Kiropraktik: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Daniel_David_PalmerDaniel David Palmer.jpg|jmpl|250px|Daniel David Palmer, pelopor ilmu kiropraktik.]]{{Kotak samping pengobatan alternatif}}

'''Kiropraktik''' adalah disiplin dan profesi  [[perawatanpelayanan kesehatan]]  yang menekankan menekankan diagnosis, perawatan, dan pencegahan gangguan mekanik pada [[sistem muskuloskeletal]], khususnya [[Tulang punggung|tulang belakang]], atas hipotesis bahwa gangguan itu akan mengganggu kesehatan umum melalui [[Sistem saraf|sistem saraf.]].<ref name="Nelson">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 9|title = Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession|author = Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ ''et al.''|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-9|pmid = 16000175|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9|pmc = 1185558|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101207135240/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9|dead-url = yes}}</ref>  Istilah ini  umumnya dikategorikan sebagai [[pengobatan holistik]] (alternatif), suatu sifat yang ditolak oleh banyak pakar kiropraktik.<ref name="Chapman-Smith">{{Templat:Cite book|author = Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III|chapter = International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession|pages = 111–34[https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8/page/111 111]–34|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|url = https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Redwood-CAM">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = [[J Altern Complement Med]]|year = 2008|volume = 14|issue = 4|pages = 361–8|title = Do chiropractors identify with complementary and alternative medicine? results of a survey|doi = 10.1089/acm.2007.0766|pmid = 18435599|author = Redwood D, Hawk C, Cambron J, Vinjamury SP, Bedard J}}</ref> Meskipun pakar kiropraktik memiliki banyak sifat penyedia [[perawatan dasar]], mereka memiliki lebih banyak sifat bidang medis seperti bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian]] dan [[podiatri]].<ref name="Meeker-Haldeman">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = [[Ann Intern Med]]|year = 2002|volume = 136|issue = 3|pages = 216–27|title = Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine|author = Meeker WC, Haldeman S|pmid = 11827498|url = http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/136/3/216.pdf|format = PDF}}</ref> [[Teknik perawatan kiropraktik]] utama melibatkan [[terapi kejiwaan]], termasuk pemanipulasian tulang belakang, [[sendi]], dan [[Jaringan lunak|jaringan lunak.]]. Perawatan juga termasuk [[senam]]an dan konseling kesehatan dan gaya hidup.<ref name="content-of-practice">{{Templat:Cite book|chapterurl = http://chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/chapter3.htm|chapter = Content of practice|author = Mootz RD, Shekelle PG|year = 1997|title = Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research|pages = 67–91|editor = Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.)|accessdate = 2008-10-10|location = Rockville, MD|publisher = Agency for Health Care Policy and Research|oclc = 39856366}}</ref> Kiropraktik tradisional menganggap bahwa subluksasi ruas tulang belakang atau disfungsi sendi tulang belakang akan mengganggu fungsi tubuh dan [[kecerdasan alamiah]], suatu anggapan vitalistik yang mengakibatkan ejekan dari sains dan medis aliran utama.<ref name="History-PPC">{{Templat:Cite book|author = [[Joseph C. Keating, Jr.|Keating JC Jr]]|chapter = A brief history of the chiropractic profession|pages = 23–64[https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8/page/23 23]–64|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|url = https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Keating-subluxation">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = [[Chiropr Osteopat]]|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 17|title = Subluxation: dogma or science?|author = Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-17|pmid = 16092955|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17|pmc = 1208927|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-11-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126123605/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

[[Daniel David Palmer]] mendirikan kiropraktik pada [[1890-an]]. Lalu anaknya, [[Barlett Joshua Palmer]], membantu pengembangan ilmu ini pada awal [[abad ke-20]].<ref name="Martin">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = Technol Cult|author = Martin SC|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 808–34|title = Chiropractic and the social context of medical technology, 1895–1925|doi = 10.2307/3106416|pmid = 11623404|url = http://jstor.org/stable/3106416}}</ref> Bidang kiropraktik kini memiliki dua aliran utama:

* "Aliran Murni", kini golongan minoritas, yang menekankan [[vitalisme]], kecerdasan kembali jadi, dan koreksi tulang belakang, dan menganggap subluksasi sebagai penyebab utama untuk semua penyakit;

* "Aliran Campuran" yang bersikap lebih terbuka terhadap teknik medis utama dan teknik medis alternatif seperti [[senam]]an, [[Pijat|pengurutan]], [[Aditif makanan|adisi makanan]], dan [[Akupunktur|akupunktur.]].<ref name="Kaptchuk-Eisenberg">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = [[Arch Intern Med]]|year = 1998|volume = 158|issue = 20|pages = 2215–24|title = Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions|author = Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM|pmid = 9818801|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/20/2215|doi = 10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215}}</ref>

Bidang kiropraktik kini sudah sering digunakan di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], dan [[Australia]], dan merupakan profesi kesehatan yang ketiga terbesar setelah bidang [[Kedokteran|medis]] dan bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian.]]<ref name="global-strategy">{{Templat:Cite web|url = http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf|format = PDF|title = Global professional strategy for chiropractic|author = Tetrault M|publisher = [[Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps]]|year = 2004|accessdate = 2008-04-18|archive-date = 2008-06-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625173624/http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Templat:Cite web|url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102184948.html|title = Establishing a database of U.S. chiropractic health manpower data: furthering the development of research infrastructure.|author = Smith M, Morschhauser S|publisher = [[National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate = 2008-05-06}}</ref> Kebanyakan orang yang mencari perawatanpelayanan kiropraktik berbuat demikian untuk merawat sakit belakang bawah.<ref name="Lawrence-Meeker">{{Templat:Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2007|volume = 15|title = Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review|author = Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-15-2|pmid = 17241465|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2|pages = 2|pmc = 1784103|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-11-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101120002211/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

* {{Templat:Dmoz|Health/Alternative/Chiropractic}}