Penindasan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kata ''oppress'' berasal dari bahasa Latin ''oppressus'', bentuk lampau participle dari '''opprimere'', ("menekan terhadap",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=oppress|title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2016|isbn=9780544454453|edition=5th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125135556/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=oppress|archive-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> "menekan", "mencekik").<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kdictionaries-online.com/DictionaryPage.aspx?ApplicationCode=18#&&DictionaryEntry=oppress&SearchMode=Entry|title=Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary|publisher=K Dictionaries Ltd, by arrangement with Random House Information Group, an imprint of The Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.|year=2010|edition=Revised & Updated|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084452/http://www.kdictionaries-online.com/DictionaryPage.aspx?ApplicationCode=18#&&DictionaryEntry=oppress&SearchMode=Entry|archive-date=2014-10-06|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Dengan demikian, ketika [[Otoritarianisme|pemerintah otoriter]] menggunakan penindasan untuk menundukkan rakyat, mereka ingin warga negara mereka merasa "ditekan", dan hidup dalam ketakutan jika mereka tidak menyenangkan pihak berwenang, mereka akan "ditekan" dan "dicekik", misalnya dijebloskan ke dalam penjara negara yang gelap dan suram atau [[Eksekusi tanpa pengadilan|dieksekusi tanpa pengadilan]]. Pemerintah semacam itu menindas rakyat dengan menggunakan pembatasan, kontrol, teror, dan keputusasaan.{{efn|Gambaran tentang pemerintahan otoriter ini agak sederhana karena menggambarkan puncak otoritarianisme, yaitu skenario terburuk, yang masih ada di beberapa negara saat ini, tetapi secara bertahap menjadi kurang lazim selama sekitar dua abad terakhir. Lihat lima buku yang dikutip di akhir paragraf ini untuk diskusi yang lebih bernuansa. Lihat juga artikel Wikipedia, [[Otoritarianisme]].}} Alat penindasan tiran termasuk, misalnya, hukuman yang sangat keras untuk pernyataan yang "tidak patriotik"; mengembangkan pasukan [[polisi rahasia]] yang setia dan penuh tipu daya; melarang [[kebebasan berkumpul]], [[kebebasan berbicara]], dan [[kebebasan pers]]; mengendalikan sistem moneter dan ekonomi; dan memenjarakan atau membunuh para aktivis atau pemimpin lain yang mungkin menjadi ancaman bagi kekuasaan mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/competitiveautho0000levi|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Way|first2=Lucan A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521882521|oclc=968631692|location=New York City, NY|pages=5–13[https://archive.org/details/competitiveautho0000levi/page/5 5]–13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Non-democratic politics : authoritarianism, dictatorship, and democratization|last=Xavier|first=Márquez|year=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=1–21; 39–61; 130–141|isbn=9781137486318|location=London|oclc=967148718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy and authoritarianism in the post-communist world|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|last1=Bunce|first1=Valerie|last2=McFaul|first2=Michael|last3=Stoner|first3=Kathryn|isbn=9780521115988|location=Cambridge, England (UK)|oclc=340983053|author1-link=Valerie Jane Bunce}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Protestant ethic and the spirit of authoritarianism: Puritanism, democracy, and society|last=Zafirovski|first=Milan|date=2007|pages=15–18|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|isbn=9780387493206|location=New York City, NY|oclc=191465180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The new authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/newauthoritarian0000king|last=King|first=Stephen J.|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253353979|location=Bloomington, IN|oclc=607553768}}</ref>

* {{cite book |last=Guillaumin |first=Colette |date=1995 |title=Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology |url=https://archive.org/details/racismsexismpowe0000guil |series=Critical studies in racism and migration |location=London |publisher=Routledge |oclc=441154357 |isbn=978-0-415-09385-9 }}

* {{cite book |last=Hobgood |first=Mary Elizabeth |date=2000 |title=Dismantling Privilege: An Ethics of Accountability |url=https://archive.org/details/dismantlingprivi0000hobg |location=Cleveland, OH |publisher=Pilgrim Press |isbn=978-0-8298-1374-6 |oclc=42849654 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Feagin |first1=Joe R. |last2=Vera |first2=Hernan |date=1995 |title=White Racism: The Basics |url=https://archive.org/details/whiteracismbasic0000feag_i5d9 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-90918-1 |oclc=30399203 }}

* {{cite book |last=Cudd |first=Ann E. |date=2006 |title=Analyzing Oppression |url=https://archive.org/details/analyzingoppress0000cudd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Studies in feminist philosophy |isbn=978-0-19-518743-4 |oclc=702181996 }}