Kekerasan seksual di masa perang: Perbedaan antara revisi

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'''Kekerasan seksual dipada masa perang''' adalah [[pemerkosaan]] atau bentuk-bentuk kekerasan seksual yang dilakukan oleh [[pejuang]] selama [[konflik bersenjata]] atau perang atau [[pendudukan militer]] yang sering kali dianggap sebagai [[rampasan perang]]; tapi terkadang, terutamanya dalam [[konflik etnis]], fenomena tersebut memiliki motif sosiologis yang lebih luas. kekerasan seksual dipada masa perang juga mungkin termasuk [[pemerkosaan beramai-ramai]] dan pemerkosaan dengan benda-benda. Hal ini dibedakan dengan [[trauma seksual militer|serangan seksual dan pemerkosaan yang dilakukan antara tentara di dinas militer]].<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://theconservativeblog.co.uk/?p=2382 |title="30% of Women in USA Military Raped Whilst Serving by Fellow Soldiers"]{{dead link|access-date=December2016-07-05 |archive-date=2020-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316201129/http://theconservativeblog.co.uk/?p=2382 |dead-url=yes 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Benedict |first=Helen |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103844570 |title=The Nation: The Plight of Women Soldiers|publisher=Npr.org |date=2009-05-06 |accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Benedict |first=Helen |url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3848/ |title=Why Soldiers Rape – Culture of misogyny, illegal occupation, fuel sexual violence in military |publisher=Inthesetimes.com |date=2008-08-13 |accessdate=2014-04-30 |archive-date=2019-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518145847/http://inthesetimes.com/article/3848/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hal ini juga mencakup situasi di mana anak perempuan dan perempuan dewasa dipaksa menjadi [[pelacur]] atau [[perbudakan seksual]] oleh kekuatan penjajah.
 
Selama perang dan konflik bersenjata, pemerkosaan sering digunakan sebagai alat [[operasi psikologis|perang psikologis]] untuk mempermalukan musuh. Kekerasan seksual dipada masa perang dapat terjadi dalam berbagai situasi, termasuk perbudakan seksual pelembagaan, kekerasan seksual masa perang terkait dengan [[pertempuran]] atau [[pembantaian]] yang spesifik, dan tindakan individu atau terisolasi dari kekerasan seksual.
 
Pemerkosaan juga dapat diakui sebagai [[genosida]] dan/atau [[pembersihan etnis]] jika dilakukan dengan maksud untuk menghancurkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebagian, kelompok sasaran; Namun, pemerkosaan tetap meluas di daerah konflik. Ada instrumen hukum internasional lain untuk mengadili para pelaku, tetapi ini telah terjadi hingga akhir tahun 1990-an.<ref>[http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/702/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12142-010-0163-x.pdf?auth66=1424563295_b4649e7e2308a9f1ccdbb20e63977441&ext=.pdf Mobilizing the Will to Prosecute: Crimes of Rape at the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunal]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Namun, instrumen hukum sejauh ini hanya digunakan untuk konflik ''internasional'', sehingga membutuhkan [[beban hukum pembuktian|beban pembuktian]] dalam mengutip sifat internasional dari konflik agar penuntutan dapat diperoses.
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=== Bibliografi ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Askin |first=Kelly Dawn |year=1997 |title=War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ThfzGvSvQ2UC |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-411-0486-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Beckman |first=Karen Redrobe |year=2003 |title=Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/vanishingwomenma0000beck |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=0-8223-3074-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan Brownmiller |year=1975 |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape |publisher=Fawcett Columbine |isbn=0-449-90820-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=de Brouwer |first=Anne-Marie |year=2005 |title=Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence |url=https://books.google.com/?id=JhY8ROsA39kC&dq=war+rape+in+ancient+times |publisher=Intersentia |isbn=90-5095-533-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Defeis |first=Elizabeth F. |year=2008 |title=U.N. peacekeepers and sexual abuse and exploitation: an end to impunity |journal=[[Washington University Global Studies Law Review]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=185–212 |url=http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=law_globalstudies |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
 
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* [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415671170/ ''The Political Psychology of War Rape''] by Inger Skjelsbæk 2011
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1404574 "Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law"], by Dustin A. Lewis, Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–49 (2009).
* [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20110504000928/http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=2104 "IHL Primer on Sexual Violence"]. International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative, June 2009.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7464462.stm UN classifies rape a 'war tactic']. 20 June 2008. [[BBC News]].
* [http://www.counterpunch.org/2008/04/04/rape-as-an-instrument-of-total-war/ "Rape as an Instrument of Total War"]. By David Rosen. 4 April 2008. ''[[CounterPunch]].''
* [http://mediastorm.com/publication/intended-consequences "Intended Consequences" by Jonathan Torgovnik on MediaStorm]
* [http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol2/iss1/4/ Duty, Honor, Rape: Sexual Assault Against Women During War] by Kevin Gerard Neill. Journal of International Women's Studies.
* [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/3/0/9/p183097_index.html Extreme War Rape in Today's Civil-war-torn States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904005915/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/3/0/9/p183097_index.html |date=2014-09-04 }} by Kathryn Farr. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the [[American Sociological Association]], New York City, 11 August 2007.
* [http://womensenews.org/story/rape/000719/bosnian-rape-camp-survivors-testify-the-hague#.Upxq1SfAifA womensnews.com – Bosnian 'Rape Camp' Survivors Testify in The Hague]
* [http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/28/balkans6 guardian.uk – Women say village became rape camp]
* [http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1993/html/Dispatchv4no16.html U.S. Department of State dispatch, mentioning a "rape house".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607032418/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1993/html/Dispatchv4no16.html |date=2011-06-07 }}
* {{cite book |title=What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France |first=Mary Louise |last=Roberts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2013 |isbn=0226923096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0Qwu3qV374C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |first1=Heleen |last1=Mees |authorlink1=Heleen Mees |first2=Femke |last2=van Zeijl |authorlink2=Femke van Zeijl |url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/mees5/German |title=Kriege gegen Frauen |publisher=[[Project Syndicate]] |date=26 May 2008 |accessdate=2010-06-06 }}
{{Refend}}
 
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[[Kategori:Kekerasan seksual dipada masa perang| ]]