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'''Yunani''' ({{lang-el|Ελλάδα}}, ''{{transl|el|ISO|Ellaada|}}'' {{IPA-el|eˈlaða||Ellada.ogg}}), dengan nama resmi '''Republik Yunani''',{{efn|{{Lang-el|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|translit=Ellinikia Dimokratiaa|links=no}}, {{IPA-el|eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}}} dikenal pada zaman purba sebagai '''Hellas''',{{efn|{{lang-grc|Ἑλλάς}} ''{{transl|el|Ghellaas}}'' {{IPA-el|ˈhɛləs|}})<ref name="Rahe1994">{{cite book|author=Paul Anthony Rahe|title=Republics Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zymp_kM33ZcC&pg=PR23|year=1994|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4473-1|page=23|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154651/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zymp_kM33ZcC&pg=PR23|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="KoliopoulosVeremis2002">{{cite book|author1=Giannēs Koliopoulos|author2=Thanos M. Veremis|title=Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1831 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRsh7gWUVZEC&pg=PA242|date=30 Oktober 2002|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4767-4|page=242|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154727/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRsh7gWUVZEC&pg=PA242|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="MiklóssyKorhonen2010">{{cite book|author1=Katalin Miklóssy|author2=Pekka Korhonen|title=The East and the Idea of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YInBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|date=13 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2531-3|page=94|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154649/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YInBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Whitley2001">{{cite book|author=James Whitley|title=The Archaeology of Ancient Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njOKqvpRrh4C&pg=PA29|date=4 Oktober 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62733-7|page=29|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154643/https://books.google.com/books?id=njOKqvpRrh4C&pg=PA29|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Bengtson1975">{{cite book|author=Hermann Bengtson|title=Introduction to Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=th7tGAFVPlsC&pg=PA39|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03150-0|page=39}}</ref><ref name="Bryant1776">{{cite book|author=Jacob Bryant|title=A New System Or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology : where in an Attempt is Made to Divest Tradition of Fable..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz2ne__FHZYC&pg=PA384|year=1776|page=384|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154644/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz2ne__FHZYC&pg=PA384|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Patterson2010">{{cite book|author=Lee E. Patterson|title=Kinship Myth in Ancient Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24JRAeGc5xAC&pg=PA228|date=15 Desember 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73959-8|page=228|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154659/https://books.google.com/books?id=24JRAeGc5xAC&pg=PA228|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="AntakiCondor2014">{{cite book|author1=Charles Antaki|author2=Susan Condor|title=Rhetoric, Ideology and Social Psychology: Essays in Honour of Michael Billig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIv8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|date=5 Maret 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-73350-5|page=131}}</ref>}} adalah sebuah negara tempat lahirnya budaya [[Dunia Barat]] yang berada di Eropa bagian tenggara, terletak di ujung selatan [[Semenanjung Balkan]], di bagian timur [[Laut Mediterania]].
== Etimologi ==
Kata "Yunani" dalam [[bahasa Indonesia]] berasal dari [[bahasa Arab]]: yaitu {{lang|ar|اليُونَان}} (''al-yūnān''), diserap dari [[bahasa Persia]], yaitu ''Yunân''. Penamaan tersebut berdasarkan [[Ionia]], suatu wilayah pesisir barat [[Anatolia]] yang pernah menjadi daerah Yunani, sekarang bagian dari [[Turki]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Waters|first=Matt|date=2014-01-2-|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&dq=persians+ionia+yauna&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y|title=Ancient Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107009608|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154639/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&dq=persians+ionia+yauna&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Johannes Engels, "Ch. 5: Macedonians and Greeks", In: Roisman and Worthington, "A companion to Ancient Macedonia", p. 87. Oxford Press, 2010.</ref>
Dalam [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]], negeri ini disebut sebagai Ἑλλάς (''Hellas''), sedangkan menurut [[Bahasa Yunani Modern|pengucapan baku modern]] disebut sebagai ''Elláda''.<ref name="KemenluYunani">{{cite web|title=Government and Politics|url=https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227041444/https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/|archive-date=27 December 2019|access-date=28 April 2020|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
Dalam bahasa [[Indonesia]] juga dikenal istilah ''Gerika'', terutama penyebutan untuk bahasa Yunani, yang diserap dari [[bahasa Latin]]: ''Graecus'', yaitu untuk menamai [[daerah]] yang sekarang terletak di sebelah utara Yunani, yang pernah dihuni oleh suku Graekos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GRÆCUS, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, Du Cange et al.|url=http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRAECUS|website=ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr|language=La|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907170221/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRAECUS|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
{{utama|Sejarah Yunani}}
===
[[Berkas:Greek Colonization Archaic Period.png|jmpl|kiri|Peta wilayah dan koloni Yunani dalam periode purba (ἀρχαῖος).]]
Daerah sekitar [[Attika|Attica]] dihuni sejak zaman [[Paleolitikum Akhir|Upper Paleolithic]] (30.000–10.000 SM), tetapi bukti arkeologi hanya dapat menunjukkan bahwa gua-gua kecil di sekitar [[Akropolis Athena|Akropilis Athena]] dan mata air Klepsythra digunakan dalam masa ''[[Neolitikum|Neolithic]]'' (3000–2800 SM).
Di daerah Yunani inilah kebudayaan [[Eropa]] pertama kali muncul, dimulai dengan peradaban "Cycladic" di kepulauan [[Laut Aegea]] sekitar 3000 SM, peradaban "Minoan" di pulau [[Kreta]] (2700–1500 SM) dan peradaban "Mycenaean Greece" di tanah utama (1900–1100 SM). Periode antara 1200 dan 800 SM dikenal sebagai "Greek Dark Ages" diperkirakan setelah serangan orang Doria, yang mengakhiri zaman Mycenea. Dua karya sastra Yunani terkenal, ''[[Illiad]]'' dan ''[[Odyssey]]'' karya [[Homer]], ditulis dalam zaman ini.
[[Berkas:Parthenon.JPG|jmpl|[[Parthenon]] di [[Akropolis Athena]] sebagai lambang Yunani klasik.]]
[[Berkas:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|jmpl|Detail "Alexander Mosaic", menggambarkan [[Aleksander Agung]] menunggangi kudanya, [[Bucephalus]].]]
Di akhir zaman kegelapan Yunani, muncul berbagai negara dan kota-negara di seluruh semenanjung Yunani sampai ke pantai [[Laut Hitam]], [[Yunani Besar|Yunani Besar (Italia Selatan)]] dan [[Asia Kecil|Anatolia (Asia Kecil/Asia Minor)]], mencapai tingkat kemakmuran yang tinggi dengan perkembangan budaya yang pesat, seperti bukti-bukti peninggalan arsitektur, drama, ilmu dan filsafat, yang dipelihara dalam lingkungan demokrasi. Namun, karena bukan suatu kesatuan, sering terjadi konflik antara negara-negara kecil di Yunani. Yang paling parah adalah [[Perang Peloponnesia]], karena menandai hancurnya Kerajaan Atena sebagai penguasa penting di Yunani.
Pada tahun 500 SM, [[Kekaisaran Persia]] (''Achaemenid Empire'') menguasai wilayah ini.
<!--ranging from what is now northern Greece and Turkey all the way to Iraq, and posed a threat to the Greek states. Failed attempts by the Greek city-states of [[Asia Minor]] to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia [[First Persian invasion of Greece|invaded the states of mainland Greece]] in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the [[Battle of Marathon]]. A [[second Persian invasion of Greece|second invasion]] followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]] by [[Sparta]]ns and other Greeks, Persian forces sacked Athens. Following successive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]], [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]] and [[Battle of Mycale|Mycale]], the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time. The military conflicts, known as the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], were led mostly by Athens and Sparta. Both were later overshadowed by [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]] and eventually [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]], with the latter uniting the Greek world in the [[League of Corinth]] (also known as the ''Hellenic League'' or ''Greek League'') under the guidance of [[Phillip II of Macedon|Phillip II]], who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in the history of Greece.-->
=== Aleksander Agung ===
<!--Following the assassination of Phillip II, [[Alexander III]] ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Following Greek victories in the battles of [[Battle of Granicus|Granicus]], [[Battle of Issus|Issus]] and [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], the Greeks marched on [[Susa]] and [[Persepolis]], the ceremonial capital of Persia, in 330 BC.-->
Kerajaan Aleksander Agung membentang mulai dari Yunani di sebelah barat sampai ke [[Pakistan]] di sebelah timur dan [[Mesir]] di selatan, sebelum mati mendadak pada tahun 323 SM. Setelah kematiannya, kerajaan itu terpecah menjadi sejumlah negara kecil, yang akhirnya menjadi 4 negara terkemuka:<br />1. [[Kerajaan Ptolemaik]] di [[Mesir]] (selatan)<br />2. [[Kekaisaran Seleukia]] di [[Persia]] (timur)<br />3. [[Kerajaan Pergamon]] di [[Asia Kecil]] (utara)<br />4. Kerajaan [[Makedonia]] di Yunani (barat).
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The [[Hellenistic period]] was brought only partially to a close two centuries later with the establishment of [[Roman Greece|Roman rule]] over Greek lands in 146 BC.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm "Alexander's Gulf Outpost Uncovered"]. [[BBC News]]. 7 August 2007.</ref> Many Greeks migrated to [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]], [[Seleucia]] and the many other new Hellenistic cities in [[Seleucid Empire|Asia]] and [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Africa]] founded in Alexander's wake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf|title=Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millenium BC | format = PDF|publisher=[[Princeton University]] }}</ref>
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=== Kekaisaran Romawi Timur ===
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Kekaisaran Romawi Timur berlangsung lebih dari 1000 tahun, mulai [[abad ke-4]] M sampai tahun [[1453]]. Selama berdirinya, Romawi Timur merupakan satu kekuatan penting di bidang ekonomi, budaya dan militer di Eropa.
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despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the [[Byzantine–Sassanid Wars|Roman-Persian]] and [[Byzantine-Arab Wars]]. The Empire recovered during the [[Macedonian dynasty]], rising again to become a preeminent power in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] by the late 10th century, rivalling the [[Fatimid Caliphate]].-->
[[Berkas:Byzantine Empire animated2.gif|jmpl|Peninsula Yunani menjadi bagian Kekaisaran Byzantine hampir sepanjang berdirinya.]]
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After 1071, however, much of [[Asia Minor]], the Empire's heartland, was lost to the [[Seljuk Turks]]. The [[Komnenian restoration]] regained some ground and briefly reestablished dominance in the 12th century, but following the death of [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] and the end of the [[Komnenos dynasty]] in the late 12th century the Empire declined again. The Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 from the [[Fourth Crusade]], when it was dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and [[Frankokratia|Latin]] realms.
Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and [[Byzantium under the Palaiologoi|re-establishment of the Empire in 1261]], under the [[Palaiologos|Palaiologan]] emperors, Byzantium remained only one of many rival states in the area for the final 200 years of its existence. However, this period was the most culturally productive time in the Empire.
Successive civil wars in the 14th century further sapped the Empire's strength, and most of its remaining territories were lost in the [[Byzantine-Ottoman Wars]], which culminated in the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and the conquest of remaining territories by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 15th century. On the [[Byzantine–Ottoman Wars|eve]] of the Ottoman conquest much of the Greek intelligentsia migrated to [[Italy]] and other parts of Europe not under Ottoman rule, playing a significant role in the [[Renaissance]] through the transmission of [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] works to Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/346800?story_id=346800|title=Millennium Issue: Trouble with Turkey The Fall of Constantinople|work=The Economist |date=23 December 1999 |accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref> Nevertheless, the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman millet]] system contributed to the cohesion of the Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the empire based on religion, as the latter played an integral role in the formation of modern Greek identity.
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=== Kesultanan Utsmaniyah ===
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[[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] mulai menjamah wilayah Yunani di akhir abad ke-14. Pada waktu [[Istanbul]] (Konstatinopel) jatuh pada tahun [[1453]], banyak wilayah Kekaisaran Romawi Timur, termasuk kota kedua terbesarnya (yang sekarang menjadi kota kedua terbesar di Yunani modern), [[Thessaloniki]], sudah direbut oleh kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Pada tahun 1500-an sebagian besar Yunani ada di bawah kekuasaan Utsmaniyah, termasuk [[Siprus]] (direbut tahun 1571) dan [[Kreta]] (direbut tahun 1670). Bagian yang tidak dikuasai Ottoman adalah [[kepulauan Ionia]], yang tetap merdeka di bawah perlindungan [[Republik Venesia]] sampai direbut oleh [[Republik Prancis Pertama]] pada tahun 1797, dan [[Britania Raya]] pada tahun 1809, serta dikembalikan bersatu dengan Yunani pada tahun 1864.
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While Greeks in [[Constantinople]] and the Ionian Islands lived in prosperity, much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into a [[serfdom]].
The [[Greek Orthodox Church]] and the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire [[Christianity|Christian]] population of the Ottoman Empire, Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to [[Islam]], many did so superficially as they received tax benefits from the authorities.
The Ottoman administration of Greece varied. Some cities had governors appointed by the [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan]], while others (like Athens), were self-governed municipalities. Some regions of Greece, like [[Crete]] and [[Epirus]], remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries.
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, the [[Dionysius the Philosopher|Epirus peasants' revolts]] of 1600–1601, the [[Morean War]] of 1684–1699 and the [[Russian Empire|Russian]]-instigated [[Orlov Revolt]] in 1770 which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.
The last century of Ottoman rule in Greece saw the birth of some of the most influential figures in Greece's struggle for independence as well as the [[modern Greek Enlightenment]]. [[Rigas Feraios]], the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in [[Vienna]]. He was later assassinated by the Ottoman authorities in 1798. Other influential figures include [[Adamantios Korais]] and [[Anthimos Gazis]].
===Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani===
{{main|Greek War of Independence}}
{{see also|First Hellenic Republic|Wikisource:Greek_Declaration_of_Independence|label 2=Greek Declaration of Independence}}
[[File:The sortie of Messologhi by Theodore Vryzakis.jpg|thumb|upright|''The sortie of Messolonghi'', during the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)]], by [[Theodoros Vryzakis]].]]
In 1814, a secret organization called the [[Filiki Eteria]] was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the [[Peloponnese]], the [[Danubian Principalities]] and [[Constantinople]]. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of [[Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)|Alexandros Ypsilantis]], but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese in action and on 17 March 1821 the [[Maniots]] declared war on the Ottomans. By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] had captured [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]]. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in [[Crete]], [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Central Greece]], which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the [[Aegean Sea]] and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea.
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the [[Ottoman Sultan]] negotiated with [[Mehmet Ali of Egypt]], who agreed to send his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of [[Missolonghi]]—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and [[Athens]] had been retaken.
Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Bourbon Restoration|France]], decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of [[Hydra, Saronic Islands|Hydra]], the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at [[Pylos|Navarino]]. Following a week long standoff, a [[Battle of Navarino|battle]] began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. With the help of a [[Morea expedition|French expeditionary force]], the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828.-->
Setelah negosiasi bertahun-tahun, [[Republik Hellenik Pertama]] akhirnya diakui di bawah [[London Protocol]] pada tahun 1830.
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===Abad ke-19===
{{see also|Kingdom of Greece}}-->
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In 1827 [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], from [[Corfu]], was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic. However, following his assassination in 1831, the [[Great Power]]s installed a [[Kingdom of Greece|monarchy]] under [[Otto of Greece|Otto]], of the Bavarian [[House of Wittelsbach]]. In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.
Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name [[George I of Greece|George I]] and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877 [[Charilaos Trikoupis]], who is credited with significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] to any potential prime minister.
[[File:Greekhistory.GIF|thumb|Territorial evolution of [[Kingdom of Greece]] until 1947.]]
===Abad ke-20===
[[File:Konstantine Venizelos 1913.jpg|thumb|right|upright|King [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]] with [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the [[Balkan Wars]].]]
As a result of the [[Balkan Wars]] Greece increased the extent of its territory and population. In the following years, the struggle between [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] and charismatic Prime Minister [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into [[National Schism|two opposing groups]].
In the aftermath of The First World War [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greece fought against Turkish nationalists]] led by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]], a war which resulted in a [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|massive population exchange between the two countries]] under the [[Treaty of Lausanne]].<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html ''The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope'']. ''[[Der Spiegel]]''. 28 November 2006.</ref> According to various sources,<ref>[[R. J. Rummel]] (1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". ''Idea Journal of Social Issues'', Vol.3 no.2.</ref> several hundred thousand [[Pontic Greeks]] died during this period.<ref>[[Chris Hedges|Hedges, Chris]] (17 September 2000).[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.htmlA Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost]. ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> Instability and successive ''[[coup d'état|coups d'état]]'' marked the following era, which was overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1.5 million Greek [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|refugees from Turkey]] into Greek society. The Greek population in [[Istanbul]] dropped from 300,000 at the turn of the 20th century to around 3,000 in the city today.<ref name="minorities">Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001). [http://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA186 ''Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy – The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans'']''. [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut: [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-313-31949-5.</ref>
On 28 October 1940 Fascist [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] demanded the surrender of Greece, but Greek dictator [[Ioannis Metaxas]] refused and in the following [[Greco-Italian War]], Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] their first victory over [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces on land. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the [[Battle of Greece]]. The German occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the [[Greek Resistance]]. Over 100,000 civilians died from starvation during the winter of 1941–42, and the great majority of [[History of the Jews in Greece|Greek Jews]] were deported to Nazi extermination camps.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26430/Greek-history-since-World-War-IGreece Greek history since World War I]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref>
After liberation, Greece experienced a bitter [[Greek Civil War|civil war]] between communist and [[anticommunist]] forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between [[right-wing politics|rightists]] and largely communist [[left-wing politics|leftists]] for the next thirty years.<ref>[[Mark Mazower|Mazower, Mark]]. ''After the War was Over''.</ref> The next twenty years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by [[Greek economic miracle|rapid economic growth]], propelled in part by the [[Marshall Plan]].
King [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]]'s [[Apostasia of 1965|dismissal]] of [[George Papandreou (senior)|George Papandreou]]'s centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a ''coup d'état'' on 21 April 1967 by the United States-backed [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Regime of the Colonels]]. The brutal suppression of the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising]] on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established [[Brigadier]] [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]] as dictator. On 20 July 1974, as [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus]], the regime collapsed.
Former prime minister [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the [[Metapolitefsi]] era. On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of [[NATO]] in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.<ref name="autogenerated2">History, Editorial Consultant: Adam Hart-Davis. [[Dorling Kindersley]]. ISBN 978-1-85613-062-2.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/70-79/1974e.htm|title=NATO Update 1974 |publisher=[[NATO]] |date=26 October 2001 |accessdate=22 March 2009}}</ref> The first multiparty [[Greek legislative election, 1974|elections]] since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican [[Constitution of Greece|constitution]] was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a [[Greek republic referendum, 1974|referendum]] which chose to not restore the monarchy.
[[image:Accession of Greece to the European Union.png|thumb|200px|Signing of the documents for the accession of Greece to the [[European Union|European Communities]] in 1979.]]
Meanwhile, [[Andreas Papandreou]] founded the [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Traditionally strained [[Greek–Turkish relations|relations with neighbouring Turkey]] [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy|improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999]], leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|bid]] for EU membership.
-->
=== Abad modern ===
Yunani menjadi anggota ke-10 [[Komunitas Eropa]] (kemudian menjadi [[Uni Eropa]]) pada tanggal [[1 Januari]] 1981, dan memasuki periode pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat. Investasi di bidang industri dagang dan infrastruktur, juga dana dari European Union serta turisme, perkapalan dan bidang jasa yang meningkat, membuat peningkatan taraf hidup yang tidak terjangkau sebelumnya. Negara Yunani memakai mata uang ''euro'' pada tahun 2001 dan dengan sukses menyelenggarakan [[Olimpiade Athena 2004|Olimpiade musim panas tahun 2004]] di [[Athena (kota)|Athena]].
Sejak akhir tahun 2000-an Yunani ditimpa resesi dan mengalami krisis moneter dan hutang, sehingga mengancam stabilitas pasar uang pada tahun 2010-2011.
== Geografi ==
{{utama|Geografi Yunani}}
=== Batas wilayah ===
{{Batas USBT|utara=[[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], dan [[Makedonia Utara]]|timur=[[Türkiye]] dan [[Laut Aegea]]|selatan=[[Laut Tengah]]|barat=[[Laut Ionia]]}}
Wilayah ini memiliki [[sejarah]] panjang dan kaya selama yang membawa pengaruh budaya besar pada tiga [[benua]].
Pada masa modern ini, Yunani adalah negara maju dengan indeks pembangunan pendapatan per kapita yang tinggi.
Yunani mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang ke-11 di dunia, sepanjang {{convert|13676|km|0|abbr=on}}, dengan banyak kepulauan (sekitar 1.400, di mana 227 dihuni), termasuk pulau [[Kreta]] (Crete), ''the Dodecanese'', ''the Cyclades'', dan kepulauan Ionia. Delapan puluh persen tanah Yunani terdiri dari pegunungan. Gunung tertinggi adalah ''Gunung Olympus'' 2.917 m (9.570 kaki).
== Politik ==
{{utama|Politik Yunani}}
{{utama|Pembagian administratif Yunani}}
[[File:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Gedung [[Parlemen Yunani|Parlemen Hellenic]] ([[Istana Kerajaan Lama]]) di pusat [[kota Athena]].]]
[[File:Kapodistrias2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Count [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], gubernur pertama, pendiri Negara Yunani modern, dan diplomat Eropa terkemuka.]]
Yunani adalah [[republik parlementer]] [[Negara kesatuan|kesatuan]].<ref name="con51,53">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925181747/http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 |title=Syntagma |language=el |access-date=2 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Undang-Undang Dasar Yunani|Konstitusi]] saat ini disusun dan diadopsi oleh Parlemen Revisi Kelima Hellenes dan mulai berlaku pada tahun 1975 setelah jatuhnya [[Junta Militer Yunani|junta militer tahun 1967–1974]]. Telah direvisi tiga kali yakni tahun [[Amandemen konstitusi Yunani tahun 1986|1986]], [[Amandemen konstitusi Yunani tahun 2001|2001]], [[Amandemen konstitusi Yunani tahun 2008|2008]] dan 2019. Konstitusi, yang terdiri dari 120 pasal, mengatur [[pemisahan kekuasaan]] menjadi cabang [[eksekutif]], [[Lembaga legislatif|legislatif]], dan [[Kehakiman|yudikatif]], dan memberikan jaminan khusus yang luas (ditegaskan lebih lanjut dalam 2001) [[kebebasan sipil]] dan [[Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya|hak-hak sosial]].{{Sfn | Dagtoglou | 1991 | p = 21}}{{Sfn | Venizelos | 2002 | pp = 131–32, 165–72}} [[Hak suara perempuan|Hak pilih perempuan]] dijamin dengan amandemen Konstitusi 1952.
[[Kepala negara]] nominal adalah [[Presiden Yunani|Presiden Republik]] yang dipilih oleh [[Parlemen yunani|Parlemen]] untuk masa jabatan lima tahun.<ref name="con51,53" /> Menurut Konstitusi, kekuasaan eksekutif dijalankan oleh Presiden dan [[Kabinet Yunani|Pemerintah]].<ref name="con51,53" /> Namun, amandemen Konstitusi tahun 1986 membatasi tugas dan kekuasaan Presiden sampai batas tertentu, menjadikan posisi tersebut sebagian besar bersifat seremonial; sebagian besar kekuatan politik dipegang oleh [[Perdana Menteri Yunani|Perdana Menteri]], [[kepala pemerintahan]] Yunani.<ref name="M477-478">{{Harvnb | Mavrias | 2002 | pp = 477–78, 486–87}}</ref> Jabatan tersebut diisi oleh [[Daftar Perdana Menteri Yunani|pimpinan parpol]] saat ini yang dapat memperoleh mosi percaya dari DPR. Presiden Republik secara resmi mengangkat Perdana Menteri dan, atas rekomendasinya, mengangkat dan memberhentikan anggota Kabinet lainnya.<ref name="con51,53" />
Kekuasaan legislatif dijalankan oleh Parlemen [[Sistem satu kamar|unikameral]] yang beranggotakan 300 orang.<ref name="con51,53" /> Anggaran Dasar yang disahkan oleh Parlemen diumumkan oleh Presiden Republik.<ref name="con51,53" /> Pemilihan parlemen diadakan setiap empat tahun, tetapi Presiden Republik berkewajiban untuk membubarkan Parlemen atas usul Kabinet, dengan pertimbangan menangani masalah nasional yang sangat penting.<ref name="con51,53" /> Presiden juga wajib membubarkan Parlemen jika pihak oposisi berhasil meloloskan [[mosi tidak percaya]].<ref name="con51,53" /> [[Usia pemungutan suara]] adalah 17.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ. |script-title=el:Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως τη Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας |volume=A |issue=133 |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=National Publishing House |location=Athens |language=el |trans-title=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic]] |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808002137/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ. |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Menurut laporan tahun 2016 oleh OECD, orang Yunani menunjukkan tingkat partisipasi sipil yang moderat dibandingkan dengan sebagian besar negara maju lainnya; partisipasi pemilih adalah 64 persen selama pemilihan baru-baru ini, lebih rendah dari rata-rata OECD sebesar 69 persen.<ref>{{cite web|title=OECD Better Life Index -Greece|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/greece/|website=w.oecdbetterlifeindex.org|publisher=OECD|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=2022-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813012619/https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/greece/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Ekonomi ==
{{utama|Ekonomi Yunani}}
Yunani memiliki sebuah ekonomi kapitalis campuran dengan sektor publik menyumbang sekitar setengah dari [[PDB]]. [[Pariwisata]] memiliki peranan penting, menyediakan porsi besar dari GDP dan pendapatan dari pertukaran mata uang asing. Yunani juga merupakan pemimpin dunia pertama dalam kepemilikan kapal dan ketiga dalam registrasi bendera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/Country-MFW-7-04.pdf |title=Statistik MARAB menurut negara |access-date=2005-12-11 |archive-date=2005-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211173223/http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/Country-MFW-7-04.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ekspor dari barang produksi, termasuk telekomunikasi, perangkat lunak dan keras, bahan makanan, dan bahan bakar menjadi bagian besar dalam pemasukan Yunani.
Negara ini memiliki standar hidup yang tinggi, berada di urutan ke-24 dalam [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]] 2005 dan ke-22 dalam Indeks Kualitas Hidup Dunia 2005 versi ''The Economist'' [http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf]. Ekonominya terus meningkat dalam tahun-tahun belakangan ini, sejalan dengan pemerintah yang mengetatkan kebijakan fiskal dalam rangka kemasukan Yunani ke dalam [[Zona Euro]] pada [[1 Januari]] [[2001]]. Pendapatan per kapita rata-rata pada 2004 diperkirakan AS$22.000 [http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/GNIPC.pdf]. Yunani juga melakukan impor tenaga kerja (kebanyakan dari Eropa Timur, Timur Tengah, Pakistan, dan Afrika). Orang-orang dari daerah tersebut sekarang ini sekitar 10% dari populasi total.
Tantangan utama yang dihadapi oleh negara ini termasuk pengurangan [[pengangguran]], [[penswastaan]] dari perusahaan milik negara, reformasi keamanan sosial, mengubah sistem [[pajak]], dan menekan ketidakefisiensian birokratik. Perkiraan pertumbuhan ekonomi sekitar 4-4,5% pada [[2004]]. Pengurangan defisit pemerintah juga tetap masalah utama, karena sekarang ini defisitnya berada dua kali lipat dari target 3% GDP dalam Eurozone. Pemerintahan konservatif yang baru mengungkapkan kepada [[Eurostat]] bahwa angka sebelumnya yang diberikan, yang merupakan dasar dari masuknya Yunani ke Eurozone, tidak benar. Di bawah persetujuan negosiasi, UE memberikan Yunani waktu 2 tahun (anggaran tahun 2005 dan 2006) untuk membawa ekonomi sejalan dengan kriteria [[perjanjian kestabilan Eropa]].
[[Bank of Greece]], sekarang sebuah anak perusahaan dari [[Bank Sentral Eropa|European Central Bank]], berfungsi sebagai bank sentral negara. Bank ini tidak sama dengan [[National Bank of Greece]], sebuah bank komersial.
=== Pariwisata ===
Pada tahun [[2004]], Yunani menempati urutan ke-12 sebagai tujuan [[pariwisata]] internasional. 14,18 juta turis mengunjungi negara itu, terutama untuk menyaksikan ajang [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|Olimpiade Musim Panas]].<!--Since the promotion of Greece from the Olympic Games, the Government expects significant growth in the years to come. In 2003, tourists spent an estimated 11 billion Euros contributing 8% to Greeces GDP. Tourism in Greece has multiplied 50 times in the past 40 years and is expected to only get bigger in the next 10 years.
The main problem for Greece and its tourism industry is that many people are now going to places such as Turkey or Egypt were they can get a similar summer holiday for alot cheaper. Unfortunatly, the Government dosen't spend much on promoting tourism in Greece, although they have now hired Greek singer, Elena Paparizou, as there official Ambassador as well as having released a new campaign. One suggestion is to focus now on the Winter side of Greece as Greece's tourism industry is really only a 6 month tourism season. If promoted correctly, Greece could almost double its tourist statistics since most of the 14 million tourists are accounted for in only 6 months of a 12 month year.-->
== Demografi ==
{{utama|Demografi Yunani}}
[[Berkas:Gr-map.png|jmpl|220px|Peta wilayah Yunani.]]
Menurut sensus tahun [[2001]], Yunani memiliki populasi sebanyak 10.964.020 jiwa. 58,8% di antaranya tinggal di daerah perkotaan, sisanya sebesar 28,4% tinggal di pedesaan. Populasi di dua kota terbesar Yunani, [[Athena]] dan [[Tesaloniki]], hampir mencapai 4 juta orang. Meskipun populasi Yunani terus berkembang, Yunani tetap saja masih menghadapi masalah demografis yang cukup serius. Tahun [[2002]] adalah tahun pertama di mana jumlah kematian lebih besar daripada jumlah kelahiran.
Jumlah imigran yang menetap di Yunani saat ini diperkirakan mencapai lebih dari satu juta jiwa. Sebanyak 65% datang dari [[Albania]] yang mengundang konflik karena perbatasan Yunani-Albania dibuka tanpa adanya persetujuan dari pemerintah Yunani. Orang [[Albania]] sering kali dilecehkan dan dieksploitasi di Yunani. Belakangan ini mereka juga mendapat reputasi sebagai pembuat onar dan pelaku tindak kejahatan terbanyak. Akan tetapi, saat ini banyak orang Yunani yang mau mengakui kontribusi mereka kepada perekonomian negara. Selain dari Albania, ada sejumlah kecil imigran yang berasal dari [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]], [[Rumania]], [[Pakistan]], [[Ukraina]], [[Belarusia]], [[Polandia]], [[Mesir]], [[Palestina]], [[Etiopia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], dan [[Georgia]]. Jumlah pastinya tidak diketahui karena kebanyakan menetap secara ilegal.
=== Agama ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Agama di Yunani (2017)<ref name="Pew2017"/>
| label1 = [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani|Ortodoks Yunani]]
| value1 = 90
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = Kristen lainnya
| value2 = 3
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Tidak beragama]]
| value3 = 4
| color3 = Silver
| label4 = [[Islam|Islam Sunni]]
| value4 = 2
| color4 = DarkGreen
| label5 = Lainnya
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Black}}
[[Konstitusi]] Yunani menjamin [[kebebasan]] mutlak dalam beragama. Yunani juga menyatakan bahwa setiap orang yang tinggal di wilayah Yunani akan menikmati perlindungan penuh akan kepercayaan mereka. Sebagai tambahan, setiap [[aktivitas]] yang berhubungan dengan pembangunan rumah ibadah resmi harus disetujui terlebih dahulu oleh Gereja Ortodoks. Nyatanya, agama mayoritas di Yunani adalah [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani|Kristen Ortodoks Yunani]] yang merupakan salah satu bagian dari [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]] dengan persentase sekitar (90%) dari total jumlah penduduk. Kekristenan Ortodoks juga menjadi agama resmi di Yunani dan ditetapkan menjadi agama negara yang memiliki status spesial di Yunani. Ada pula denominasi [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] lainnya seperti: [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dan [[Protestanisme]]. Agama Kristen dianut 93% dari total jumlah penduduk, ada pula 4% kelompok masyarakat yang tidak terafiliasi/berafiliasi pada agama manapun ( [[Agnostisisme|Agnostisisme/Agnostik]], [[Ateisme]], dan paham lainnya), 2% dari jumlah penduduk adalah [[Islam]], 1% sisanya beragama lain seperti: [[Yudaisme|Yudaisme/Yahudi]], [[Agama Buddha|Buddhisme]], dan [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]]. Mereka yang beragama Yahudi rata-rata merupakan orang keturunan bangsa Yahudi/Israel ataupun orang Eropa (termasuk Balkan) yang memang menganut ajaran Yudaisme (Yahudi). Agama Buddha dianut oleh keturunan Tionghoa sedangkan agama Hindu dianut oleh orang keturunan India dan juga sebagian Bangladesh. Agama Islam banyak dianut oleh imigran/orang keturunan Turki serta Albania, ada juga beberapa masyarakat dari timur tengah keturunan Arab serta masyarakat timur tengah lainnya (Persia-Iran, Kurdi, Pashtun-Afghanistan), sebagian sisanya orang Asia selatan (Pakistan dan Bangladesh) yang membentuk komunitas Muslim di Yunani. Yunani menjamin kebebasan beragama, [[Umat Kristen|umat Kristen/Kristiani]] dan [[Muslim|umat Muslim]] hidup berdampingan dengan damai di Yunani, begitupun dengan orang yang beragama lainnya maupun dengan orang yang tidak menganut agama.
== Budaya ==
{{utama|Budaya Yunani}}
[[File:Epidavros.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Teater Kuno Epidaurus]], masih digunakan untuk pertunjukan teater.]]
Budaya Yunani telah berkembang selama ribuan tahun, dimulai di [[Peradaban Mikenai|Yunani Mycenaean]] dan berlanjut pada [[Yunani Klasik]] melalui pengaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi]], dan melalui [[Timur Yunani dan Barat Latin|Yunani Timurnya]], [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Romawi Timur]] atau [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran Bizantium]]. Budaya dan negara lain, seperti [[Frankokratia|negara-negara Latin dan Frank]], [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekaisaran Ottoman]], [[Republik Venesia]], [[Republik Genova|Republik Genoa]], dan [[Kerajaan Inggris]] juga telah meninggalkan pengaruh mereka pada budaya Yunani modern, meskipun sejarawan memuji [[Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani]] dengan merevitalisasi Yunani dan melahirkan satu kesatuan yang kohesif dari budayanya yang beraneka ragam.
Pada zaman kuno, Yunani adalah tempat kelahiran [[budaya Barat]].<ref>Mazlish, Bruce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AmacbFXUTEoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage ''Civilization And Its Contents.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154707/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmacbFXUTEoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage |date=2023-02-16 }} Stanford University Press, 2004. p. 3. Web. 25 June 2012.</ref><ref name="Broad2007">{{cite book|author=William J. Broad|title=The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Oi_sVWIXLAC&pg=PA120|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-303859-7|page=120|quote=Pada tahun 1979, seorang teman de Boer mengundangnya untuk bergabung dengan tim ilmuwan yang akan pergi ke Yunani untuk menilai kesesuaian ... Tapi gagasan untuk belajar lebih banyak tentang Yunani – tempat lahir peradaban Barat, contoh baru dari tektonik kekuatan di ...}}</ref> Demokrasi modern berhutang pada kepercayaan Yunani pada pemerintahan oleh rakyat, pengadilan oleh juri, dan kesetaraan di bawah hukum. Orang [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani kuno]] memelopori banyak bidang yang mengandalkan pemikiran sistematis, diantaranya logika, biologi, geometri, pemerintahan, geografi, kedokteran, sejarah,<ref>Myres, John. ''Herodotus, Father of History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. Web. 25 June 2012.</ref> filsafat,<ref>[[Frederick Copleston|Copleston, Frederick]]. ''History of Philosophy, Volume 1''.</ref> fisika, dan matematika.<ref name="Heath1981">{{cite book|author=Thomas Heath|title=A History of Greek Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians|access-date=19 August 2013|year=1981|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-24073-2|page=1|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154657/https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians|dead-url=no}}</ref> Mereka memperkenalkan bentuk-bentuk sastra penting seperti puisi dan lirik, sejarah, tragedi, komedi dan drama. Dalam mengejar keteraturan dan proporsi, orang Yunani menciptakan cita-cita keindahan yang sangat memengaruhi [[Seni Eropa|seni Barat]].<ref>Peter Krentz, PhD, W. R. Grey Professor of History, Davidson College.<br />"Greece, Ancient." ''World Book Advanced.'' World Book, 2012. Web. 8 July 2012.</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar negara di dunia]]
* [[Daftar negara di Eropa]]
* [[Daftar negara di Eropa Selatan]]
* [[Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani]]
* [[Bahasa Yunani]]
== Catatan ==
{{notelist}}
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{reflist}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* "Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". ''History and Culture of South Eastern Europe''. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.
*{{cite book | title = The Constitution of Greece | url = http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf | access-date = 21 March 2011 | year = 2008 | publisher = [[Hellenic Parliament]] | location = Athens | isbn = 978-960-560-073-0 | others = Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula (translators) | archive-date = 2015-07-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150705085050/http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf | dead-url = no }}
*{{Cite book | last = Clogg | first = Richard | title = A Concise History of Greece | pages = 10–37 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1992 | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-0-521-37228-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC&q=richard%20clogg%20greece | access-date = 23 March 2016 | archive-date = 2023-02-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154712/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC&q=richard%20clogg%20greece | dead-url = no }}, 257 pp.
*{{Cite book | author-link = Richard Clogg | last = Clogg | first = Richard | title = A Concise History of Greece | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0 | edition = 2nd | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | orig-year = 1992 | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-521-00479-4 }}.
*{{cite book | last =Dagtoglou | first = PD | title = Constitutional Law – Individual Rights | volume = I | year = 1991 |publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas |location=Athens-Komotini |language=el |chapter=Protection of Individual Rights}}
*{{Cite book | first = John Van Antwerp | last = Fine | title = The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-472-08149-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C | access-date = 23 March 2016 | archive-date = 2023-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230115194435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C | dead-url = no }}, 376 pp.
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*{{cite journal|first=Vassilis|last=Kremmydas |script-title=el:Η οικονομική κρίση στον ελλαδικό χώρο στις αρχές του 19ου αιώνα και οι επιπτώσεις της στην Επανάσταση του 1821|trans-title=The economic crisis in Greek lands in the beginning of 19th century and its effects on the Revolution of 1821|language=el|journal=Μνήμων|volume=6|date=1977|pages=16–33|doi=10.12681/mnimon.171|doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite book|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|title= Negara dan Bangsa Jilid 6: Eropa|year= 1988|publisher= Widyadara|location= Jakarta|id = ISBN 979-8087-05-4 }} {{id icon}}
*{{Citation |script-title=el:Ἑλλάς - Ἑλληνισμὸς |url=http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?filename=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fanemi-portal%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fattached-metadata-01-0002588%2F279838_10.pdf&rec=%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fmetadata-01-0002588.tkl&do=279838_10.pdf&width=662&height=963&pagestart=1&maxpage=1104&lang=en&pageno=1&pagenotop=1&pagenobottom=262 |work=Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα |volume=10 |location=Athens |publisher=Pyrsos Co. Ltd. |date=1934 |trans-title=Greece - Hellenism |language=el |ref={{harvid|Great Greek Encyclopedia}} |accessdate=2021-09-07 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170347/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?filename=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fanemi-portal%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fattached-metadata-01-0002588%2F279838_10.pdf&rec=%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fmetadata-01-0002588.tkl&do=279838_10.pdf&width=662&height=963&pagestart=1&maxpage=1104&lang=en&pageno=1&pagenotop=1&pagenobottom=262 |dead-url=no }}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat|Greece|Yunani}}
{{wikivoyage|Greece}}
* {{en}} [http://www.presidency.gr/en/index.htm Portal kepresidenan Yunani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305081209/http://www.presidency.gr/en/index.htm |date=2005-03-05 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.gnto.gr/?langID=2 Situs resmi mengenai pariwisata]
* {{en}} [http://www.hri.org/ Jaringan Helenik]
* {{en}} [http://www.euratlas.com/Atlas/greece/index.html Atlas Yunani] di Euratlas
{{Wilayah Administratif Yunani}}
{{Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara}}
{{eropa}}
{{Uni Eropa}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
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