Taliban: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{for|pemerintahan Taliban yang berkuasa di Afganistan|Keamiran Islam Afganistan}}{{Infobox war faction▼
▲{{for|pemerintahan Taliban yang berkuasa di Afganistan|Keamiran Islam Afganistan}}
|name = Taliban
|native_name = طالبان (ṭālibān)
Baris 11 ⟶ 9:
|caption = Bendera Taliban menampilkan [[syahadat]]
|founders = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohammed Omar]] [[(Kematian karena sebab alami
* [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]]
}}
|leaders = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohammed Omar]] [[(Kematian karena sebab alami
* [[Akhtar Mansour]]{{KIA}} (2015–2016)
* [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] (2016–sekarang)
Baris 23 ⟶ 21:
|ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Jihadisme]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowman, Bradley and McMaster, H.R. |date=15 August 2021 |title=In Afghanistan, the Tragic Toll of Washington Delusion |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghanistan-withdrawal-biden-human-rights-terrorist-jihadist-islamist-taliban-kabul-11629044191 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |quote=The Taliban militants display the jihadist group's flag after taking control of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, Aug. 15. |accessdate=17 August 2021}}</ref>
|[[Fundamentalisme Islam]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Whine |first=Michael |date=1 September 2001 |title=Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=54–72 |doi=10.1080/714005450 |s2cid=146940668}}</ref><ref name="auto2">Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001</ref><ref name="Maley2-14">{{Cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismre0000unse_m8z6 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85065-360-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismre0000unse_m8z6/page/14 14]}}</ref
|[[Islamisme]] [[Deobandi]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013 |title=Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups? |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/347009 |website=digitaljournal.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref name="Maley2-14" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0895 |website=oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref>
|[[Nasionalisme agama]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Afghan Taliban |url=http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/taliban.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509205345/http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/taliban.html |archive-date=9 May 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=National Counterterrorism Center}}</ref>
|[[Pashtunwali]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com" /><ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'' (2000)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2010 |title=Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=http://csis.org/blog/why-are-customary-pashtun-laws-and-ethics-causes-concern |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109110349/http://csis.org/blog/why-are-customary-pashtun-laws-and-ethics-causes-concern |archive-date=9 November 2010 |access-date=18 August 2014 |publisher=Csis.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2013 |title=Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code |url=http://www.cf2r.org/fr/tribune-libre/understanding-taliban-through-the-prism-of-pashtunwali-code.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810020924/http://www.cf2r.org/fr/tribune-libre/understanding-taliban-through-the-prism-of-pashtunwali-code.php |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |publisher=CF2R}}</ref>}}
|area
|size = Kekuatan inti -{{plainlist|
* 45.000 (perk. 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban and the Northern Alliance |url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm |access-date=26 November 2009 |website=US Gov Info |publisher=About.com |archive-date=2016-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101184625/http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 11.000 (perk. 2008)<ref>[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/09/10/52244/911-seven-years-later-us-safe.html 9/11 seven years later: US 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110234907/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/09/10/52244/911-seven-years-later-us-safe.html |date=10 January 2015 }}. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</ref>
* 36.000 (perk. 2010)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Fiona |last2=Coates |first2=Sam |last3=Savage |first3=Michael |date=3 March 2010 |title=MajorGeneral Richard Barrons puts Taleban fighter numbers at 36000 |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7047321.ece}}</ref>
* 60.000 (perk. 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite Massive Taliban Death Toll No Drop in Insurgency |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/despite-massive-taliban-death-toll-no-drop-in-insurgency/1866009.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703023519/http://www.voanews.com/content/despite-massive-taliban-death-toll-no-drop-in-insurgency/1866009.html |archive-date=3 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=Voice of America }}</ref>
* 60.000<ref name="2021number">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2021 |title=Afghanistan's Security Forces Versus the Taliban: A Net Assessment |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/afghanistans-security-forces-versus-the-taliban-a-net-assessment/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815115043/https://ctc.usma.edu/afghanistans-security-forces-versus-the-taliban-a-net-assessment/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> (perk. 2017 tidak termasuk 90.000 milisi lokal dan 50.000 elemen pendukung)
* 75.000 (perk. 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/07/08/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-drawdown-of-u-s-forces-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708214308/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/07/08/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-drawdown-of-u-s-forces-in-afghanistan/ |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=The White House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/politics/afghanistan-biden.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817131719/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/14/us/politics/afghanistan-biden.html |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Taliban's Afghanistan takeover raises big questions for U.S. security chiefs |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-s-afghanistan-takeover-raises-big-questions-u-s-security-n1276911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901043600/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-s-afghanistan-takeover-raises-big-questions-u-s-security-n1276911 |archive-date=2021-09-01 |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=NBC News |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}}
|active = 1994–1996 ([[milisi]])<br />1996–2001 ([[Keamiran Islam Afganistan (1996–2001)|pemerintahan pertama]])<br />2002–2021 ([[pemberontak]]) <br />2021–sekarang (pemerintahan kedua)
|headquarters =[[Kandahar]], [[Afganistan]] (1994–2001)<br>[[Kabul]], Afganistan (2021-sekarang)
|strength = 45,000 (2001 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm|title=Taliban and the Northern Alliance|publisher=Usgovinfo.about.com|date=|accessdate=2009-11-26|archive-date=2016-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101184625/http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br />11,000 (2008 est.)<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20080910/wl_mcclatchy/3041862 9/11 seven years later: U.S. 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil] ''"There are now some 62,000 foreign soldiers in Afganistan , including 34,000 U.S. troops, and some 150,000 Afghan security forces. '''They face an estimated 7,000 to 11,000 insurgents''', according to U.S.
▲|area = [[Afganistan]] dan [[Pakistan]]<ref name="PakistanTaliban">Pajhwok Afghan News, [http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=36208 Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan)].</ref>
▲|strength = 45,000 (2001 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm|title=Taliban and the Northern Alliance|publisher=Usgovinfo.about.com|date=|accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref><br />11,000 (2008 est.)<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20080910/wl_mcclatchy/3041862 9/11 seven years later: U.S. 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil] ''"There are now some 62,000 foreign soldiers in Afganistan , including 34,000 U.S. troops, and some 150,000 Afghan security forces. '''They face an estimated 7,000 to 11,000 insurgents''', according to U.S. commanders."''</ref><br /> 36,000 (2010 est.)<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7047321.ece|location=London|work=The Times|title=MajorGeneral Richard Barrons puts Taleban fighter numbers at 36000|date=2010-03-03|first1=Fiona|last1=Hamilton|first2=Sam|last2=Coates|first3=Michael|last3=Savage}}</ref>
|previous = Murid dari [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
|allies ='''Negara Sekutu''' {{plainlist|
Baris 52 ⟶ 47:
}}
'''Sekutu Bukan Negara''' {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref name="Sky" />
*{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref name="Sky" />
Baris 85 ⟶ 78:
** [[Konflik Taliban-ISIS|Konflik Taliban-ISIS di Afghanistan]]
** [[Serangan Taliban 2021]]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = <br />{{flag|Kanada}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2021|title=Currently listed entities|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Public Safety Canada|publication-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="kz-list">{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/religion/zaprewennye_ordanizacii|title=The list of prohibited foreign organizations in Kazakhstan|publisher=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|date=28 November 2019|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><br />{{flag|Kirgizstan}}<ref name="kg-list">{{cite web|url=https://24.kg/english/48835_List_of_terrorist_and_extremist_organizations_banned_in_Kyrgyzstan_/|title=List of terrorist and extremist organizations banned in Kyrgyzstan|website=24.kg|access-date=3 March 2020|date=5 April 2017}}</ref><br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}<ref name="tj-list">{{cite web|url=https://nbt.tj/en/financial_monitoring/perechni.php|title=The list of terrorists and extremists|publisher=National Bank of Tajikistan|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><br />{{flag|Turki}}<br />{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}<ref name="uae-2017-18">{{cite web|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302618259|title=43 new designations specifically address threats posed by Qatar linked and based Al Qaida Terrorism Support Networks|publisher=Emirates News Agency|date=9 June 2017|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="uae-2017-28">{{cite web|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302624655|title=UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain declare details of new terror designations|publisher=Emirates News Agency|date=25 July 2017|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Gerakan Taliban''', sering disebut hanya sebagai '''Taliban''' atau '''Taleban''' ([[Bahasa Persia Afganistan|bahasa Persia]] dan [[Bahasa Pashtun|Pashtun]] طالبان;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-23|title=طالب کی است و چه میخواهد؟|url=https://8am.af/who-is-talib-wants/|website=هشت صبح|language=fa-IR|access-date=2021-08-21|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821093906/https://8am.af/who-is-talib-wants/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dari bentuk jamak [[bahasa Arab]]: طالب ṭālib, "pencari" "murid"), para anggotanya menyebut organisasinya secara resmi sebagai '''[[Keamiran Islam Afganistan]]''',<ref>{{cite web|author = Directorate of Intelligence|title = CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan|
Kelompok Taliban dibentuk pada September 1994, mendapat dukungan dari [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Pakistan]].<ref name="abad 20">Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391</ref
▲'''Gerakan Taliban''', sering disebut hanya sebagai '''Taliban''' atau '''Taleban''' ([[Bahasa Persia Afganistan|bahasa Persia]] dan [[Bahasa Pashtun|Pashtun]] طالبان;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-23|title=طالب کی است و چه میخواهد؟|url=https://8am.af/who-is-talib-wants/|website=هشت صبح|language=fa-IR|access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref> dari bentuk jamak [[bahasa Arab]]: طالب ṭālib, "murid"), para anggotanya menyebut organisasinya secara resmi sebagai '''[[Keamiran Islam Afganistan]]''',<ref>{{cite web|author = Directorate of Intelligence|title = CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan| format= mirror|year= 2001|url = http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2001/geos/af.html#Govt|access-date = 7 March 2008|quote = note – the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}}</ref> adalah gerakan nasionalis [[Islam]] [[Deobandi]] pendukung [[Pashtun]] yang secara efektif menguasai hampir seluruh wilayah [[Afganistan]] sejak [[1996]] sampai [[2001]] serta kembali menguasai Afganistan pada 2021. Saat ini, Taliban adalah satu dari dua entitas politik yang sama-sama mengklaim sebagai pemerintah yang sah atas Afganistan di samping pihak [[Republik Islam Afganistan|Republik]]. Beberapa negara dan organisasi internasional mencap gerakan ini sebagai organisasi teroris.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Currently listed entities|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|website=Public Safety Canada|access-date=20 Agustus 2021}}</ref>
▲Kelompok Taliban dibentuk pada September 1994, mendapat dukungan dari [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Pakistan]].<ref name="abad 20">Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391</ref> Dewan Keamanan PBB mengecam tindakan kelompok ini karena kejahatannya terhadap warga negara [[Iran]] dan [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="abad 20" /> Taliban melakukan berbagai aksi pelanggaran [[HAM]] di [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="abad 20" />
Kelompok ini mendapat pengakuan diplomatik hanya dari tiga negara: [[Uni Emirat Arab]], [[Pakistan]], dan [[Arab Saudi]], serta pemerintah [[Republik Chechnya Ichkeria]] yang tidak diakui dunia.
Anggota-anggota paling berpengaruh dari Taliban, termasuk Mullah [[Mohammed Omar]], pemimpin gerakan ini, adalah [[mullah]] desa (pelajar yunior agama Islam), yang sebagian besar belajar di [[madrasah]] di [[Pakistan]]. Gerakan ini terutama berasal dari Pashtun di Afganistan, serta [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provinsi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] di Pakistan, dan juga mencakup banyak sukarelawan dari [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Eurasia]], serta [[Asia Selatan]].
== Etimologi ==
Kata Taliban merupakan bahasa [[Pashto]], {{lang|ps|طالبان}} ({{transliteration|ps|ṭālibān}}), yang berarti 'para murid', bentuk jamak dari ''ṭālib''. Kata ini merupakan kata serapan dari bahasa [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]] {{lang|ar|طالب}} ({{transliteration|ar|ṭālib}}), menggunakan bentuk plural dari bahasa pashto dengan akhiran ''-ān'' {{lang|ps|ان}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of TALIBAN|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Taliban|website=merriam-webster.com|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> (dalam bahasa Arab {{lang|ar|طالبان}} ({{transliteration|ar|ṭālibān}}) tidaklah berarti 'para murid' melainkan 'dua murid', karena dalam bahasa arab akhiran an merupakan bentuk ganda. Sedangkan bentuk jamaknya yang sebenarnya dalam bahasa arab yakni {{lang|ar|طلاب}} ({{transliteration|ar|ṭullāb}}) —yang mana hal ini menyebabkan kebingungan bagi penutur bahasa Arab.) Sejak diserap pula ke dalam bahasa Inggris, kata Taliban, selain menjadi kata benda jamak yang merujuk pada kelompok, juga telah digunakan sebagai kata benda tunggal yang merujuk pada individu. Misalnya, John Walker Lindh telah disebut sebagai "seorang Taliban Amerika", bukan "seorang Talib Amerika" di media berbahasa Inggris. Hal ini berbeda di Afghanistan, di mana seorang member atau pendukung kelompok ini disebut sebagai Talib (طالب) atau jamaknya Talib-ha (طالبها). Dalam definisi lain, Taliban berarti 'pencari'.<ref>{{lexico|Taliban}}</ref>
== Penggulingan 2001 ==
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== Serangan 2021 ==
{{main|Serangan Taliban 2021}}
Pada Mei 2021, pasukan Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara sekutunya mulai menarik diri dari Afganistan secara bertahap. Karena peristiwa penarikan pasukan tersebut, Taliban kembali memberontak terhadap pemerintah Afganistan. Pemberontakan ini mengakibatkan ratusan hingga ribuan penduduk Afganistan harus mengungsi ke ibu kota Kabul. Beberapa
Terkait dengan pemberontakan tersebut, Presiden Joe Biden kembali mengerahkan sekitar 3.000 personel militer AS untuk bekerja sama dengan militer Afganistan dalam melawan Taliban. Pasukan cadangan juga disiagakan di negara-negara terdekat seperti Kuwait, Arab Saudi dan Qatar.
Per 13 Agustus 2021, Taliban telah menguasai sepuluh wilayah Afganistan dalam kurun waktu enam hari. Kota-
Pada 15 Agustus 2021, pihak Taliban telah [[Kejatuhan Kabul (2021)|mengepung wilayah Kabul]] dan bernegosiasi dengan Pemerintah Afganistan terkait penyerahan kekuasaan secara damai. Akibat pengepungan tersebut, Presiden [[Ashraf Ghani]] dan beberapa diplomat AS di Afganistan segera dievakuasi dan meninggalkan Afganistan.
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* [http://www.beautifulislam.com/audio/misc/ram/npr-03212001.ram Afghani Roving Ambassador on NPR's Talk of the Nation March 21, 2001, about women's treatment, statue destruction and other "lies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822102103/http://www.beautifulislam.com/audio/misc/ram/npr-03212001.ram |date=2006-08-22 }}
* [http://www.beautifulislam.com/taliban/afghani_embassador_usc.htm Afghani Ambassador Speech at USC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308103320/http://www.beautifulislam.com/taliban/afghani_embassador_usc.htm |date=2006-03-08 }}
* [http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/jv6n1a1.html Who is responsible for the Taliban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907000036/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/jv6n1a1.html |date=2006-09-07 }}
* [http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/01_columns/052201.htm "Bush's Faustian Deal with the Taliban"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907162919/http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/01_columns/052201.htm |date=2006-09-07 }}, oleh Robert Scheer, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 22 Mei 2001
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