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{{Bilah sisi diskriminasi|Related}}
'''Penindasan''' atau '''opresi''' adalah perlakuan atau penggunaan [[Kekuasaan (sosial dan politik)|kekuasaan]] secara [[Niat jahat|jahat]] atau [[Ketidakadilan|tidak adil]], sering kali dengan kedok otoritas pemerintah atau ''opprobrium'' budaya.{{efn|''opprobrium'' in the sense of "contempt or distaste usually mingled with reproach and an implication of inferiority."<ref>Gove, Philip B., ed., ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged'' (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961; Merriam-Webster, rev. 2016), https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/opprobrium</ref>}} Hal ini terkait dengan resimentasi, masyarakat kelas, dan hukuman. Penindasan dapat dilakukan secara terbuka atau terselubung, tergantung pada bagaimana hal tersebut dilakukan.<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/oppression Oppression] ''Dictionary.com''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oppression|title = Definition of OPPRESSION| date=23 May 2023 }}</ref> Penindasan disebut sebagai [[diskriminasi]] ketika [[ketidakadilan]] tidak menyasar dan tidak secara langsung menimpa semua orang di masyarakat, tetapi lebih menyasar atau berdampak secara tidak proporsional pada kelompok orang tertentu.
Belum ada model atau terminologi yang diterima secara universal untuk menggambarkan penindasan secara keseluruhan, meskipun beberapa ahli mengutip bukti dari berbagai jenis penindasan, seperti penindasan sosial, budaya, politik, agama/kepercayaan, penindasan institusional, dan [[penindasan ekonomi]].{{citation needed|date=Desember 2019}}
== Penindasan otoriter ==
Kata ''oppress'' berasal dari bahasa Latin ''oppressus'', bentuk lampau participle dari '''opprimere'', ("menekan terhadap",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=oppress|title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2016|isbn=9780544454453|edition=5th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125135556/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=oppress|archive-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> "menekan", "mencekik").<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kdictionaries-online.com/DictionaryPage.aspx?ApplicationCode=18#&&DictionaryEntry=oppress&SearchMode=Entry|title=Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary|publisher=K Dictionaries Ltd, by arrangement with Random House Information Group, an imprint of The Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.|year=2010|edition=Revised & Updated|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084452/http://www.kdictionaries-online.com/DictionaryPage.aspx?ApplicationCode=18#&&DictionaryEntry=oppress&SearchMode=Entry|archive-date=2014-10-06|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Dengan demikian, ketika [[Otoritarianisme|pemerintah otoriter]] menggunakan penindasan untuk menundukkan rakyat, mereka ingin warga negara mereka merasa "ditekan", dan hidup dalam ketakutan jika mereka tidak menyenangkan pihak berwenang, mereka akan "ditekan" dan "dicekik", misalnya dijebloskan ke dalam penjara negara yang gelap dan suram atau [[Eksekusi tanpa pengadilan|dieksekusi tanpa pengadilan]]. Pemerintah semacam itu menindas rakyat dengan menggunakan pembatasan, kontrol, teror, dan keputusasaan.{{efn|Gambaran tentang pemerintahan otoriter ini agak sederhana karena menggambarkan puncak otoritarianisme, yaitu skenario terburuk, yang masih ada di beberapa negara saat ini, tetapi secara bertahap menjadi kurang lazim selama sekitar dua abad terakhir. Lihat lima buku yang dikutip di akhir paragraf ini untuk diskusi yang lebih bernuansa. Lihat juga artikel Wikipedia, [[Otoritarianisme]].}} Alat penindasan tiran termasuk, misalnya, hukuman yang sangat keras untuk pernyataan yang "tidak patriotik"; mengembangkan pasukan [[polisi rahasia]] yang setia dan penuh tipu daya; melarang [[kebebasan berkumpul]], [[kebebasan berbicara]], dan [[kebebasan pers]]; mengendalikan sistem moneter dan ekonomi; dan memenjarakan atau membunuh para aktivis atau pemimpin lain yang mungkin menjadi ancaman bagi kekuasaan mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/competitiveautho0000levi|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Way|first2=Lucan A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521882521|oclc=968631692|location=New York City, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/competitiveautho0000levi/page/5 5]–13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Non-democratic politics : authoritarianism, dictatorship, and democratization|last=Xavier|first=Márquez|year=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=1–21; 39–61; 130–141|isbn=9781137486318|location=London|oclc=967148718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy and authoritarianism in the post-communist world|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|last1=Bunce|first1=Valerie|last2=McFaul|first2=Michael|last3=Stoner|first3=Kathryn|isbn=9780521115988|location=Cambridge, England (UK)|oclc=340983053|author1-link=Valerie Jane Bunce}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Protestant ethic and the spirit of authoritarianism: Puritanism, democracy, and society|last=Zafirovski|first=Milan|date=2007|pages=15–18|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|isbn=9780387493206|location=New York City, NY|oclc=191465180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The new authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/newauthoritarian0000king|last=King|first=Stephen J.|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253353979|location=Bloomington, IN|oclc=607553768}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 17 ⟶ 20:
* [[Perbedaan penindas-tertindas]]
* [[Perundungan]] (''bullying'')
* [[
* [[Penindasan politik]]
* [[Seksisme]]
Baris 49 ⟶ 52:
{{Wikiquote}}
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