Kota kembar: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(22 revisi perantara oleh 11 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 5:
 
Kota-kota di Indonesia yang sudah menjalin hubungan kota kembar, misalnya:
* [[Banda Aceh]] dengan [[Apeldoorn]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dutch - Indonesian sister cities|url=http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/|access-date=2011-11-29|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214205739/http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=kompetiblog>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://kompetiblog2011.studidibelanda.com/news/2011/05/11/686/ini_dia_sister_city_indonesia_belanda.html|access-date=2011-11-29|archive-date=2012-07-10|archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20120710132624/http://kompetiblog2011.studidibelanda.com/news/2011/05/11/686/ini_dia_sister_city_indonesia_belanda.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Samarkand]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Banda Aceh - Samarkand|url=http://www.kbri-tashkent.go.id/index.php/component/content/article/48/146|access-date=2011-11-29|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329092656/http://www.kbri-tashkent.go.id/index.php/component/content/article/48/146|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Medan]] dengan [[George Town]] ([[Penang]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Fungsi Ekonomi |publisher=KJRI Penang |url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/penang/Pages/Divisions.aspx?IDP=2&l=id |accessdate = 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414031111/http://www.kemlu.go.id/penang/Pages/Divisions.aspx?IDP=2&l=id |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Ichikawa]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Medan City, North Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia |publisher=City of Ichikawa|url=http://www.city.ichikawa.lg.jp/english/citygovernment/0016.html|accessdate = 2011-11-30|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119103750/http://www.city.ichikawa.lg.jp/english/citygovernment/0016.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, [[Gwangju]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities |publisher=Gwangju Metropolitan City|url=http://eng.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=040311000000|accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Chengdu]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Medan(Indonesia) |publisher=Foreign Affairs Office, Chengdu Municipality City|url=http://www.cdfao.gov.cn/english/detail.asp?ID=1353&ClassID=020209|accessdate= 2011-11-30|archive-date=2015-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102142401/http://www.cdfao.gov.cn/English/detail.asp?ID=1353&ClassID=020209|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Jakarta]] dengan [[Los Angeles]], [[Beijing]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/
|title=Sister Cities
|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government
|accessdate=30 November 2011
|archive-date=2010-01-17
}}</ref>, [[Hanoi]]<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>, [[Hanoi]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://arsip.gatra.com/2004-11-23/artikel.php?id=49399
|title=Gubernur DKI dan Wali kota Hanoi Tandatangani MOU Sister City
Baris 18 ⟶ 21:
|publisher=Gatra
|accessdate=30 November 2011
}}</ref>, [[Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/news/2011/06/Walikota-Berlin-Bangga-Dengan-Kota-Jakarta
|title=Wali Kota Berlin Bangga dengan Kota Jakarta
|date=2011-06-30
|publisher=Pemprov DKI Jakarta
|accessdate=30 November 2011
|archive-date=2014-04-19
}}</ref>, [[Paris]] (sebagai kota rekan)<ref name="partners1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref>, [[Pyongyang]]<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419080402/http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/news/2011/06/Walikota-Berlin-Bangga-Dengan-Kota-Jakarta
|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/V_Ind/berita_print.asp?nNewsId=23034 |title=Kerja Sama Sister City Jakarta-Pyongyang Ditandatangani
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>,[[Pyongyang]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/V_Ind/berita_print.asp?nNewsId=23034
|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/V_Ind/berita_print.asp?nNewsId=23034 |title=Kerja Sama Sister City Jakarta-Pyongyang Ditandatangani
|date=2007-02-28
|publisher=Berita Jakarta
|accessdate=30 November 2011
|archive-date=2015-09-23
}}</ref>, [[Rotterdam]]<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183810/http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008V_Ind/en/newsviewberita_print.aspxasp?idwilnNewsId=0&id=18044 |title=Jakarta-Rotterdam Cooperate on Flood Handling23034
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>, [[Rotterdam]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx?idwil=0&id=18044
|title=Jakarta-Rotterdam Cooperate on Flood Handling
|date=2011-07-02
|publisher=Berita Jakarta
|accessdate=30 November 2011
|archive-date=2015-09-23
}}</ref>, [[Seoul]]<ref>{{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183713/http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx?idwil=0&id=18044
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>, [[Seoul]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2011/11/211_7098.html |title=Seoul-Jakarta Cooperation Getting Stronger
|date=2007-07-24
|publisher=The Korea Times
|accessdate=30 November 2011
}}</ref>, [[Tokyo]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/LINKS/links5.htm |accessdate=2011-11-30 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718194825/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/LINKS/links5.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Athena]],<ref name=perayaan>{{citeCite webnews|url=http://berita.liputan6.com/read/80743/perayaan_hut_jakarta_berharga_rp_35_miliar |title=Perayaan HUT Jakarta Berharga RP 3,5 Miliar
|url=http://berita.liputan6.com/read/80743/perayaan_hut_jakarta_berharga_rp_35_miliar |title=Perayaan HUT Jakarta Berharga RP 3,5 Miliar
|date=2004-06-22
|publisher=Liputan6.com
|accessdate=30 November 2011
|work=[[Liputan6.com]]
}}</ref>, [[Bangkok]],<ref name=perayaan />, [[Casablanca]],<ref name=perayaan />, [[Jeddah]],<ref name=perayaan/>, [[Istanbul]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities of Istanbul |publisher=Great Istanbul City Guide |url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm |accessdate = 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Islamabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamabad-Jakarta Sister City Agreement to be reactivated |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94783 |accessdate= 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014507/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94783 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta, Indonesia|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/19.htm|accessdate = 2011-11-30|archive-date=2012-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626044505/http://www.sistercities.lacity.org/html/19.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Bogor]] dengan [[Saint Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Louis Sister Cities Program, Bogor, Indonesia |publisher=World Trade Center St. Louis|url=http://www.worldtradecenter-stl.com/sisterCities/bogor.asp|accessdate = 2011-11-30|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093223/http://www.worldtradecenter-stl.com/sisterCities/bogor.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Bandung]] dengan [[Paris]] (sebagai kota rekan), [[Fort Worth, Texas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bandung, Indonesia|url=http://www.fwsistercities.org/city/bandung-indonesia|accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Braunschweig]]<ref name=tribunnews />, [[Yingkou]]<ref name=kabar />, [[Luizhou]]<ref name=kabar>{{cite web|title=Apa Khabar Bandung Sister City? |publisher=Galamedia |first=Yudhi
* [[Bandung]] dengan, [[Fort Worth, Texas]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Bandung, Indonesia|url=http://www.fwsistercities.org/city/bandung-indonesia|accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref> [[Braunschweig]],<ref name=tribunnews /> [[Yingkou]],<ref name=kabar /> [[Luizhou]],<ref name=kabar>{{cite web |title=Apa Khabar Bandung Sister City? |publisher=Galamedia |first=Yudhi |last=Koesworodjati |url=http://klik-galamedia.com/indexedisi.php?id=20090106&wartakode=20090106151339 |accessdate= 2011-11-30 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, [[Suwon]],<ref>{{cite web|title=International Sisterhood & Friendship Cities|publisher=Suwon-City|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub/happy_suwon/happy_suwon_08.asp?menuCode=0108|accessdate=2011-11-30|archive-date=2011-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516170128/http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub/happy_suwon/happy_suwon_08.asp?menuCode=0108|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, [[Bega Valley, New South Wales]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 2: Government and Parliamentary links|publisher=Parliament of Australia House of Representatives|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/indonesia/report/chapter2.pdf|accessdate=2011-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050719183856/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/indonesia/report/chapter2.pdf|archivedate=2005-07-19|dead-url=no}}</ref>, [[Hamamatsu]]<ref name=tribunnews>{{citeCite webnews|title=Perwakilan 4 Sister City Hadiri HUT Bandung |publisher=TribunNews.com|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/09/25/perwakilan-4-sister-city-hadiri-hut-bandung|accessdate= 2011-11-30|last=Harismanto|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|editor-last=Harismanto|date=2010-09-25}}</ref>
* [[Semarang]] dengan [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Semarang |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/economic-development/international-relations/semarang/index.htm |publisher=Brisbane City Council |accessdate= 2011-11-30 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kang GURU Magazine - December 2006 |url=http://www.kangguru.org/magazine/december2006.htm |accessdate= 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430065348/http://www.kangguru.org/magazine/december2006.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Kabupaten Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]] dengan [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
* [[Yogyakarta]] dengan [[Kyoto]],<ref>{{cite web|title=APEC Japan 2010 Venues|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/2010/venue/kyoto.html|accessdate= 2011-11-30}}</ref> [[Hefei]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerjasama Daerah
* [[Bau-Bau]] dengan [[Seoul]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesian tribe adopts Hangul as its writing |last=Yano |first=Eiki |publisher=Asahi Shimbun |url=http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201005260414.html |accessdate=2011-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530085320/http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201005260414.html |archivedate=2010-05-30 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Dengan Kota Hefei, Provinsi Anhui, Republik Rakyat China |url=http://www2.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/1638/dengan-kota-hefei--provinsi-anhui--republik-rakyat-china.html |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta |accessdate=2011-11-30 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dprd Kabupaten Wonogiri Studi Banding Ke Pemkot Jogja |url=http://www.jogjakota.go.id/index/extra.detail/2039/dprd-kabupaten-wonogiri-studi-banding-ke-pemkot-jogja.html |publisher=Pemkot Yogyakarta |accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Distrik Commewijne]], [[Suriname]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kota Jogja Jalin Kota Kembar |url=http://tourism.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/2737 |publisher=Pemkot Yogyakarta |accessdate = 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118043051/http://tourism.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/2737 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Semarang]] dengan [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Semarang |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/economic-development/international-relations/semarang/index.htm |publisher=Brisbane City Council |accessdate= 2011-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kang GURU Magazine - December 2006 |url=http://www.kangguru.org/magazine/december2006.htm |accessdate= 2011-11-30}}</ref>
* [[YogyakartaSurabaya]] dengan, [[KyotoGuangzhou]],<ref>{{cite web |title=APECPemkot JapanSurabaya 2010Selektif Kerja Sama "Sister City" Venues|url=http://www.mofaantarajatim.go.jp/policycom/economylihat/apecberita/201062418/venue/kyoto.htmlpemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city |accessdatepublisher=Antara News JawaTimur |accessdate=2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117012748/http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/62418/pemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[HefeiSeattle]],<ref>{{cite web|title=KerjasamaSeattle DaerahInternational Sister City:
Surabaya, Indonesia|url=http://www.seattle.gov/oir/sistercities/surabaya.htm|accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref><ref name=sbygoid />, [[Busan]],<ref name=sbygoid>{{cite web |title=Face the Global Era with the Sister City Network. |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Surabaya |url=http://www.surabaya.go.id/eng/comunity.php?page=twin_city |accessdate= 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214214312/http://www.surabaya.go.id/eng/comunity.php?page=twin_city |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Kochi]],<ref name=sbygoid />, [[Xiamen]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Surabaya of Indonesia |publisher=Foreign Affairs Office of Xiamen Municipal People's Government |url=http://english.xm.gov.cn/xmfao/international_exchanges/sister_cities/201108/t20110824_424032.html |accessdate= 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2012-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122237/http://english.xm.gov.cn/xmfao/international_exchanges/sister_cities/201108/t20110824_424032.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Marseille]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Marseille.html|title=Sister cities of Marseille — sistercity.info|website=en.sistercity.info|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>, [[Varna]],<ref>{{Cite webnews|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1248713/surabaya-jalin-kerjasama-sister-city-dengan-varna-bulgaria|title=Surabaya Jalin Kerjasama Sister City dengan Varna, Bulgaria|websitework=detiknews[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-11|date=2009-11-25}}</ref>, dan [[Liverpool]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesianembassy.org.uk/penandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool|title=Penandatanganan Kerja Sama Kota Kembar Surabaya-Liverpool – Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia|website=indonesianembassy.org.uk|access-date=2020-06-11|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611005001/https://indonesianembassy.org.uk/penandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Dengan Kota Hefei, Provinsi Anhui, Republik Rakyat China |url=http://www2.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/1638/dengan-kota-hefei--provinsi-anhui--republik-rakyat-china.html |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta |accessdate=2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dprd Kabupaten Wonogiri Studi Banding Ke Pemkot Jogja |url=http://www.jogjakota.go.id/index/extra.detail/2039/dprd-kabupaten-wonogiri-studi-banding-ke-pemkot-jogja.html |publisher=Pemkot Yogyakarta |accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Distrik Commewijne]], [[Suriname]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kota Jogja Jalin Kota Kembar |url=http://tourism.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/2737 |publisher=Pemkot Yogyakarta |accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>
* [[Surabaya]] dengan [[San Francisco]], [[Guangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pemkot Surabaya Selektif Kerja Sama "Sister City"|url=http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/62418/pemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city |publisher=Antara News JawaTimur |accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Seattle]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Seattle International Sister City:
Surabaya, Indonesia|url=http://www.seattle.gov/oir/sistercities/surabaya.htm|accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref><ref name=sbygoid />, [[Busan]]<ref name=sbygoid>{{cite web|title=Face the Global Era with the Sister City Network. |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Surabaya |url=http://www.surabaya.go.id/eng/comunity.php?page=twin_city|accessdate= 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Kochi]]<ref name=sbygoid />, [[Xiamen]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Surabaya of Indonesia |publisher=Foreign Affairs Office of Xiamen Municipal People's Government |url=http://english.xm.gov.cn/xmfao/international_exchanges/sister_cities/201108/t20110824_424032.html |accessdate= 2011-11-30}}</ref>, [[Marseille]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Marseille.html|title=Sister cities of Marseille — sistercity.info|website=en.sistercity.info|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>, [[Varna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1248713/surabaya-jalin-kerjasama-sister-city-dengan-varna-bulgaria|title=Surabaya Jalin Kerjasama Sister City dengan Varna, Bulgaria|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>, dan [[Liverpool]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesianembassy.org.uk/penandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool|title=Penandatanganan Kerja Sama Kota Kembar Surabaya-Liverpool – Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia|website=indonesianembassy.org.uk|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>
* [[Malang]] dengan [[Lyon]], [[Manchester]], [[Pécs]], [[Varaždin]]
* [[Makassar]] dengan [[Lismore, New South Wales]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities: Makassar, formerly Ujung Pandang |url=http://www.lismore.nsw.gov.au/cp_themes/default/page.asp?p=DOC-VCR-53-16-71 |publisher=Lismore City Council |accessdate = 2011-11-30}}</ref>
* [[Manado]] dengan [[Liverpool]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/8136/manado-liverpool-jalin-kerja-sama-sister-city|title=Manado-Liverpool Jalin Kerja Sama Sister City|website= Antara News|}}</ref>, [[Qingdao]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://beritamanado.com/jalin-kerjasama-dengan-qingdao-kedutaan-besar-ri-apresiasi-pemkot-manado/|title=Jalin Kerjasama dengan Qingdao, Kedutaan Besar RI Apresiasi Pemkot Manado|web= beritamanado.com|}}</ref>, [[Anyang, Gyeonggi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.bisnis.com/amp/read/20131002/78/166628/sister-city-korsel-jajaki-kerja-sama-dengan-manado|title=Sister City, Korsel Jajaki Kerja Sama dengan Manado|web=Bisnis.com|}}</ref>, [[Davao]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerjasama Bilateral: Filipina |url=http://www.deplu.go.id/Lists/BilateralCooperation/DispForm.aspx?ID=52&l=en |publisher=Departemen Luar Negeri RI |accessdate= 2011-11-30 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Kupang]] dengan [[Palmerston, Northern Territory]]<ref name=darwin />
* [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]] dengan [[Darwin, Wilayah Utara|Darwin]],<ref name=darwin>{{cite web |title=Ambon Indonesia Sister City Current Projects |url=http://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/sister-cities/ambon |publisher=Darwin City Council |accessdate= 2011-11-30 |archive-date=2011-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822192045/http://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/sister-cities/ambon |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, [[Vlisingen]]<ref name=aruurk>{{cite web |title=Kunjungan Delegasi Bupati Kepulauan Aru Dan Penandatanganan Loi Sister City Aru - Urk |publisher=Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia untuk Kerajaan Belanda |url=http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/ |accessdate=2011-11-30 |archive-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214205739/http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru]] dengan [[Urk]], Belanda<ref name=aruurk />
* [[Batam]] dengan [[Johor Bahru]], [[Singapura]]
* [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] dengan [[Pengzhou]], [[Cina]]
* [[Kota Martapura]] dengan [[Tarim]], [[Yaman]]
* [[Sorong]] dengan [[Baltimore]], [[Busan]], [[Dili]], [[Fukuoka]], dan [[Singapura]]
 
Di Eropa, kota kembar dikenal sebagai '''twin towns''' atau '''friendship towns''', sedangkan di Jerman dikenal dengan istilah '''partner towns''' (''Partnerstädte''). Istilah ''sister cities'' lebih dikenal di Asia, Australia dan Amerika Utara, sedangkan di negara-negara [[CIS]] dikenal dengan sebutan "kota bersaudara" (''brother cities'').<ref name="Trend">{{cite news|url= http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html|title= Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities|publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]|accessdate= 2009-10-12|archive-date= 2009-11-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091114113411/http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref>
Baris 66 ⟶ 80:
== Eropa ==
Bentuk tertua dari kota kembar di Eropa adalah antara kota [[Paderborn]] di Jerman dan [[Le Mans]] pada tahun [[836]].<ref name="Origins">{{cite web|url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1C07A195-EF04-454D-81B8-ADAEE15058FC/0/ICC9908.pdf|title=The Origins of Town Twinning|date=8 December 2008|publisher=The City of Inverness Town Twinning Committee|accessdate=2009-10-30|location=[[Inverness]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231083242/http://www.highland.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1C07A195-EF04-454D-81B8-ADAEE15058FC/0/ICC9908.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-31|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
[[Keighley]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[Inggris]] menjalin hubungan "kota kembar" dengan [[Suresnes]] dan [[Puteaux]] di [[Perancis]] sejak 1905.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Crane|title=War and World Government|page=200|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NvKQhry_9Q0C&lpg=PA200&dq=sister%20cities&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q=sister%20cities&f=false|accessdate=2009-09-20|isbn=9780559443817|year=2008|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC}}</ref><ref name="France Magazine - Twin Towns">{{cite web |url=http://www.francemag.com/france-travel-travel-guide-and-information-twin-towns--211 |title=France Magazine - Twin Towns |publisher=www.francemag.com |accessdate=2009-11-06 |archive-date=2010-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330000445/http://www.francemag.com/france-travel-travel-guide-and-information-twin-towns--211 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Perjanjian kota kembar pada zaman modern yang pertama kali dicatat adalah antara Keighley dan [[Poix-du-Nord]], [[Nord, Perancis|Nord]], [[Perancis]] pada tahun 1920 setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Dunia I]].<ref name="France Magazine - Twin Towns"/><ref name="lga">{{cite book|title=Take your partners: The local authority handbook on international partnerships|url=http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/190428|last=Handley|first=Susan|year=2006|page=4|publisher=Local Government International Bureau|location=London|accessdate=2009-09-20|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021118/http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/190428|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut perjanjian tersebut, kota Poix-du-Nord dijadikan "kota angkat" oleh Keighley, sementara pertukaran akta secara formal baru dilakukan pada tahun 1986.<ref name="telegraph&argus">{{cite web|url=http://archive.thisisbradford.co.uk/2002/3/28/128275.html|title=Keighley celebrates twin town jubilee|accessdate=2009-01-05|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|year=2002|work=Telegraph & Argus|archive-date=2020-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711174820/http://archive.thisisbradford.co.uk/2002/3/28/128275.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
Praktik kota kembar berlanjut sesudah [[Perang Dunia II]] dengan maksud menciptakan saling pengertian antara penduduk kota di Eropa dan mempromosikan proyek lintasbatas untuk kemakmuran bersama.<ref name="Origins"/><ref name="Twinning1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghajnsielem.com/twinning/index.html |title=Ghajnsielem.com - Twinning |publisher=www.ghajnsielem.com |accessdate=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2013-01-24 |archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20130124062823/http://www.ghajnsielem.com/twinning/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Twin Towns">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |title=Twin Towns |publisher=www.amazingdusseldorf.com |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kota [[Coventry]] menjalin hubungan kota kembar dengan [[Stalingrad]] (sekarang bernama [[Volgograd]]) dan kemudian dengan [[Dresden]] sebagai usaha damai dan rekonsiliasi, dengan alasan ketiga kota tersebut menderita kerusakan berat akibat pengeboman selama perang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukprwire.com/Detailed/Travel_Tourism/Disney_seeks_UK_twin_55125.shtml |title=Disney seeks UK twin |publisher=www.ukprwire.com |accessdate=2009-10-30 }}</ref> Kegiatan menjalin hubungan kota kembar di [[Eropa]] kembali giat setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Dunia II]]. Pada tahun [[1947]], Dewan Kota [[Bristol]] di Inggris mengirimkan lima warga kota terpilihnya dalam misi itikad baik ke kota [[Hanover]] di Jerman. Sementara itu, [[Edinburgh]] menjalin hubungan kota kembar dengan [[Nice]] di Perancis.<ref name=transnational>{{cite book|last=Mega|first=Voula|coauthors=|title=Sustainable Cities at the Dawn of the Millennium: The Odyssey of Urban Excellence|year=2010|publisher=Institute of Public Administration of Canada|pages=185}}</ref>
 
Hubungan kota kembar didukung oleh [[Uni Eropa]].<ref name="Origins"/>. Skema dukungan Uni Eropa ditetapkan pada tahun [[1989]]. Pada tahun [[2003]], anggaran tahunan sebesar 12 juta [[euro]] dialokasikan untuk 1.300 proyek. [[Dewan Munisipalitas dan Kawasan Eropa]] juga bekerja sama dengan Komisi (Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan dan Budaya) untuk mempromosikan inisiatif kota kembar berkualitas tinggi dan pertukaran yang melibatkan semua unsur dalam masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twinning.org |title=Twinnings |publisher=Twinning.org |date= |accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref>
 
== Amerika Utara ==
=== Kanada ===
Kota [[Vancouver]] di [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] merupakan salah satu kota yang pertama kali mengikat hubungan kota kembar dengan kota [[Odessa]] di [[Ukraina]] pada tahun [[1944]] sewaktu [[Uni Soviet]] masih berdiri. Hubungan kota kembar Vancouver-Odessa berawal dari bantuan kemanusiaan untuk kedua kota yang banyak menderita kerusakan semasa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Komunitas mendekati dewan kota untuk bertindak menjalin hubungan. Beberapa pengusaha juga mendekati dewan untuk menjalin hubungan antarkedua kota. Pemilik usaha dan buruh di pelabuhan juga menyokong inisiatif tersebut. Hubungan antara komunitas Yahudi di kedua kota juga tidak kalah pentingnya. Komunitas Yahudi di Vancouver mengajukan gagasan bantuan kepada Odessa kepada dewan kota. [[Perang Dingin]] yang kemudian terjadi hanya mengurangi kontak-kontak antarkedua kota, namun hubungan antarkedua kota tidak pernah terputus. Hubungan kota kembar Vancouver-Odessa dijalin kembali setelah [[Perestroika]] dan [[Glasnost]] pada [[1980-an]].<ref name=transnational/>{{cite book|last=Graham|first=Katherine A.|coauthors=Susan D. Phillips, Institute of Public Administration of Canada|title=Citizen engagement:
lessons in participation from local government|year=1998|publisher=Institute of Public Administration of Canada|pages=78}}</ref>
 
=== Amerika Serikat ===
Hubungan kota kembar karena persamaan nama sebetulnya sudah dijalin antara kota [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] di Amerika Serikat dan kota [[Toledo, Spanyol|Toledo]] di Spanyol pada tahun [[1931]].<ref>{{cite journal |year= 1984|title=Exchanging people and know-how to forge friendly ties worldwide |journal=The Rotarian |volume=145 |issue=6 |pages= |publisher= |doi= |url= |accessdate=30 November 2011 }}</ref>
 
Gagasan kota kembar (''sister city'') atau ''sister state'' berawal dari pencanangan program "People-to-People" oleh [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden]] [[Dwight Eisenhower]] pada [[1956]]. Setelah menghadiri [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Geneva (1955)|Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Geneva]] tahun 1955 yang juga dihadiri [[Uni Soviet]], Eisenhower berkeinginan meningkatkan kunjungan warga sipil untuk mempelajari negara-negara asing. Sebuah program kemudian diusulkan kepada Eisenhower oleh Theodore Steinbert yang waktu itu menjabat Direktur [[Dinas Penerangan Amerika Serikat]]. Program yang diajukan Steinbert menyediakan berbagai macam cara untuk meningkatkan arus manusia dan arus gagasan dengan menggunakan terbitan, siaran radio, pameran, presentasi budaya, pameran dagang, pertukaran tim olahraga, delegasi warga sipil.<ref name=transnational/>{{cite book|last=Hawkins|first=John N.|coauthors=William K. Cummings|title=Transnational competence:
rethinking the U.S.-Japan educational relationship|year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=78}}</ref>
 
Sebagai hasil dari rapat di Gedung Putih, para peserta membentuk 42 komite "People-to-People". Pada tahun 1960 tercatat 36 komite yang masih bertahan, termasuk [[People to People International]]. Program kota kembar yang menurut visi Eisenhower merupakan "roda penggerak" [[diplomasi warga negara]], berkembang sepanjang dekade 1950-an dan 1960-an. Pada tahun 1967, organisasi bernama Town Affiliation Association of the U.S. (waktu itu sudah populer dengan nama [[Sister Cities International]]) didirikan untuk mengoordinasikan hubungan antara kota-kota kembar. Pada awal berdirinya Town Affiliation Association, [[National League of Cities]] menyediakan ruang kantor berikut perabot dan fasilitas-fasilitas lainnya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/about/history.cfm |title=History of Sister Cities International |publisher=Sister Cities international |accessdate=30 November 2010 |archive-date=2011-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025052043/http://www.sister-cities.org/about/history.cfm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Jaringan Sister Cities International kini mencakup 1.200 kota di Amerika Serikat yang memiliki hubungan kota kembar dengan 2.000 kota di 127 negara. Pada [[1955]], [[Jepang]] pasca-[[Perang Dunia II]] menjalin hubungan kota kembar pertama dengan [[Amerika Serikat]], antara [[Nagasaki]] dan [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]]. Pada [[1994]], Jepang memiliki 960 hubungan kota kembar, dan 316 di antaranya dengan kota-kota di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=transnational />
Baris 93 ⟶ 105:
* {{en}} [http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/programme-actions/doc30_en.htm Town-twinning] menurut [[Komisi Eropa]]
* {{en}} [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International]
* {{en}} [http://www.asca.asn.au/ Australian Sister Cities Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004195336/http://www.asca.asn.au/ |date=2006-10-04 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1644_282/ai_97228022/print Germany and the town twinning movement]