan Krupp. Kedua purwarupa didemonstrasikan di [[Kętrzyn|Rastenburg]] di depan Hitler. Desain Henschel diterima, terutama karena desain prototipe Porsche [[VK 4501 (P)]] menggunakan unit tenaga hibrida bensin-listrik yang bermasalah yang membutuhkan sejumlah besar [[tembaga]] untuk pembuatan komponen drivetrain listriknya, bahan perang strategis yang sangat terbatas di Jerman.{{Sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|p=6}} Produksi Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H dimulai pada Agustus 1942. Mengharapkan pesanan untuk tanknya, Porsche membangun 100 sasis. Setelah kontrak itu diberikan ke Henschel, mereka digunakan untuk kendaraan nirkubah baru, [[penghancur tank]] [[Kasemat|berkasemat]]. 91 lambung dikonversi menjadi [[Panzerjager Ferdinand|''Panzerjäger'' Tiger (P)]] pada awal 1943.
The VK 30.01 (H) medium tank and the VK 36.01 (H) heavy tank designs, pioneered the ''Schachtellaufwerk'' - already common on German half-tracks such as the [[SdKfz 7]] - overlapping and interleaved main road wheels for tank use.
 
Saat Jerman melakukan [[Operasi Barbarossa|Perjalanan ke Timur]] pada 22 Juni 1941, Jerman terkejut dengan tank baru Soviet yaitu [[T-34]] kelas medium dan [[KV-1 (tank)|KV-1]] kelas berat yang dapat menandingi tank-tank Jerman di timur. Oleh karena itu desain tank ini dibuat agar dapat menandingi KV-1 dan [[T-34]], akhirnya rancangan Henschel yang di terima dan mulai dikirim ke timur pertengahan 1942.
The [[VK 30.01 (H)]] was intended to mount a low velocity 7.5&nbsp;cm L/24 infantry support gun, a 7.5&nbsp;cm L/40 dual purpose anti-tank gun, or a 10.5&nbsp;cm L/28 field gun in a [[Krupp]] turret. Overall weight was to be 33 tonnes. The armour was designed to be 50&nbsp;mm on frontal surfaces and 30&nbsp;mm on the side surfaces. Four prototype hulls were completed for testing. Two of these were later modified to build the "[[Sturer Emil]]" (12.8&nbsp;cm ''Selbstfahrlafette'' L/61) self-propelled anti-tank gun.
 
== Desain ==
The [[VK 36.01 (H)]] was intended to weigh 40 tonnes, with 100&nbsp;mm (4 inches) of armour on front surfaces, 80&nbsp;mm on turret sides and 60&nbsp;mm on the hull sides. The VK 36.01 (H) was intended to carry a 7.5&nbsp;cm L/24, or a 7.5&nbsp;cm L/43, or a 7.5&nbsp;cm L/70, or a 12.8&nbsp;cm L/28 cannon in a Krupp turret that looked similar to an enlarged Panzer IVC turret. The hull for one prototype was built, followed later by five more. The six turrets built were never fitted and were used as part of the [[Atlantic Wall]]. The VK 36.01 (H) project was discontinued in early 1942 in favour of the VK 45.01 project.
Tiger berbeda dari [[Tank di Angkatan Darat Jerman|tank Jerman]] sebelumnya terutama dalam filosofi desainnya. Para pendahulunya menyeimbangkan mobilitas, [[Perisai kendaraan|perisai]] dan [[Firepower|daya tembak]], dan kadang-kadang dikalahkan oleh lawan-lawannya.
 
Meski berat, tank ini tidak lebih lambat dari yang terbaik dari lawan-lawannya. Namun, dengan bobot mati lebih dari 50 ton, suspensi, kotak roda gigi, dan barang-barang semacam itu jelas akan mencapai batas rangangannya dan kerusakan sering terjadi jika pemeliharaan rutin tidak dilakukan.
Combat experience against the French [[Somua S35]] [[cavalry tank]] and [[Char B1]] heavy tank, and the British [[Matilda II]] [[infantry tank]]s during the [[Battle of France]] in June 1940 showed that the German Army needed better armed and armoured tanks.{{sfn|Green|2008|pp=12-13}}
 
Meskipun desain dan tata ruang secara umum mirip dengan tank medium sebelumnya, [[Panzer IV]], Tiger memiliki berat lebih dari dua kali lipat. Ini karena pelindungnya yang jauh lebih tebal, [[Meriam tank|senjata utama]] yang lebih besar, volume bahan bakar dan penyimpanan amunisi yang lebih besar, mesin yang lebih besar, dan transmisi dan suspensi yang lebih kokoh.
[[File:Tiger (P).svg|thumb|The Porsche prototype]]
On 26 May 1941, Henschel and Ferdinand Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45&nbsp;tonne heavy tank, to be ready by June 1942.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=13}} Porsche worked on an updated version of their VK 30.01 (P) Leopard tank prototype while Henschel worked on an improved VK 36.01 (H) tank. Henschel built two prototypes: a VK 45.01 (H) H1 with an 88&nbsp;mm L/56 cannon, and a VK 45.01 (H) H2 with a 75&nbsp;mm L/70 cannon.
 
=== Lapisan baja ===
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched [[Operation Barbarossa]], the invasion of the [[Soviet Union]]. The Germans were shocked to encounter Soviet [[T-34]] medium and [[KV-1 (tank)|KV-1]] heavy tanks that completely outclassed anything the Germans were currently fielding.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=14}} According to Henschel designer [[Erwin Aders]]: "There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Heer]]."{{sfn|Carruthers|2013|loc=chapt. Design features}} The T-34 was almost immune from the front to every gun in German service except the 88&nbsp;mm Flak gun. Panzer IIIs with the [[5 cm KwK 38|5&nbsp;cm KwK 38 L/42]] main armament could penetrate the sides of a T-34, but only at short range. The KV-1 was immune to all but the 8.8&nbsp;cm Flak guns.
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-299-1805-10, Nordfrankreich, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|kiri|jmpl|[[Perisai kendaraan|Perisai]] Tiger I dengan tebal hingga 120 mm pada [[mantel senjata]].]]
Tiger I memiliki perisai lambung depan setebal {{Convert|100|mm|abbr=on}}, perisai [[Turet senjata|kubah]] depan setebal {{Convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} dan [[Mantel senjata|mantel meriam]] setebal {{Convert|120|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="id3486.securedata.net">{{Cite web|url=http://id3486.securedata.net/fprado/armorsite/tiger1.htm|title=Pzkpfw Vi Tiger I|last=Fabio Prado|publisher=Armorsite|access-date=2010-04-30}}</ref> Tiger memiliki pelat sisi lambung setebal {{Convert|60|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}} dan 80 mm pada superstruktur samping/sponson, sedangkan pada sisi kubah dan belakang adalah 80 mm. Perisai atas dan bawah adalah setebal {{Convert|25|mm|0|abbr=on}}. Mulai Maret 1944, atap menara menebal menjadi {{Convert|40|mm|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=8, 16}} Pelat lapis baja sebagian besar datar, dengan konstruksi yang saling terkait. Sambungan baju pelindung itu berkualitas tinggi, diinjak dan dilas daripada dipaku dan terbuat dari [[baja maraging]].
 
=== Meriam ===
An immediate weight increase to 45&nbsp;tonnes and an increase in gun calibre to 88&nbsp;mm was ordered. The due date for the new prototypes was set for 20 April 1942, [[Adolf Hitler]]'s birthday. Unlike the [[Panther tank]], the designs did not incorporate [[sloping armour]], an innovation taken from the T-34.
Meriam 8,8 cm KwK 36 sepanjang 56 kaliber dipilih untuk Tiger. Kombinasi lintasan tembakan datar yang dihasilkan oleh kecepatan peluru yang tinggi dan presisi dari pembidik Leitz ''Turmzielfernrohr'' TZF 9b (kemudian digantikan oleh [[Bermata satu|monokular]] TZF 9c) membuatnya sangat akurat. Dalam uji coba penembakan di masa perang oleh Inggris, lima perkenaan berturut-turut dicetak pada sasaran {{Convert|410|by|460|mm|abbr=on}} pada jarak {{Convert|1100|m}}.{{Sfn|Carruthers|2013|loc=chapt. Design features}} Dibandingkan dengan senjata tank Jerman kontemporer lainnya, 8,8 cm KwK 36 memiliki penetrasi superior dari [[7,5 cm KwK 40]] pada [[Sturmgeschütz III]] dan [[Panzer IV]] tetapi lebih rendah dari [[7,5 cm KwK 42]] pada [[tank Panther]] {{Sfn|Bird|Livingston|2001|p=61}} bawah jarak 2.500 meter. Pada jarak yang lebih jauh, 8,8 cm KwK 36 lebih unggul dalam penetrasi dan akurasi.
 
Amunisi untuk Tiger memiliki primer yang dipicu secara elektrik. Empat jenis amunisi tersedia tetapi tidak semuanya sepenuhnya tersedia. Peluru PzGr 40 menggunakan tungsten, yang semakin sedikit seiring berjalannya perang.
Porsche and Henschel submitted prototype designs, each making use of the Krupp-designed turret. They were demonstrated at [[Rastenburg]] in front of Hitler. The Henschel design was accepted, mainly because the Porsche design used a troubled gasoline-electric hybrid power unit which needed large quantities of [[copper]], a strategic war material that Germany had limited supplies of.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|p=6}} Production of the ''Panzerkampfwagen'' VI ''Ausf.'' H began in August 1942. Expecting an order for his tank, Porsche built 100 chassis. After losing the contract, they were used for a new turretless, [[casemate]]-style [[tank destroyer]]; 91 hulls were converted into the [[Elefant|''Panzerjäger'' Tiger (P)]] in the spring of 1943.
 
* ''PzGr.'' 39 ([[Armor-piercing, capped, cap balistik|penembus perisai, bertudung, bertudung balistik]])
The Tiger was still at the prototype stage when it was first hurried into service, and therefore changes both large and small were made throughout the production run. A redesigned turret with a lower cupola was the most significant change. To cut costs, the submersion capability and an external air-filtration system were dropped.
* ''PzGr.'' 40 ([[Selongsong (proyektil)|penembus perisai, komposit kaku]])
* ''Hl. Gr.'' 39 ([[Hulu ledak antitank berdaya ledak tinggi|antitank berdaya ledak tinggi]])
* ''sch.'' ''Sprgr.'' ''Patr.'' L / 4.5 ([[Peluru Shrapnel|peluru pecahan]] [[Perangkat pembakar|pembakar]])
 
=== Mesin dan sistem penggerak ===
==Design==
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2936-27, Russland, Panzer VI (Tiger I), Wartung.jpg|jmpl|Awak tank sedang memperbaiki mesin melalui palka mesin di lambung belakang]]
The Tiger differed from earlier [[Tanks in the German Army|German tanks]] principally in its design philosophy. Its predecessors balanced mobility, [[Vehicle armour|armour]] and [[firepower]], and were sometimes outgunned by their opponents.
Di bagian belakang tank terdapat kompartemen mesin yang diapit oleh dua kompartemen belakang terpisah yang masing-masing berisi tangki bahan bakar dan radiator. Jerman belum mengembangkan mesin diesel yang memadai, jadi mesin berbahan bakar bensin harus digunakan sebagai gantinya. Mesin asli yang digunakan adalah 21,35 liter (1303 cu.in.) 12-silinder [[Maybach]] HL 210 P45 yang memberikan tenaga 485 kW (650 hp) pada 3.000 rpm. Meskipun termasuk mesin yang bagus, mesin itu kurang bertenaga untuk tank Tiger. Dari Tiger ke-251 dan seterusnya, digantikan olehmesin [[Maybach HL230|HL 230]] P45 yang ditingkatkan, mesin 23,095 liter (1409 cu.in.) yang memberikan tenaga 521 kW (700 hp) pada 3.000 rpm.{{Sfn|Green|Brown|2008|p=41}} Perbedaan utama antara mesin-mesin ini adalah bahwa Maybach HL 210 asli menggunakan blok mesin aluminium sedangkan Maybach HL 230 menggunakan blok mesin besi. Blok besi tuang memungkinkan untuk silinder yang lebih besar (dan dengan demikian, perpindahan gas yang lebih besar) yang meningkatkan output daya menjadi 521 kW (700 hp). Mesin itu dalam bentuk V, dengan dua bank silinder diatur pada 60 derajat. [[Mesin pesawat mulai|Starter inersia]] dipasang di sisi kanannya, digerakkan melalui gigi rantai melalui sebuah lubang di dinding belakang. Mesin ini bisa diangkat melalui lubang di atap lambung belakang. Dibandingkan dengan V12 lainnya dan berbagai mesin bensin bentuk-vee yang digunakan untuk tank, mesin HL 230 hampir empat liter lebih kecil daripada mesin Britania [[Meteor Rolls-Royce|Rolls-Royce Meteor]] V12 AFV, yang diadaptasi dari RR Merlin tetapi diturunkan tenaganya menjadi 448 kW (600 hp), dan prekursor V12 yang dirancang Ford Amerika untuk mesin [[Mesin Ford GAA|Ford GAA]] V-8 AFV yang berkapasitas 18 liter, yang dalam bentuk V12 aslinya akan memiliki perpindahan sebesar 27 liter yang sama dengan Meteor.
 
Fitur baru lainnya adalah [[Pre-selector gearbox|kotak roda gigi pra-pemilih]] semi-otomatis yang [[Mesin hidrolik|dikendalikan secara hidrolik]] Maybach-Olvar. Akibat bobot yang ekstrem, tank ini juga membutuhkan sistem kemudi baru. [[Argus Motoren]] Jerman, tempat Hermann Klaue menemukan [[rem cincin]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US2323052 Disk brake for use in motor cars, airplanes, and the like] US Patent 2323052 A</ref> pada tahun 1940, memasoknya untuk [[Arado Ar 96]]<ref>[http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Waffen/Ar96.htm Arado Ar 96], ''Lexikon der Wehrmacht''.</ref> dan juga memasok cakram 55 cm.<ref>[http://www.alanhamby.com/transmission.shtml Transmission & Steering], Tiger I Information Center.</ref> Klaue mengakui dalam aplikasi paten bahwa ia hanya memperbaiki teknologi yang ada, yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke desain Inggris yang berasal dari tahun 1904. Tidak jelas apakah rem cincin paten Klaue digunakan dalam desain rem Tiger.
The Tiger I represented a new approach that emphasised firepower and armour. While heavy, this tank was not slower than the best of its opponents. However, at over 50 tonnes dead weight, the suspension, gearboxes, and other such items had clearly reached their design limits and breakdowns were frequent.
 
Sistem kopling dan rem, tipikal untuk kendaraan yang lebih ringan, dipertahankan tetapi hanya untuk keadaan darurat. Biasanya, kemudi bergantung pada [[Diferensial (otomotif)|diferensial]] ganda, pengembangan Henschel dari sistem British [[David Brown Ltd.|Merritt-Brown]]{{Sfn|Green|Brown|2008|p=44}} yang pertama kali ditemui di [[tank Churchill]]. Kendaraan itu memiliki kotak roda gigi delapan kecepatan, dan kemudi menawarkan dua radius putar tetap pada masing-masing gigi, sehingga Tiger memiliki enam belas radius putaran berbeda. Pada gigi pertama, pada kecepatan beberapa km/jam, radius belokan minimal adalah {{Convert|3.44|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Dalam gigi netral, roda rantai bisa diputar ke arah yang berlawanan, sehingga Tiger I berputar di tempatnya.{{Sfn|Green|Brown|2008|p=46}} Pada tank Tiger, dipasang kemudi roda alih-alih sebuah kemudi setang–atau, seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan tank pada saat itu, tuas rem kembar–yang membuat sistem kemudi Tiger I mudah digunakan dan lebih maju dari zamannya.{{Sfn|Green|Brown|2008|p=44}}
Although the general design and layout were broadly similar to the previous medium tank, the [[Panzer IV]], the Tiger weighed more than twice as much. This was due to its substantially thicker armour, the larger [[Tank gun|main gun]], greater volume of fuel and ammunition storage, larger engine, and more solidly built transmission and suspension.
 
===Armour Biaya ===
Masalah utama dengan Tiger adalah bahwa produksinya membutuhkan sumber daya yang cukup besar dalam hal tenaga kerja dan material, yang membuatnya menjadi mahal: Harga Tiger I lebih dari dua kali lipat dari Panzer IV dan empat kali lebih banyak dari [[meriam serbu]] [[Sturmgeschütz III|StuG III]].<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzer-statistics.htm Panzer Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108093434/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzer-statistics.htm |date=2018-01-08 }} ''achtungpanzer.com''</ref> Sebagian karena biayanya yang tinggi, hanya 1.347 Tiger I dan 492 Tiger II yang diproduksi.{{Sfn|Jentz|1996|p=288}} Saingan terdekat Tiger dari [[Amerika Serikat]] adalah [[M26 Pershing|Pershing M26]] (sekitar 200 unit dikerahkan ke [[Teater Operasi Eropa|Palagan Operasi Eropa]] (ETO) selama perang{{Sfn|Hunnicutt|1971}}) dan [[IS (famili tank)|IS-2]] dari [[Uni Soviet|URSS]] (sekitar 3.800 unit dibuat selama konflik).
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-299-1805-10, Nordfrankreich, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|thumb|left|The Tiger I's [[Vehicle armour|armour]] was up to 120&nbsp;mm on the [[mantlet]]. This tank is assigned to the [[SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 101|''schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung'' 101]] operating in northern France in 1944.]]
 
Dari sudut pandang teknis, tank ini lebih unggul dari tank-tank sezamannya.{{Sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=204}} Meskipun jumlahnya sedikit, kekurangan kru yang berkualitas dan kebutuhan bahan bakar yang cukup besar dalam konteks sumber daya yang semakin menyusut, tank-tank Tiger memiliki dampak besar dalam perang dengan Tiger (termasuk Tiger II) menghancurkan setidaknya 10.300 tank musuh, dan 11.380 AT meriam dan artileri di PD2. Ini dicapai atas hilangnya 1.725 unit Tiger (termasuk kerugian operasional dan strategis dalam jumlah besar, yaitu ditinggalkan, dirusak, dll).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Operation Barbarossa : the complete organisational and statistical analysis, and military simulation|last=Askey|first=Nigel|publisher=IngramSparks Publishing|isbn=9780648221920|pages=103}}</ref>
The Tiger I had frontal hull armour {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick, frontal [[Gun turret|turret]] armour of {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} thick [[gun mantlet]].<ref name="id3486.securedata.net">{{cite web|author=Fabio Prado |url=http://id3486.securedata.net/fprado/armorsite/tiger1.htm |title=Pzkpfw Vi Tiger I |publisher=Armorsite |accessdate=2010-04-30}}</ref> The Tiger had {{convert|60|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick hull side plates and 80&nbsp;mm armour on the side superstructure/sponsons, while turret sides and rear were 80&nbsp;mm. The top and bottom armour was {{convert|25|mm|0|abbr=on}} thick; from March 1944, the turret roof was thickened to {{convert|40|mm|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=8, 16}} Armour plates were mostly flat, with interlocking construction. The armour joints were of high quality, being stepped and welded rather than riveted and were made of [[maraging steel]].
 
== Sejarah dinas ==
The thick armor made the Tiger impervious to frontal fire from tanks like the [[75 mm Gun M2/M3/M6|75mm]] armed [[M4 Sherman]], [[F-34 tank gun|76.2mm]] armed [[T-34]] and [[Ordnance QF 75 mm|75mm]] armed [[Cromwell tank]], but vulnerable to the [[76 mm gun M1|76mm]] of up-gunned [[M4 Sherman|Shermans]], the [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|85mm]] of the [[T-34-85]] and the British [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder]].
 
=== Pertempuran pertama ===
{{clear}}
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-554-0872-35, Tunesien, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|jmpl|kiri|Tank Tiger I di kirim ke Tunisia untuk membantu [[Deutsche Afrika Korps]] beroperasi di bulan Januari 1943]]
 
Untuk memamerkan senjata barunya, Hitler memerintahkan untuk penekanan awal bertugas ke garis depan.{{sfn|Guderian|1952|p=280}} Sebuah peleton dari empat Tiger beraksi mulai di [[Pengepungan Leningrad]].{{sfn|Showalter|2013|p=48}} Bertugas di medan rawa dan hutan membuat Tiger kesulitan bergerak tetapi bisa bertahan dengan mudah.
===Gun===
[[File:Turmzielfernrohr 9c.jpg|thumb|''Turmzielfernrohr'' TZF 9c gun sight]]
{{main|8.8 cm KwK 36}}
The 56-calibre long 88&nbsp;mm KwK 36 was chosen for the Tiger. A combination of a flat trajectory from the high muzzle velocity and precision Leitz ''Turmzielfernrohr'' TZF 9b sight (later replaced by the [[monocular]] TZF 9c) made it very accurate. In British wartime firing trials, five successive hits were scored on a {{convert|410|by|460|mm|abbr=on}} target at a range of {{convert|1100|m}}.{{sfn|Carruthers|2013|loc=chapt. Design features}} Compared to the other contemporary German tank guns, the [[7.5 cm KwK 40]] on the [[Sturmgeschütz III]] and [[Panzer IV]] and the [[7.5 cm KwK 42]] on the [[Panther tank]], the Tiger's gun had superior penetration and high-explosive firepower.{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=202}}
 
Tiger-Tiger ini rata-rata dibuat untuk bentuk medan Front Timur sehingga lebih banyak Tiger I di Front Timur dibandingakan dengan yang berada di Front Barat maupun di Afrika Utara. Di Front Timur juga Tiger I menunjukkan kegagahannya namun tak terlalu lama, karena banyak versi-versi awal Tiger I ini banyak yang mogok dan tertangkap oleh pihak Soviet sehingga akhirnya Soviet memelajari Tiger dan mempersiapkan tank baru yang dapat menandingi tank Tiger.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J14931, Bei Belgorod, Panzer VI (Tiger I), Aufmunitionieren.jpg|thumb|Loading ammunition]]
 
Sedangkan di Front Afrika Utara tank Tiger kali pertama bertugas saat [[Kampanye Tunisia]] pada awal Desember 1942.{{sfn|Schneider|2000|p=41}} Tank ini tidak banyak berperan di utara Afrika karena hanya sedikit tank Tiger yang di tugaskan di sana dan karena Hitler lebih fokus untuk medan pertempuran di Rusia.
The ammunition for the Tiger had electrically fired primers. Four types of ammunition were available but not all were fully available; the PzGr 40 shell used tungsten which was in short supply as the war progressed.
 
=== Para "Penghancur Tank" ===
*''PzGr.'' 39 ([[armour-piercing, capped, ballistic cap]])
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Groenert-019-23A, Schlacht um Kursk, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|jmpl|Tank Tiger I menembak target di [[Pertempuran Kursk]]]]
*''PzGr.'' 40 ([[armour-piercing, composite rigid]])
Pada awal bulan Juli 1943, sebuah Tank Tiger yang di komandani oleh SS-Oberscharführer [[Franz Staudegger]] dari platon ke-2, kompi panzer 13, [[Divisi Panzer SS Leibstandarte|Divisi Panzer SS ''Leibstandarte'']] menyerang gerombolan 50 T-34 di wilayah [[Psyolknee]] (selatan front Pertempuran Kursk). Staudegger mengklaim telah menghancurkan sekitar 22 tank dengan menghabiskan seluruh pelurunya dan sisanya yang mundur ditembaki oleh anak buahnya. untuk itu dia mendapatkan mendali [[Salib Kesatria dari Salib Besi]].
*''Hl. Gr.'' 39 ([[high explosive anti-tank]])
*''sch. Sprgr. Patr.'' L/4.5 ([[incendiary device|incendiary]] [[shrapnel shell|shrapnel]])
 
Banyak komandan Tank Tiger mengklaim telah menghantam lebih dari 100 tank di medan perang, salah satunya [[Kurt Knispel]] dengan 168, [[Otto Carius]] sekitar 150 keatas, [[Johannes Bölter]] lebih dari 139, dan [[Michael Wittmann]] ada 138.<ref>[http://www.alanhamby.com/aces.shtml Tiger Aces] alanhamby.com</ref>
===Engine and drive===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2936-27, Russland, Panzer VI (Tiger I), Wartung.jpg|thumb|upright|Crew working on the engine through the hatch on the rear hull roof]]
 
== Varian ==
The rear of the tank held an engine compartment flanked by two separate rear compartments each containing a fuel tank, radiator and fans. The Germans had not developed an adequate diesel engine, so a petrol (gasoline) powerplant had to be used instead. The original engine utilised was a 21.35-litre (1303 cu.in.) 12-cylinder [[Maybach]] HL 210 P45 developing 485&nbsp;kW (650&nbsp;hp) at 3,000&nbsp;rpm. Although a good engine, it was underpowered for the vehicle. From the 251st Tiger onwards, it was replaced by the upgraded [[Maybach HL230|HL 230]] P45, a 23.095 litre (1409 cu.in.) engine developing 521&nbsp;kW (700&nbsp;hp) at 3,000&nbsp;rpm.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=41}} The main difference between these engines was that the original Maybach HL 210 used an aluminium engine block while the Maybach HL 230 used a cast-iron engine block. The cast-iron block allowed for larger cylinders (and thus, greater displacement) which increased the power output to 521&nbsp;kW (700&nbsp;hp). The engine was in V-form, with two cylinder banks set at 60 degrees. An [[inertial starter]] was mounted on its right side, driven via chain gears through a port in the rear wall. The engine could be lifted out through a hatch on the rear hull roof.
Di antara varian lain Tiger, terdapat sebuah pelontar roket swa-gerak berlapis baja, dikenal sebagai Sturmtiger. Sebuah versi pemulihan tank dari Porsche Tiger I, dan satu Porsche Tiger I, dikeluarkan untuk Batalyon Destroyer Tank Berat 654, yang dilengkapi dengan [[Ferdinand / Elefant|Ferdinand/Elefant]]. Di Italia, varian zeni dari Tiger I tanpa senjata utama dibuat oleh kru pemeliharaan dalam upaya untuk menemukan cara membersihkan ladang ranjau. Varian ini sering salah diidentifikasikan sebagai [[kendaraan pemulihan Bergetiger]].
 
Varian lain adalah tank Tiger Fahrschulpanzer VI (tank latihan). Tank-tank ini adalah dilengkapi dengan mesin yang dimodifikasi untuk dijalankan pada gas terkompresi (Sistem Stadtgas) atau gas kayu (Sistem Holzgas). Hal ini dilakukan karena kekurangan pasokan bahan bakar. Tank latihan tersebut menggunakan campuran lambung berkubah dan tanpa kubah. Tank latihan tersebut digunakan untuk melatih awak tank Tiger dan tidak digunakan dalam pertempuran.<br />
The engine drove front sprockets, which were mounted quite low. The Krupp-designed 11-tonne turret had a hydraulic motor whose pump was powered by mechanical drive from the engine. A full rotation took about a minute.
 
== Produksi ==
Another new feature was the Maybach-Olvar [[hydraulic machinery|hydraulically controlled]] semi-automatic [[pre-selector gearbox]]. The extreme weight of the tank also required a new steering system. The clutch-and-brake system, typical for lighter vehicles, was retained only for emergencies. Normally, steering depended on a double [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]], Henschel's development of the British [[David Brown Ltd.|Merritt-Brown]] system.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=44}} The vehicle had an eight-speed gearbox, and the steering offered two fixed radii of turns on each gear, thus the Tiger had sixteen different radii of turn. In first gear, at a speed of a few km/h, the minimal turning radius was {{convert|3.44|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. In neutral gear, the tracks could be turned in opposite directions, so the Tiger I pivoted in place.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=46}} There was a steering wheel instead of a tiller or levers and the steering system was easy to use and ahead of its time.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=44}}
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Desain
===Suspension===
!Referensi
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-635-3965-28, Panzerfabrik in Deutschland.jpg|thumb|left|Clear view of the Tiger I's ''Schachtellaufwerk'' overlapping and interleaved road wheels during production]]
!Tanggal
The suspension used sixteen [[torsion bar]]s, with eight suspension arms per side. To save space, the swing arms were leading on one side and trailing on the other. There were three road wheels (one of them double, closest to the track's centre) on each arm, in a so-called ''Schachtellaufwerk'' overlapping and interleaved arrangement, similar to that pioneered on German half-tracked military vehicles of the pre-World War II era, with the Tiger I being the first all-tracked German AFV built in quantity to use such a road wheel arrangement. The wheels had a diameter of {{convert|800|mm|abbr=on}} in the ''Schachtellaufwerk'' arrangement for the Tiger I's suspension, providing a high uniform distribution of the load onto the track, at the cost of increased maintenance. Removing an inner wheel that had lost its solid rubber tire (a common occurrence) required the removal of up to nine other wheels first. During the rainy period that brought on the autumn ''[[rasputitsa]]'' mud season and onwards into the [[Russian Winter|Russian winter]] conditions on the [[Eastern Front of World War II|Eastern front]], the roadwheels of a ''Schachtellaufwerk''-equipped vehicle could also become packed with mud or snow that could then freeze. Presumably, German engineers, based on the experience of the half tracks, felt that the improvement in off road performance, track and wheel life, mobility with wheels missing or damaged, plus additional protection from enemy fire was worth the maintenance difficulties of a complex system vulnerable to mud and ice. This approach was carried on, in various forms, to the Panther and Tiger II. Eventually, a new 'steel' wheel design, closely resembling those on the [[Tiger II]], with an internally sprung steel-rim tire was substituted, and which like the Tiger II, were only overlapped and not interleaved.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-064-61, Kassel, Verladen eines Panzer VI "Tiger I".jpg|thumb|right|Tiger at the [[Henschel & Son#World War II|Henschel plant]] is loaded onto a special rail car. The outer road wheels have been removed and narrow tracks put in place to decrease vehicle width, allowing it to fit within the [[loading gauge]] of the German rail network.]]
To support the considerable weight of the Tiger, the tracks were {{convert|725|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} wide. To meet [[Loading gauge|rail-freight size restrictions]], the outermost roadwheel on each axle (16 total) could be unbolted from a flange {{sfn|Jentz|2000|p=35}} and narrower {{convert|520|mm|abbr=on}} wide 'transport' tracks (''Verladeketten'') installed.{{sfn|Jentz|2000|p=36}}{{sfn|Green|2008|p=44}}{{sfn|Wilbeck|2004|p= }} The track replacement and wheel removal took 30 minutes for each side of the tank.{{sfn|Anderson|2013|p=69}} However, in service Tigers were frequently transported by rail with their combat tracks fitted, as long as the train crew knew there were no narrow tunnels or other obstructions on the route which would prevent an oversized load from passing, despite this practice being strictly forbidden.{{sfn|Anderson|2013|p=71}}
 
===Fording system===
The Tiger tank was too heavy for small bridges, so it was designed to ford four-metre deep water. This required unusual mechanisms for ventilation and cooling when underwater. At least 30 minutes of set-up time was required, with the turret and gun being locked in the forward position, and a large [[Vehicle snorkel|snorkel]] tube raised at the rear. The two rear compartments (each containing a fuel tank, radiator and fans) were floodable. Only the first 495 units were fitted with this [[deep fording]] system; all later models were capable of fording only two metres.
 
===Crew compartment===
The internal layout was typical of German tanks. Forward was an open crew compartment, with the driver and radio-operator seated at the front on either side of the gearbox. Behind them the turret floor was surrounded by panels forming a continuous level surface. This helped the loader to retrieve the ammunition, which was mostly stowed above the tracks. Three men were seated in the turret; the loader to the right of the gun facing to the rear, the gunner to the left of the gun, and the commander behind him. There was also a folding seat on the right for the loader. The turret had a full circular floor and 157&nbsp;cm headroom.
 
===Cost===
The main problem with the Tiger was that it required considerable resources in terms of manpower and material. This in part was responsible for the low number produced: 1,347 of the Tiger I and 492{{sfn|Jentz|1996|p=288}} of the Tiger II. The German designs were expensive in terms of unit build time, raw materials and [[German reichsmark|reichsmarks]], the Tiger I costing over twice as much as a Panzer IV and four times as much as a [[Sturmgeschütz III|StuG III]] [[assault gun]].<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzer-statistics.htm Panzer Statistics] ''achtungpanzer.com''</ref> The closest counterpart to the Tiger from the [[United States]] was the [[M26 Pershing]] (around 200 deployed to the [[European Theater of Operations]] (ETO) during the war{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1971}}{{Page needed|date=September 2015}}) and [[Iosif Stalin tank|IS-2]] from the USSR (about 3,800 built during the conflict).
 
Although from a technical point of view it was superior to its contemporaries,{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=204}} the low number produced, shortages in qualified crew and the considerable fuel requirement in a context of ever shrinking resources prevented the Tiger from having a real impact on the war.
 
==Production history==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-635-3965-05, Panzerfabrik in Deutschland.jpg|thumb|upright|left|<center>Installing the turret</center>]]
Production of the Tiger I began in August 1942, and 1,355 were built by August 1944 when production ceased. Production started at a rate of 25 per month and peaked in April 1944 at 104 per month. Deployed Tiger I's peaked at 671 on 1 July 1944.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|p=13}} It took about twice as long to build a Tiger I as another German tank of the period. When the improved Tiger II began production in January 1944, the Tiger I was soon phased out.
 
In 1943, Japan bought several specimens of German tank designs for study. A single Tiger I was apparently purchased along with one Panther and two Panzer IIIs, but only the Panzer IIIs were actually delivered.{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=17}} The undelivered Tiger was loaned to the German Wehrmacht by the Japanese government.
 
Many modifications were introduced during the production run to improve automotive performance, firepower and protection. Simplification of the design was implemented, along with cuts due to raw material shortages. In 1942 alone, at least six revisions were made, starting with the removal of the ''Vorpanzer'' (frontal armour shield) from the pre-production models in April. In May, mudguards bolted onto the side of the pre-production run were added, while removable mudguards saw full incorporation in September. Smoke discharge canisters, three on each side of the turret, were added in August 1942. In later years, similar changes and updates were added, such as the addition of [[Zimmerit]] (a non-magnetic anti-mine coating), in late 1943.<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerkampfwagen-vi-tiger-ausf-e-sd-kfz-181.htm Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E Sd. Kfz. 181] ''achtungpanzer.com''</ref><ref>Crawford 2000, p. 41.</ref>{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|p=12}} Due to slow production rates at the factories, incorporation of the new modifications could take several months.
 
The humorous and somewhat racy crew manual, the ''[[Tigerfibel]]'', was the first of its kind for the German Army and its success resulted in more unorthodox manuals that attempted to emulate its style.
 
==Variants==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2015}}
Among other variants of the Tiger, a citadel, heavily armoured self-propelled rocket projector, today commonly known as ''[[Sturmtiger]]'', was built. A tank recovery version of the Porsche Tiger I, and one Porsche Tiger I, was issued to the 654th Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion which was equipped with the Ferdinand/Elephant. In Italy, a demolition carrier version of the Tiger I without a main gun was built by maintenance crews in an effort to find a way to clear minefields. It is often misidentified as a ''BergeTiger'' recovery vehicle. As many as three may have been built. It carried a demolition charge on a small crane on the turret in place of the main gun. It was to move up to a minefield and drop the charge, back away, and then set the charge off to clear the minefield. There is no verification of any being used in combat.
 
==Designations==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-635-3965-34, Panzerfabrik in Deutschland.jpg|thumb|Tigers under construction. This hull rests on a jig (1944)]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-635-3965-21, Panzerfabrik in Deutschland.jpg|thumb|Assembly line; the vehicles are fitted with the narrower transport tracks (1943)]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-635-3965-35, Panzerfabrik in Deutschland.jpg|thumb|Tigers being built(1944)]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! colspan="3" |Prototipe
! Designation !! Reference !! Date
|-
|VK 45.01
! colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" | Prototypes
|Henschel
|28 Juli 1941
|-
|''Pz.Kpfw.'' VI ''Ausf.'' H1 (VK 4501)
| style="text-align:left;"| VK 45.01
|''Wa Prüf'' 6
| Henschel
|21 28 JulyOktober 1941
|-
|VK 4501 (H)
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pz.Kpfw.'' VI ''Ausf.'' H1 (VK 4501)
|''Wa J Rue'' (''WuG'' 6)
| ''Wa Prüf'' 6{{efn|''Waffenamt Prüfwesen'' 6 – Panzer and Motorized Equipment Branch of the ''[[Heereswaffenamt]]'' (Army Weapons Department)}}
|5 Januari 1942
| 21 October 1941
|-
|Tiger H1 (VK 4501 – ''Aufbau fur'' 8,8 cm ''Kw.K.Krupp-Turm'')
| style="text-align:left;"| VK 4501 (H)
|''Wa Prüf'' 6
| ''Wa J Rue'' (''WuG'' 6){{efn|''Wa J Ru-WuG 6--Panzerkraftwagen und Zugkraftwagenabteilung'' – Tanks and Tractors Branch of ''Amtsgruppe fur Industrielle Rustung--Waffen und Gerat'', the Group for Weapons and Equipment Manufacture}}
| 5 JanuaryFebruari 1942
|-
|''Pz.Kpfw.'' VI (VK 4501/H ''Ausf.'' H1 (Tiger))
| style="text-align:left;"| Tiger H1 (VK 4501 - ''Aufbau fur'' 8,8&nbsp;cm ''Kw.K.Krup-Turm'')
| ''Wa Prüf'' 6
|2 FebruaryMaret 1942
|-
|''Pz.Kpfw.'' "Tiger" H
| style="text-align:left;"|''Pz.Kpfw.'' VI (VK 4501/H ''Ausf.'' H1 (Tiger))
| ''Wa Prüf''J Rue (WuG 6)
|20 2 MarchJuni 1942
|-
|Pz.Kpfw. VI
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pz.Kpfw.'' "Tiger" H
VK 4501 (H) Tiger (H) Krupp-''Turm mit'' 8.8 cm ''Kw.K.'' L/56 ''fur Ausf.'' H1
| Wa J Rue (WuG 6)
|''Wa Prüf'' 6
| 20 June 1942
|1 Juli 1942
|-
! colspan="3" |Produksi massal
| style="text-align:left;"| Pz.Kpfw. VI<br />VK 4501 (H)<br />Tiger (H) Krupp-''Turm mit'' 8.8&nbsp;cm ''Kw.K.'' L/56 ''fur Ausf.'' H1
| ''Wa Prüf'' 6
| 1 July 1942
|-
|''Panzerkampfwagen'' VI H (''Sd.Kfz.'' 182)
! colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" | Production
|''KStN'' 1150d
|15 Agustus 1942
|-
|Tiger I
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Panzerkampfwagen'' VI H (''Sd.Kfz.'' 182)
|''Wa Prüf'' 6
| ''KStN'' 1150d<ref>[http://downloads.sturmpanzer.net/KStN/KStN_1150d_15.8.1942.pdf Table of Organisation, KStN 1150d]</ref>
| 15 AugustOktober 1942
|-
|''Pz.Kpfw.'' VI H ''Ausf.'' H1 (Tiger H1)
| style="text-align:left;"| Tiger I
|–
| ''Wa Prüf'' 6
|1 15 OctoberDesember 1942
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Pz.Kpfw.Panzerkampfwagen'' VI H ''Ausf.'' H1 (Tiger H1)
''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E
| -
|D656/21+ (Tank manual)
| 1 December 1942
|Maret 1943
|-
|''Pz.Kpfw.'' Tiger (8,8 cm L/56) (''Sd.Kfz.'' 181)
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Panzerkampfwagen'' VI H ''Ausf.'' H1<br />''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E
|''KStN'' 1176e
| D656/21+ (Tank manual)
|5 MarchMaret 1943
|-
|''Panzerkampfwagen'' style="text-align:left;"|Tiger ''Pz.KpfwAusf.'' TigerE (8,8&nbsp;cm L/56) (''Sd.Kfz.'' 181)
''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E
| ''KStN'' 1176e<ref>[http://downloads.sturmpanzer.net/KStN/KStN_1176e_1.11.1943.pdf Table of Organisation, KStN 1176e]</ref>
|D656/22 (Tank manual)
| 5 March 1943
|7 September 1944
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E (Sd.Kfz. 181)<br />''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E
| D656/22 (Tank manual)
| 7 September 1944
|}
Hitler's order, dated 27 February 1944, abolished the designation ''Panzerkampfwagen VI'' and ratified ''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf.'' E, which was the official designation until the end of the war.<ref name="id3486.securedata.net" /> For common use it was frequently shortened to ''Tiger''.
{{clear}}<!-- The clr tag prevents the picture from running into the next section. Please keep it at the bottom of this section. -->
 
==Combat historyPengguna ==
 
* {{flag|Nazi Jerman}} - Pengguna Utama.
===Gun and armour performance===
* {{flag|Kerajaan Hungaria}} - 13 buah Tiger I Ausf. E telah dikirim oleh Jerman.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2935-24, Russland, Treffer an Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|thumb|German soldiers inspect a non-penetrating hit to the Tiger's armour]]
 
== Tank yang tersisa ==
A report prepared by the [[Waffenamt|Waffenamt-Prüfwesen 1]] gave the calculated probability of perforation at range, on which various adversaries would be defeated reliably at an angle of 30 degrees. It was estimated that the Tiger's 88&nbsp;mm gun would be capable of penetrating the differential case of an American M4 Sherman from {{convert|2100|m|mi|abbr=on}} and the turret front from {{convert|1800|m|mi|abbr=on}}, but the Tiger's 88&nbsp;mm gun would not penetrate the upper glacis plate at any range.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} The M4 Sherman's 75&nbsp;mm gun would not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range, and needed to be within 100&nbsp;m to achieve a side penetration against the 80&nbsp;mm upper hull superstructure.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} The Sherman's upgraded [[76 mm gun M1|76&nbsp;mm gun]] would have the possibility to penetrate the Tiger's driver's front plate from 600&nbsp;m, the nose from 400&nbsp;m and the turret front from 700&nbsp;m.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} The [[90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3|M3 90&nbsp;mm cannon]] used as a towed anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun, and later mounted in the [[M36 tank destroyer]] and finally the late-war [[M26 Pershing]], could penetrate the Tiger's front plate at a range of 1,000 m using standard ammunition, and from beyond 2,000 m when using HVAP.<ref name="freeweb1">{{cite web|url=http://gva.freeweb.hu/weapons/usa_guns7.html|title=USA Guns 90mm calibre|publisher=Gva.freeweb.hu|accessdate=2010-04-30}} {{Dead link |date=February 2015}}</ref>
 
=== Tiger 131 ===
Soviet ground trial testing conducted in May 1943 determined that the 88mm KwK 36 gun could pierce the T-34-76 frontal beam nose of 140&nbsp;mm thickness from 1500 m at 75 degrees, and the front hull from 1500 m at 70 degrees. A hit to the drivers hatch would force it to collapse inward and break apart.{{sfn|Baryatinsky|2008|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Kolomiets|2013|p=92}}{{Efn|The data used here is from the Soviet Military Intelligence Service. With the capture of an intact Tiger at [[Operation Iskra|Lake Lagoda]] the Soviets obtained data regarding the Tiger's technical and tactical capabilities. By test firing the 8.8 cm gun against a T-34 hull, data was obtained that lead to several improvements of the T-34 and development of the IS II as a new breakthrough tank. By increasing the thickness of the armour and mounting it with a very heavy 122 mm gun, the Soviet IS II became a very difficult tank to deal with.}} According to the WaPrüf, the Soviet T-34-85's upper glacis and turret front armour would be defeated between {{convert|100|and|1400|m|mi|abbr=on}}, while the T-34's 85&nbsp;mm gun would penetrate the front of a Tiger between {{convert|200|and|500|m|mi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} The [[IS tank family#mediaviewer/File:IS-2 scheme of armour.jpg|120&nbsp;mm]] hull armour of the Soviet [[IS-2]] model 1943 would be defeated between {{convert|100|and|300|m|mi|abbr=on}} at the driver's front plate and nose.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} The IS-2's 122&nbsp;mm gun would penetrate the Tiger's front armour between {{convert|500|and|1500|m|mi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}} However, according to Steven Zaloga, the IS-2 and Tiger I could each knock the other out in normal combat distances below 1,000 m.{{sfn|Zaloga|1994|p=12}} At longer ranges the performance of each respective tank against each other was dependent on the crew and combat situation.{{sfn|Zaloga|1994|p=13}}
Pada 21 April 1943, sebuah Tiger I dari [[batalion tank berat Jerman]] ke-504, dengan nomor kubah meriam 131, ditangkap di sebuah bukit bernama Djebel Djaffa di Tunisia. Tembakan meriam [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|6 pon]] tank Churchill dari [[Resimen Tank Royal ke-48|Resimen Tank Kerajaan]] Inggris [[Resimen Tank Royal ke-48|ke-48]] menghantam laras meriam Tiger dan memantul ke cincin kubahnya, menghambat putarannya dan melukai komandan. Awak menyelamatkan diri, kemudian tank ditangkap.{{Sfn|Carruthers|2000}} Setelah perbaikan, tank dikirim ke Inggris untuk pemeriksaan menyeluruh.
 
Tank yang ditangkap secara resmi diserahkan ke [[Museum Tangki Bovington|Bovington Tank Museum]] oleh [[Kementerian Pemasok|Kementerian Pasokan Inggris]] pada 25 September 1951. Pada Juni 1990, tank dipindahkan dari tampilan di museum dan pekerjaan dimulai pada restorasi. Ini dilakukan oleh museum dan [[Organisasi Perbaikan Pangkalan Angkatan Darat]] dan melibatkan pembongkaran tank yang hampir lengkap. Mesin HL230 Maybach dari museum Tiger II dipasang (Maybach HL210 asli milik Tiger telah dipisah untuk tampilan<ref>[http://www.tiger-tank.com/secure/journal41.htm The Tiger Tank Restoration project – "Our Tiger" Journal]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>), bersama dengan sistem pemadam api modern di kompartemen mesin. Pada Desember 2003, Tiger 131 kembali ke museum, dipulihkan dan dalam kondisi berjalan. Tiger ini digunakan dalam film [[Fury (film 2014)|''Fury'']], pertama kali Tiger I asli yang dapat dioperasikan secara mekanis sepenuhnya telah muncul dalam sebuah film sejak Perang Dunia II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-24987676|title=BBC News – 'Last' WW2 Tiger tank to be used in Brad Pitt film|website=BBC News}}</ref>
The British [[Churchill tank|Churchill IV]] would be vulnerable to the Tiger between {{convert|1100|and|1700|m|mi|abbr=on}}, its strongest point being the nose and its weakest the turret. According to an STT document dated April 1944, it was estimated that the British [[Ordnance QF 17 pounder|17-pounder]] as used on the [[Sherman Firefly]], firing its normal [[APCBC]] ammunition, would penetrate the turret front and driver's visor plate of the Tiger out to 1900 yards.{{sfn|Jentz|Doyle|1993|pp=19–20}}
 
=== Lainnya ===
When engaging targets Tiger crews were encouraged to angle the hull position 45 degrees to the ''Mahlzeit Stellung'' of 10 ½ or 1 ½ o'clock. This would maximize the effective front hull armour to 180mm and side hull to 140mm, making the Tiger impervious to any allied gun up to 152&nbsp;mm.<ref>[http://s14.directupload.net/images/141103/qo72ng3d.jpg ''Tigerfibel'' p84-85]</ref>{{sfn|Bird|Livingston|2001|p=83}} Unlike the lighter [[Panzer IV]] and [[Panther tank]]s, the Tiger's thick side armour allowed a degree of confidence of immunity from attack from flanking threats. The tank was also immune from Soviet [[anti-tank rifle]] fire to the sides and rear. Its large caliber 8.8&nbsp;cm provided superior fragmentation and high explosive content over the [[7.5 cm KwK 42]] gun. Therefore, comparing the Tiger with the Panther, for supporting the infantry and destroying fortifications, the Tiger offered superior firepower. It was also key to dealing with the greatest threat to any tank, towed antitank guns.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
[[Berkas:TigerI Saumur.jpg|jmpl|Tiger I julukan Prancis: ''Colmar'', di ''Musée des Blindés'', Saumur, Prancis]]
[[Berkas:Vimoutiers (Orne-France) - Char Tigre allemand.jpg|jmpl|Di Museum Normandia Prancis]][[Berkas:Pz.Kpfw. Vl Ausf.H in Snegiri.JPG|jmpl| Di Museum Lenino-Snegiri, Russia]][[Berkas:Немецкий тяжёлый танк Pz.VI (Tiger I).JPG|jmpl|Ada di Museum Tank Kubinka, Russia]]Mengingat jumlahnya yang sedikit, yaitu sekitar 1.300 Tiger yang diproduksi selama Perang Dunia II, sangat sedikit yang selamat dari perang dan upaya pembesituaan pascaperang. Banyak komponen besar telah diselamatkan selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi penemuan kendaraan yang kurang lebih dan umumnya lengkap sejauh ini menghindari penggemar kendaraan lapis baja dan pengumpul tank. Selain Tiger 131, enam tank Tiger I lainnya bertahan hingga April 2018 di lokasi-lokasi berikut:
 
* [[Musée des Blindés]] di [[Saumur]], [[Prancis]]. Pameran dalam ruangan dalam kondisi baik. Versi pertengahan produksi (1944) dengan roda jalan tipe baja tumpang tindih yang diadopsi dari Tiger II dan dilengkapi dengan trek transportasi yang sempit. Tiger ini adalah bagian dari kompi ke-2 dari [[Batalyon Panzer Berat SS 102]] yang bertempur di sektor [[Cauville]] dan kemudian ditinggalkan oleh krunya setelah kerusakan mekanis. Dia diangkat kembali sebagai ''Colmar'' dengan skuadron ke-2 [[Resimen Cuirassier ke-6 (Prancis)|Resimen Cuirassier]] Prancis [[Resimen Cuirassier ke-6 (Prancis)|ke-6]] dan bergabung dengan unit baru itu dalam pertempuran sepanjang perjalanan kembali ke Jerman.
{{quotation| The destruction of an antitank gun was often accepted as nothing special by lay people and soldiers from other branches. Only the destruction of other tanks counted as a success. On the other hand, antitank guns counted twice as much to the experienced tanker. They were much more dangerous to us. The antitank cannon waited in ambush, well camouflaged, and magnificently set up in the terrain. Because of that, it was very difficult to identify. It was also very difficult to hit because of its low height. Usually, we didn't make out the antitank guns until they had fired the first shot. We were often hit right away, if the antitank crew was on top of things, because we had run into a wall of antitank guns. It was then advisable to keep as cool as possible and take care of the enemy, before the second aimed shot was fired. |Otto Carius|Tigers in the Mud|p. 118}}
* [[Vimoutiers]] di [[Normandia|Normandy]], Prancis. "[[Tangki Vimoutiers Tiger|Tank Tiger Vimoutiers]] " yang terkenal. Ditinggalkan dan kemudian dihancurkan oleh kru Jerman pada Agustus 1944. Monumen luar ruang dalam kondisi yang buruk karena efek waktu dan unsur-unsur (banyak bagian asli seperti palka dan kedua pipa knalpot belakang hilang).
* [[Museum Tank Kubinka]] di [[Moskwa]], [[Rusia]] . Dalam kondisi baik; ditampilkan sebagai pameran di dalam ruangan (meskipun deretan roda empat paling tidak ada pada kendaraan ini).
* Museum Sejarah Militer Lenino-Snegiri di Rusia. Dalam kondisi sangat buruk; ditampilkan di luar ruangan. Tank ini adalah bekas sasaran tembak dan telah ditembakan dan dipotong dengan sangat buruk (kerusakan termasuk kerusakan roda gigi yang berjalan dan beberapa lubang peluru pada zirahnya).
* Tiger 712 (nomor lambung 250031) dari Batalyon Tank Berat ke-501 di Museum Lapis Baja & Kavaleri Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat di [[Fort Benning|Fort Benning, Georgia]], AS. Dalam kondisi baik. Sebelumnya ditampilkan di luar ruangan, sejak itu telah dipindahkan di dalam ruangan.
* Museum Panzer Jerman di Munster sekarang memiliki Tiger I yang dipajang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panzermuseum-munster.de/home/aktuelles/detail/article/die-schwerste-katze-aller-zeiten.html |title=Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster: Die schwerste Katze aller Zeiten |access-date=2015-10-15 |archive-date=2013-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312040908/http://www.panzermuseum-munster.de/home/aktuelles/detail/article/die-schwerste-katze-aller-zeiten.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tank ini direkonstruksi oleh Mr. Hoebig di Jerman menggunakan bagian-bagian yang ditemukan di Trun Scrapyard di Normandia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuLocale_-Un-char-Tigre-Allemand-reconstruit-avec-des-pieces-de-la-poche-de-Falaise-Chambois_40772-2173893------61001-aud_actu.Htm|title=Un char Tigre Allemand reconstruit avec des pièces de la poche de Falaise-Chambois|website=Ouest-France.fr}}</ref> dan beberapa bagian lainnya ditemukan di Kurland (di Latvia).
 
===First actions=Film ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-554-0872-35, Tunesien, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|thumb|left|A Tiger I deployed to supplement the [[Afrika Korps]] operating in [[Tunisia]], January 1943]]
Eager to make use of the powerful new weapon, Hitler ordered the vehicle be pressed into service months earlier than planned.{{sfn|Guderian|1952|p=280}} A platoon of four Tigers was put into action on 23 September 1942 near [[Siege of Leningrad|Leningrad]].{{sfn|Showalter|2013|p=48}} Operating in swampy, forested terrain their movement was largely confined to roads and tracks, making defense against them far easier. Many of these early models were plagued by problems with the transmission, which had difficulty handling the heavy weight of the vehicle if pushed too hard. It took time for drivers to learn how to avoid over taxing the engine and transmission, and many broke down. The most significant event from this engagement was that one of the Tigers became stuck in swampy ground and had to be abandoned. Captured largely intact, it allowed the Soviets to study the design and prepare countermeasures.{{sfn|Glantz|2005|p=201}}
 
* [[White Tiger (film 2012)|White Tiger]] (2012)
A [[503rd heavy tank battalion (Germany)|battalion of Tigers]] was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942, but arrived too late to participate in the attack to relieve Stalingrad, (Operation [[Operation Winter Storm|''Winter Storm'']]). It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the [[Rostov-on-Don]] and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943.
 
* [[Fury (film 2014)|Fury]] (2014)
In the North African theatre, the Tiger first saw action during the [[Tunisia Campaign]] on 1 December 1942 east of [[Tebourba]].{{sfn|Schneider|2000|p=41}} The first loss to an Allied gun was on 20 January 1943 near [[Robaa]]{{sfn|Schneider|2000|p=42}} when a battery of the British 72nd Anti-tank Regiment knocked out two Tigers with their [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder|6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank guns]]. The failed attack on [[Béja]] at the end of February saw seven Tigers lost in the "Panzer Graveyard".{{sfn|Schneider|2000|p=43}}
 
* [[Saving Private Ryan]] (1998)
===Mobility and reliability {{anchor|Mobility}}===
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:Tiger I Crashed Through Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|This Tiger of the [[502nd Heavy Tank Battalion (Germany)|502nd Battalion]] flipped over while attempting a bridge crossing in Russia, November 1943, killing the tank commander. It was recovered with extreme difficulty<ref>Schneider 2000, pp. 78, 104.</ref>]] -->
 
* [[Normandy]] (terbatas)
The tank's weight significantly limited its use of bridges. For this reason, the Tiger was built with water tight hatches and a [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]] device that allowed it to [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] water obstacles four metres deep. The tank's weight also made driving through buildings risky, as the presence of a cellar could result in a sudden drop. Another weakness was the slow traverse of the hydraulically operated turret. Due to reliability problems with the Maybach HL 210 TRM P45, which was delivered within the first production batch of 250 Tigers, performance for its maximum power output at high gear ratio could not be fulfilled.<ref name="alanhamby.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.alanhamby.com/maybach.shtml|title=Tiger I Information Center - The Maybach Engine|work=alanhamby.com}}</ref> Though the Maybach engines had a maximum of 3,000 rpm, crews were told in the ''[[Tigerfibel]]'' not to exceed 2,600 rpm. The engine limitation was alleviated only by the adoption of the Maybach HL 230.<ref name="alanhamby.com"/> A British Army test report showed that the turret on the Tiger E tank turned 360 degrees in 19 seconds with its power traverse system set at high ratio and with the engine speed at 2000 revolutions per minute (rpm).{{sfn|Green|Brown|2008|p=86}} The turret could also be traversed manually, but this option was rarely used, except for very small adjustments.{{sfn|Carruthers|2013}}
 
* [[T-34]] (2018)
Early Tigers had a top speed of about {{convert|45|km/h|mph}} over optimal terrain. This was not recommended for normal operation, and was discouraged in training. An engine governor was subsequently installed, capping the engine at 2,600 rpm and the Tiger's maximum speed to about {{convert|38|km/h|mph}}. However, medium tanks of the time, such as the Sherman or T-34, had an average a top speed of about {{convert|45|km/h|mph}}. Thus, despite the Tiger being nearly twice as heavy, its speed was comparatively respectable.{{sfn|Carruthers|2013}}
 
== Lihat pula ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-024-3536-28, Kreta, Panzer VI (Tiger I), Reparatur.jpg|thumb|A Tiger undergoing engine repairs]]
With the tank's very wide tracks, a design feature borrowed from the Soviet T-34, the Tiger had a lower ground pressure than many smaller tanks, such as the M4 Sherman.
 
=== Tank yang memiliki jenis dan peran yang mirip ===
The Tiger had reliability problems throughout its service life. Tiger units often entered combat understrength due to breakdowns. More importantly, the tank's fuel consumption meant that it had a limited operational range.
* [[Uni Soviet]]: [[KV-85]] atau [[IS (famili tank)|IS-1]]
 
* [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serika]]<nowiki/>t: [[M26 Pershing]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2926-11A, Russland, Abschleppen eines Tiger I.jpg|thumb|Tiger I towed by two [[Sd.Kfz. 9]]]]
* [[Britania Raya|Inggris]]: Seri [[Tank Churchill|Churchill]]
Tiger tanks needed a high degree of support. It required two or sometimes three of the standard German [[Sd.Kfz. 9|Sd.Kfz. 9 ''Famo'']] heavy recovery half-track tractors to tow it. Tiger crews often resorted to using another Tiger to tow the damaged vehicle, but this was not recommended as this often caused overheating and engine breakdown. The low-mounted sprocket limited the obstacle clearance height. The tracks also had a tendency to override the rear sprocket, resulting in immobilisation. If a track overrode and jammed, two Tigers were normally needed to tow the tank. The jammed track was also a big problem itself, since due to high tension, it was often impossible to split the track by removing the track pins. The track sometimes had to be blown apart with a small explosive charge.
 
The average reliability of the Tiger tank in the second half of 1943 was similar to that of the [[Panther tank|Panther]], 36 percent, compared to the 48 percent of the [[Panzer IV]] and the 65 percent of the [[StuG III]].{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=202}}
 
===Tactical organization===
{{Refimprove section|date=April 2010}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2935-18A, Russland, getarnter Panzer VI "Tiger I".jpg|thumb|right|A Tiger I camouflaged in a static defensive position]]
 
Tigers were usually employed in separate [[German Heavy Panzer Detachment|heavy tank battalions]] (''schwere Panzer-Abteilung'') under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. A few favoured divisions, such as the ''[[Großdeutschland Division|Grossdeutschland]]'', and the [[Leibstandarte|1st SS ''Leibstandarte'' Adolf Hitler]], [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|2nd SS ''Das Reich'']], and [[3rd SS Division Totenkopf|3rd SS ''Totenkopf'' Panzergrenadier Division]]s at Kursk, had a Tiger company in their tank regiments. The ''Grossdeutschland'' Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment ''Grossdeutschland''. 3rd SS ''Totenkopf'' retained its Tiger I company through the entire war. 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion, which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps.{{sfn|Wilbeck|2004|pp=25, 99}}
 
The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time they went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and their main use was on the defensive, as mobile anti-tank and infantry gun support weapons.{{sfn|Wilbeck|2004|pp=25, 99}} Tactically, this also meant moving the Tiger units constantly to parry breakthroughs, causing excessive mechanical wear. As a result, there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close to full strength.
 
Some Tiger units exceeded the 10:1 kill ratio, including ''13. Kompanie/Panzer-Regiment Großdeutschland'' (16.67:1), ''[[schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 103]]'' (12.82:1) and ''schwere [[Schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 502|Panzer-Abteilung 502]]'' (13.08:1).{{citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=High probability of kill claims to be exaggerated. Need some sources here.}} Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers, even a 10:1 kill ratio was not sufficient. These numbers must be set against the [[opportunity cost]] of the expensive Tiger. Every Tiger cost as much to build as four ''[[Sturmgeschütz III]]'' assault guns.
 
===Notable "aces"===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Groenert-019-23A, Schlacht um Kursk, Panzer VI (Tiger I).jpg|thumb|Tiger engaging a target at the [[Battle of Kursk]]]]
On 7 July 1943, a single Tiger tank commanded by SS-Oberscharführer [[Franz Staudegger]] from the 2nd Platoon, 13th Panzer Company, [[1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler|1st SS Panzer Division ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler'']] engaged a group of about 50 T-34s around Psyolknee (the southern sector of the German salient in the Battle of Kursk). Staudegger used all his ammunition and claimed the destruction of 22 Soviet tanks, while the rest retreated. For this, he was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross]].{{sfn|Agte|2006|pp=103–105}}
 
The Tiger is particularly associated with ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Michael Wittmann]] of [[101st SS Heavy Panzer Detachment|''schwere SS-Panzerabteilung'' 101]]. He worked his way up, commanding various vehicles and finally a Tiger I. In the [[Battle of Villers-Bocage]], his platoon destroyed over two dozen Allied vehicles, including several tanks. However, in the afternoon, a second attack into the town with Tigers met a British ambush and at least three were knocked out or immobilized by anti-tank guns and [[PIAT]] infantry weapons.{{sfn|Forty|2004}}
 
Several Tiger tank commanders claimed over 100 vehicle kills each, including [[Kurt Knispel]] with 168, [[Otto Carius]] with 150+, [[Johannes Bölter]] with 139+, and [[Michael Wittmann]] with 138.<ref>[http://www.alanhamby.com/aces.shtml Tiger Aces] alanhamby.com</ref>
 
==Allied response==
The experienced British had observed the gradual increase in German AFV armour and firepower since 1940 and had anticipated the need for more powerful anti-tank guns. Work on the 76.2mm calibre [[Ordnance QF 17 pounder]] had begun in late 1940 and in 1942 100 early-production guns were rushed to North Africa to help counter the new Tiger threat. The gun carriage had not yet been developed, and the guns were mounted on the carriages of [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25-pounder gun/howitzers]].
[[File:M26 Killer.jpg|thumb|Tiger I that knocked out the first [[M26 Pershing]] in combat. It then backed into a pile of rubble and became stuck, leading to the crew abandoning it]]
 
Efforts were hastened to get [[cruiser tank]]s armed with 17-pounder guns into operation. The [[Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger|A30 Challenger]] was already at the prototype stage in 1942,<ref>[http://www.wwiiequipment.com/17pounder.aspx The 17 Pounder Anti-Tank Gun] David Boyd, wwiiequipment.com</ref> but this tank was relatively unprotected, having a front hull thickness of 64&nbsp;mm, and in the end was fielded in only limited numbers (around 200 were ordered in 1943), though crews liked it for its high speed. The Sherman Firefly, armed with the 17-pounder, was a notable success even though it was only intended to be a stopgap design. Fireflies were successfully used against Tigers; in one engagement, a single Firefly destroyed three Tigers in 12 minutes with five rounds.{{sfn|Hart|2007|p=65}} Over 2,000 Fireflies were built during the war. Five different 17-pounder-armed British designs saw combat during the war: the A30 Challenger, the [[Comet tank|A34 Comet]], the Sherman Firefly, the [[17pdr SP Achilles]], and the [[Archer (tank destroyer)|17pdr SP Archer]] self-propelled gun, while one more, the [[Centurion Tank|A41 Centurion]], was about to enter production at the end of the war. In 1944 the British introduced an [[Armour-piercing discarding sabot|APDS]] round for the 17-pounder, which increased penetration performance considerably.
 
[[File:Zhukov at the Tiger tank.jpg|thumb|left|Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov]] inspecting a Tiger captured by the [[Red Army]] in 1943]]
The initial Soviet response was to restart production of the [[57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)|57&nbsp;mm ZiS-2]] anti-tank gun (production was stopped in 1941 in favour of cheaper and more versatile alternatives - e.g. the [[ZiS-3]] - as the gun's performance was excessive for early German armour). The ZiS-2 had better armour penetration than the 76&nbsp;mm [[F-34 tank gun]] used by most Red Army tanks, or the ZiS-3 76&nbsp;mm divisional cannon but was still inadequate against Tigers. A small number of T-34s were again fitted with a tank version of the ZiS-2, the ZiS-4 but it could not fire an adequate high-explosive round, making it an unsuitable tank gun.
 
Firing trials of the new [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|85 mm D-5T]] also had proved disappointing. Several captured German Tiger I tanks were shipped to Chelyabinsk, where they were subjected to 85&nbsp;mm fire from various angles. The 85&nbsp;mm gun could not reliably penetrate Tiger I except at ranges within the lethal envelope of the Tiger I's own 88&nbsp;mm gun.{{sfn|Zaloga|1994|pages=6–7}} It was still initially used on the [[SU-85]] self-propelled gun (based on a T-34 chassis) from August 1943. The production of KV heavy tanks armed with the 85&nbsp;mm D-5T in an IS-85 turret was also started. There was a short production run of 148 KV-85 tanks, which were sent to the front beginning in September 1943 with production ending by December 1943.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boldyrev|first1=Eugeni|title=KV-85 Heavy Tank|url=http://english.battlefield.ru/tanks/10-heavy-tanks/25-kv-85.html|website=http://english.battlefield.ru/|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> By the spring of 1944, the T-34/85 appeared; this up-gunned T-34 matched the SU-85's firepower, but with the advantage of mounting the gun in a turret. It also matched the firepower of the heavier IS-85 tank in a more cost effective package resulting in a repeat of the events which heralded the decline of KV-1 production. The IS was subsequently rearmed with the 122&nbsp;mm D-25T, which with BR–471 AP rounds was capable of going through the Tiger's armour from 1,200 m <ref>{{cite web|last1=Potapov|first1=Valeri|title=Development History of the JS-1/JS-2|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050215090912/http://www.battlefield.ru/is2_1.html|website=The Russian Battlefield|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> and with the improved BR–471B APHEBC rounds at over 2,000 m.<ref>[http://english.battlefield.ru/tank-armament/79-specification-and-armor-penetration.html Specification and Armor Penetration]</ref>{{efn|The Br-471B projectile was ordered in spring 1945, but arrived to late to be issued for combat in Europe. David R. Higgins, King Tiger Vs IS-2: Operation Solstice 1945 p. 26}} The redundant SU-85 was replaced by the [[SU-100]], mounting a 100&nbsp;mm [[D-10 tank gun]], that could penetrate 149&nbsp;mm of vertical armour plate at 1,000 m.{{sfn|Zaloga|1984|p=225}}
 
In May 1943, the Red Army deployed the [[SU-152]], replaced in 1944 by the [[ISU-152]]. These self-propelled guns both mounted the large, [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)|152&nbsp;mm howitzer-gun]]. The SU-152 was intended to be a close-support gun for use against German fortifications rather than armour; however, it shared among the later fielded ISU-152, the nickname ''Zveroboy'' ("beast killer"), for its rare ability to knockout German heavy tanks. The 152&nbsp;mm armour-piercing shells weighed over {{convert|45|kg|lb|0}} and could penetrate a Tiger's frontal armour from about {{convert|1000|m|yd|-2}}. It's high-explosive rounds were powerful enough to cause significant damage to a tank, occasionally ripping the turret off outright. However, the size and weight of the ammunition meant both vehicles had a low rate of fire and each could carry only 20 rounds.
 
[[File:TigerITankTunis.jpg|thumb|left|A Tiger captured by US forces in [[Tunis]], 1943]]
The US Army hesitated to place the 76&nbsp;mm M1 gun in action even when they were already available, as combat through early 1944 indicated that the 75&nbsp;mm M3 was more than adequate for handling the German tank threat.{{sfn|Zaloga|2003|p=13}} This conclusion was partly based on the correct estimate that the Tiger would be encountered in relatively small numbers and could be knocked out by anti-tank gun fire as they were in Tunisia and Sicily.{{sfn|Zaloga|2003|p=14}}
 
==Operators==
*{{flag|Nazi Germany}} - The main operator.
*{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary}} - 13 examples given by Germany.<ref>Kliment, C.K. and Bernád, D. (2007): Maďarská armáda 1919–1945 (n.b.- The source mentions that perhaps 15 vehicles had been delivered but only 13 are accounted for in the Hungarian Army sources)</ref>
 
==Survivors==
[[File:Tiger I 2 Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Tiger 131]], Bovington Tank Museum, United Kingdom]]
[[Image:TigerI Saumur.jpg|thumb|Tiger ''Colmar'', ''Musée des Blindés'', Saumur, France]]
[[File:Vimoutiers (Orne-France) - Char Tigre allemand.jpg|thumb|the [[Vimoutiers Tiger tank]] in Vimoutiers, Normandy, France]]
[[Image:Pz.Kpfw. Vl Ausf.H in Snegiri.JPG|thumb|Lenino-Snegiri Military Historical Museum, Russia]]
[[File:Немецкий тяжёлый танк Pz.VI (Tiger I).JPG|thumb|Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia]]
 
===Tiger 131===
{{Main|Tiger 131}}
On 21 April 1943, a Tiger I of the 504th [[German heavy tank battalion]], with [[Tiger 131|turret number 131]], was captured on a hill called Djebel Djaffa in Tunisia. A [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder|6-pounder]] solid shot from a Churchill tank of the British [[48th Royal Tank Regiment]] hit the Tiger's gun barrel and ricocheted into its turret ring, jamming its traverse and wounding the commander. The crew bailed out and the tank was captured.{{efn|The conservators have kept the damage caused by the ricochet unpainted, it can be observed at the Bovington Tank museum.}}{{sfn|Carruthers|2000}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}. After repairs, the tank was sent to England for a thorough inspection.
 
The captured tank was officially handed over to the [[Bovington Tank Museum]] by the British [[Ministry of Supply (UK)|Ministry of Supply]] on 25 September 1951. In June 1990, the tank was removed from display at the museum and work began on its restoration. This was carried out both by the museum and the [[Army Base Repair Organisation]] and involved an almost complete disassembly of the tank. The Maybach HL230 engine from the museum's [[Tiger II]] was installed (the Tiger's original Maybach HL210 had been sectioned for display<ref>[http://www.tiger-tank.com/secure/journal41.htm The Tiger Tank Restoration project - "Our Tiger" Journal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>), along with a modern fire-suppressant system in the engine compartment. In December 2003, Tiger 131 returned to the museum, restored and in running condition. This Tiger was used in the film [[Fury (2014 film)|''Fury'']], the first time an original, fully mechanically operable Tiger I has appeared in a movie since World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-24987676|title=BBC News - 'Last' WW2 Tiger tank to be used in Brad Pitt film|work=BBC News}}</ref>
 
===Others===
Given the low number of just over 1,300 Tiger I's produced during World War II, very few survived the war and the post-war scrap drives. Many large components have been salvaged over the years, but the discovery of a (more or less) complete vehicle has so far eluded enthusiasts and collectors. In addition to Tiger 131, six other Tiger tanks survive as of June 2013, at the following locations:
 
* [[Musée des Blindés]] in [[Saumur]], [[France]]. Indoor exhibit in good condition. Mid 1944 version with overlapping roadwheels adopted from the Tiger II, fitted with narrow transport tracks. This Tiger was part of the 2nd company of the [[SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102]], fought in the [[Cauville]] sector, and was abandoned by her crew after a mechanical breakdown. She was recommissioned as ''Colmar'' with the 2nd squadron of the [[6th Cuirassier Regiment (France)|6th Cuirassier Regiment]], fighting all the way back to Germany.
* [[Vimoutiers]], [[Normandy]] [[France]] : The "[[Vimoutiers Tiger tank]]". Abandoned by its crew in August 1944. Outdoor monument. In bad condition, due to the time effect and the elements.
* [[Kubinka Tank Museum]], [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], in good condition. Displayed as an indoor exhibit.
* Military-historical Museum of Lenino-Snegiri, Russia. In very bad condition. As a former firing range target it is badly shot and cut up. Displayed as an outdoor exhibit.
* Tiger 712[250031] of the 501st Heavy Panzer Battalion is part of the United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum, [[Fort Benning, Georgia]]. In good condition. The left side of the hull and turret were cut-away in the late 1940s for interior training and display purposes.
* German Panzer Museum, Munster has a Tiger I now on display.<ref>[http://www.panzermuseum-munster.de/home/aktuelles/detail/article/die-schwerste-katze-aller-zeiten.html Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster: Die schwerste Katze aller Zeiten<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This tank was reconstructed by Mr Hoebig in Germany, using parts found in the Trun scrapyard in Normandy <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuLocale_-Un-char-Tigre-Allemand-reconstruit-avec-des-pieces-de-la-poche-de-Falaise-Chambois_40772-2173893------61001-aud_actu.Htm|title=Un char Tigre Allemand reconstruit avec des pièces de la poche de Falaise-Chambois|work=Ouest-France.fr}}</ref> and some parts found in Kurland (Latvia).
 
===Tanks of comparable role, performance and era===
* Soviet [[IS tank family#KV-85 and IS-85.2FIS-1|KV-85 or IS-1]]
* United States [[M26 Pershing]]
* British [[Churchill tank]] - with thicker armour (up to 152&nbsp;mm) but a smaller gun (57&nbsp;mm or 75&nbsp;mm)
 
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
 
==References Referensi ==
 
===Citations Kutipan ===
{{reflist | colwidth = 25em }}
 
===Bibliography Bibliografi ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | first = Thomas | last = Anderson | title=Tiger | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fJidAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 | year = 2013 | publisher=Osprey Publishing | isbn=978-1-78096-201-6|ref=harv}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juli ref2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot harv|fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Agte | first = Patrick | year = 2006 | title = Michael Wittmann and the Waffen SS Tiger Commanders of the Leibstandarte in WWII, Vol. 1 | publisher = Stackpole Books | location = Mechanicsburg | isbn = 978-0-8117-3334-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Baryatinsky | first = Mikhail | title = The T-34 in Combat | year = 2008 | publisher = Jauza, Moscow | isbn = 978-5-699-26709-5 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Bird | first1 = Lorrin Rexford | last2 = Livingston | first2 = Robert D. | year = 2001 | title = World War II Ballistics - Armor and Gunnery | location = Albany, N.Y. | publisher = Overmatch Press. | oclc = 71143143 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Bishop | first = Chris | title = The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II | year = 2002 | publisher = Metrobooks | location = London | chapter = 1 |isbn = 1-58663-762-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Carius | first = Otto | year = 2003 | author2 = Edwards, Robert J. | title = Tigers in the Mud - The Combat Career of German Panzer Commander Otto Carius|url = https://archive.org/details/tigersinmudcomba0000cari| publisher = Stackpole Books | isbn = 978-0-8117-2911-6 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last = Carruthers | first = Bob | title = German Tanks at War |url = https://archive.org/details/germantanksatwar0000carr|publisher = Cassell | location = London | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-304-35394-1 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Carruthers | first = Bob | year = 2013 | title = Tiger I in Combat | publisher = Coda Books Ltd. | url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xppl3sDQWtkC&pg=PT59&dq=slow+traverse+of+the+hydraulically-operated&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NhxJVMHsOpb48AWo5YGwCA&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=slow%20traverse%20of%20the%20hydraulically-operated&f=false |isbn isbn= 978-1-78159-129-1 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Forty | first=George | year=2004 |title=Villers Bocage. Battle Zone Normandy | publisher=Sutton Publishing | isbn=0-7509-3012-8 | ref = harv }}
* Glantz, David ''Colossus Reborn : the Red Army at War : 1941-1943''. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press 2005. ISBN
* {{cite book | last1 = Green | first1 = Michael | last2 = Brown | first2 = James D. | title = Tiger Tanks at War | location = St. Paul, MN | publisher = Zenith Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-7603-3112-5 | ref = harv }}
* [[Heinz Guderian|Guderian, Heinz]] ''Panzer Leader'' New York Da Capo Press, 1952. (Reissue edition, 2001).
* {{cite book | last = Hart | first = Stephen | year = 2007 | title = Sherman Firefly vs Tiger: Normandy 1944 |url = https://archive.org/details/shermanfireflyvs0000hart|publisher = Osprey Publishing | location = Reading | isbn = 1-84603-150-8 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Hunnicutt |first = Richard Pearce | authorlink = R. P. Hunnicutt | year = 1971 | title = Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series | location = Navato, CA | publisher = Presidio Press | isbn = 0-98219-070-0 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Jentz | first = Thomas | year = 1996 | title = Panzertruppen 2: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1943–1945 | publisher = Schiffer | isbn = 978-0-7643-0080-6 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Jentz | first = Tom | year = 1993 | author2 = Doyle, Hillary | others = illustrated by Sarson, Peter | title = Tiger 1 Heavy Tank 1942-45 | publisher = Osprey | isbn = 978-1-85532-337-7 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Jentz | first = Tom | year = 1997 | author2 = Doyle, Hillary | title = Germany's Tiger Tanks: Tiger I & II : Combat Tactics | publisher = Schiffer Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7643-0225-1 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Jentz | first = Tom | year = 2000 | author2 = Doyle, Hillary | title = Germany's Tiger tanks D.W. to Tiger 1 | publisher = Schiffer | isbn = 978-0-76431-038-6 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Kolomiets | first=Maxim | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS_CAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA90&ots=KrglZFCiIx&dq=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%A2%2034%20%D1%81%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%201500%20%D0%BC.&hl=de&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=true | script-title=ru:"Тигры" на Огненной Дуге | trans-title="Tiger Tierra del Arc" | publisher=KM Strategy | date=2013 | isbn=978-5-699-65932-6 | language=Russian | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Perrett | first = Bryan | authorlink = | year = 1999 | author2 = | title = Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank : 1936 - 1945|url = https://archive.org/details/panzerkampfwagen0000brya| publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-85532-843-3 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Schneider | first = Wolfgang | year = 2004 | title = Tigers in Combat I|url = https://archive.org/details/tigersincombati0000schn| publisher = Stackpole Books; 2nd edition, originally published 2000 by J.J. Fedorowicz; Winnipeg, Canada | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | isbn = 0-8117-3171-5 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Schneider | first = Wolfgang | year = 2005 | title = Tigers in Combat II|url |= https://archive.org/details/tigersincombat0000schn|publisher = Stackpole Books; originally published 1998 by J.J. Fedorowicz; Winnipeg, Canada | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | isbn = 0-8117-3203-7 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Showalter | first=Dennis E | year=2013 | title=Armor and Blood : the Battle of Kursk, the turning point of World War II | url=https://archive.org/details/armorbloodbattle0000show|location=New York, NY | publisher=Random House | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tucker-Jones | first=Anthony | title=Tiger I and Tiger II|year=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Military | location=Barnsley | chapter=Introduction | isbn=978-1-78159-030-0 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Wilbeck | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Sledgehammers: Strengths and Flaws of Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II |url = https://archive.org/details/sledgehammersstr0000wilb|publisher = The Aberjona Press | location = Bedford, Pa. | isbn = 978-0-9717650-2-3 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last= Zaloga | first= Steven | title= IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73 | date= 1994 | publisher = Osprey | isbn= 978-1-85532-396-4 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | year = 2003 | title = M4 (76mm) Medium Tank 1943–65 | publisher = Osprey | isbn = 1-84176-542-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | year = 2005 | title = US Anti-Tank Artillery 1941–45 | publisher = Osprey | isbn = 1-84176-690-9 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | year = 2007 | title = Japanese Tanks 1939–45 | publisher = Osprey | isbn = 978-1-84603-091-8 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zaloga | first= Steven | year = 2015 | title = Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II |location = Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher = Stackpole Books |isbn = 978-0-8117-1437-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zetterling | first = Niklas | year = 2000 | title = Kursk 1943: a statistical analysis | publisher = Frank Cass | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7146-5052-4 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web | title = Tiger and Tiger II sections from Handbook on German Military Forces | url = http://www.lonesentry.com/tm_tigertank/index.html | accessdate = October 8, 2009 | ref = harv }}
{{refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
==External links==
* [http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/tiger1.htm Tiger I at the Armorsite]
* [http://www.alanhamby.com/tiger.html Tiger I Information Center]
* [http://www.tiger-tank.com Bovington Tank Museum Tiger and Restoration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207205210/http://www.tiger-tank.com/ |date=2016-12-07 }}
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/tigerheavytank/ Article, "New German Heavy Tank" from U.S. Intelligence Bulletin, June 1943]
* [http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=xiADAAAAMBAJ&pg=68&query=Volume+146 Under The Tiger's Skin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010021938/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=xiADAAAAMBAJ&pg=68&query=Volume+146 |date=2012-10-10 }} June 1945 [[Popular Science]]
* [http://Tiger1.info/ Tiger1.info] 7* [http://the.shadock.free.fr/Surviving_Tigers.pdf Tiger survivors] - PDF Surviving Tiger Tanks
* [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/tigerp.htm Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger (P)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817143213/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/tigerp.htm |date=2008-08-17 }} and [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/tiger.htm Ausf. E] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822062203/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/tiger.htm |date=2008-08-22 }} at Achtung Panzer!
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/tm_tigertank/index.html Tiger and Tiger II sections from Handbook on German Military Forces]
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