Kemitraan Perdagangan dan Investasi Transatlantik: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[FileBerkas:European Union United States Locator.svg|thumbjmpl|400px|[[Amerika Serikat]] (jingga) dan [[Uni Eropa]] (hijau)]]

'''Kemitraan Perdagangan dan Investasi Transatlantik''' ({{lang-en|Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership}}; '''TTIP''') adalah rencana [[perjanjian perdagangan]] antara [[Uni Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] yang bertujuan memajukan perdagangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi antarnegara. Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memandang TTIP sebagai perjanjian pelengkap [[Kemitraan Trans-Pasifik]] (TPP).<ref name="StateDept">[http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2014/01/219881.htm Transatlantic Interests In Asia], Russel, Daniel R., [[United States Department of State]], 13 January 2014</ref> Perjanjian ini masih dirundingkan. Tiga bidang utamanya adalah akses pasar, regulasi khusus, dan peraturan, prinsip, dan bentuk kerja sama yang lebih luas.<ref name="eu state of play">[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/html/152666.htm State of Play of TTIP negotiations ahead of the 6th round of negotiations], European Commission DG Trade, 11 July 2014</ref><ref name="negotiators">[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/html/151668.htm List of lead negotiators for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership], European Commission DG Trade<p>[http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/lead%20negotiators%20list%20TTIP.pdf List of lead negotiators for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership], Office of the United States Trade Representative</ref> Menurut ekonom [[Hosuk Lee-Makiyama]], rencananya negosiasi disepakati pada penghujung tahun 2014, namun baru benar-benar berakhir pada tahun 2019 atau 2020.<ref name="Reuters Jun 16, 2015">Philip Blenkinsop. [http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-eu-usa-trade-idUKKBN0OW0UW20150616 EU-U.S. trade deal seems distant dream after early optimism]. [[Reuters]]. 16 June 2015.</ref>

[[Komisi Eropa]] mengatakan bahwa TTIP akan mendatangkan €120 miliar ke ekonomi Uni Eropa, €90 miliar ke [[ekonomi Amerika Serikat]], dan €100 miliar ke [[ekonomi dunia]].<ref name="EU-ttip">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ttip/ |title=Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) - Trade - European Commission |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2014-02-21}}</ref> Menurut Anu Bradford, dosen hukum [[Columbia Law School]], dan Thomas J. Bollyky dari [[Council on Foreign Relations]], TTIP bertujuan "membebaskan sepertiga perdagangan global" dan menciptakan jutaan lapangan kerja baru.<ref name="Bollyky Foreign Affairs">{{cite journal|last=Bollyky|first=Thomas J. and Anu Bradford|title=Getting to Yes on Transatlantic Trade|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=10 July 2013|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139569/thomas-j-bollyky-and-anu-bradford/getting-to-yes-on-transatlantic-trade|accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref> Akan tetapi, sebuah artikel ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' yang ditulis [[Dean Baker]] dari [[Center for Economic and Policy Research]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Tina|title=The Perils Of Petrocracy|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/magazine/04oil-t.html?pagewanted=7|accessdate=5 October 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|date=4 November 2007|quote= … Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, a left-leaning Washington policy group.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sussman|first1=Anna Louie|title=Are Women the New Face of Organized Labor?|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2015/09/07/are-women-the-new-face-of-organized-labor/|accessdate=20 September 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Maggie|title=Obamacare won't slash workers' hours, report finds|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/obamacare-wont-slash-workers-hours-report-finds-f6C10732487|accessdate=31 October 2014|agency=NBC News|date=24 July 2013}}</ref> berpendapat bahwa manfaat ekonomi yang dirasakan tiap keluarga cenderung kecil.<ref name="guardian July 15, 2013">The Guardian (15 July 2013). [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/15/us-trade-deal-with-europe-hype The US-EU trade deal: Don't buy the hype] Retrieved 24 August 2013.</ref> Menurut laporan [[Parlemen Eropa]], TTIP akan memicu penambahan lapangan kerja sekaligus pemutusan hubungan kerja, tergantung model dan asumsi ekonomi yang digunakan dalam prediksi pertumbuhannya.<ref name="EP Kraatz">Susanne Kraatz. [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2014/536315/IPOL_BRI(2014)536315_EN.pdf The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and Labour]. [[European Parliament]].</ref>

Perjanjian ini dikritik dan ditentang oleh beberapa [[serikat pekerja]], [[organisasi amal]], [[lembaga swadaya pemerintahmasyarakat|LSM]], dan [[aktivis lingkungan]], khususnya di Eropa.<ref name="guardian August 3, 2015">Stuart Jeffries. [http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/03/ttip-what-why-angry-transatlantic-trade-investment-partnership-guide What is TTIP and why should we be angry about it?]. [[theguardian.com]]. Published on 3 August 2015.</ref><ref name="The Daily Beast">{{cite web|author=Leo Cendrowicz |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/04/22/europeans-fight-u-s-trade-deal-with-fear-of-mchospitals-fracking-under-eiffel-tower.html |title=Europeans Fight U.S. Trade Deal With Fear of McHospitals, Fracking Under Eiffel Tower |publisher=The Daily Beast |date= |accessdate=2015-07-14}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' menulis bahwa kritikus TTIP umumnya menentang "pencabutan hambatan dagang bagi perusahaan besar seperti peraturan kelayakan pangan, peraturan lingkungan, peraturan perbankan, dan kedaulatan negara",<ref name="The Independent October 6, 2015">Lee Williams [http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/what-is-ttip-and-six-reasons-why-the-answer-should-scare-you-9779688.html What is TTIP? And six reasons why the answer should scare you]. ''[[The Independent]]''. 6 October 2015.</ref> dan menyebut TTIP sebagai "serangan terhadap masyarakat Eropa dan A.S. oleh perusahaan-perusahaan transnasional".<ref name="The Independent October 6, 2015"/> ''[[The Guardian]]'' menulis bahwa kritikus TTIP menolak "diskusi tertutup yang tidak demokratis", "pengaruh para pelobi besar", kemampuan TTIP untuk "mengangkangi kewenangan demokratis pemerintah daerah",<ref name="guardian August 5, 2015">Tim Smedley. [http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2015/aug/05/ttip-free-trade-deal-renewable-energy-transatlantic-partnership-eu-us TTIP: what does the transatlantic trade deal mean for renewable energy?]. [[theguardian.com]]. 5 August 2015.</ref> dan mencap TTIP sebagai "kesepakatan dagang paling kontroversial yang pernah dirundingkan Uni UE".<ref name="theguardian.com 27 August, 2016"/> Mekanisme [[demokrasi langsung]] UE, [[European Citizens' Initiative]], yang memungkinkan warga UE secara langsung meminta [[Komisi Eropa]] mengusulkan rancangan undang-undang,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-initiative/public/welcome|title=Homepage - European Citizens' Initiative - European Commission|publisher=}}</ref> berhasil mengumpulkan 3,2 juta dukungan dalam kampanye menolak TTIP dan [[Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement|CETA]] dalam kurun satu tahun.<ref name="guard 3 Aug 2015" /><ref name="Stop TTIP"/>

== Laporan ==

* ''The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Ambitious but Achievable – A Stakeholder Survey and Three Scenarios'' (April 2013) ISBN 978-1-61977-032-4<ref name=Stakeholder>{{cite web|title=The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Ambitious but Achievable - A Stakeholder Survey and Three Scenarios|url=http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-4C33D168-3FA15517/bst/xcms_bst_dms_37655_37656_2.pdf|publisher=[[Atlantic Council]], [[Bertelsmann Foundation]]|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref>

* ''The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: A Charter for Deregulation, An Attack on Jobs, An End to Democracy'' (February 2014)<ref name=Charterforderegulation>{{cite web|title=A Charter for Deregulation, An Attack on Jobs, An End to Democracy|url=http://rosalux.gr/sites/default/files/publications/ttip_web.pdf|publisher=Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Brussels Office|accessdate=19 November 2014|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701131432/http://rosalux.gr/sites/default/files/publications/ttip_web.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Lihat pula ==

== Referensi ==

<ref name="Stop TTIP">{{cite web|url=https://stop-ttip.org/|title=Do the CETA-CHECK!|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-12|archive-date=2019-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218190557/https://stop-ttip.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://rosalux.gr/sites/default/files/publications/ttip_web.pdf/ The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: A Charter for Deregulation, an Attack on Jobs, an End to Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301072210/http://rosalux.gr/sites/default/files/publications/ttip_web.pdf |date=2015-03-01 }}, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Brussels Office, February 2014

* [http://www.rosalux-europa.info/userfiles/file/FreeTrade_UHerrmann.pdf / Free Trade: Project of the Powerful] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084540/http://www.rosalux-europa.info/userfiles/file/FreeTrade_UHerrmann.pdf |date=2014-08-19 }}, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Brussels Office, May 2014

* [http://katapult-magazin.de/en/artikel/article-katapult/fulltext/politics-at-a-standstill/ / Politics at a standstill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402222823/http://katapult-magazin.de/en/artikel/article-katapult/fulltext/politics-at-a-standstill/ |date=2015-04-02 }}, Katapult Magazine, 11. March 2014

* [http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ttipaction/ TTIP Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412032737/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ttipaction |date=2015-04-12 }} ([[Atlantic Council]])

* [http://ttip2014.eu/ TTIP: What lies beneath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715180614/http://ttip2014.eu/ |date=2014-07-15 }} (European Parliament [[The Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]] Group)

* [http://www.amchameu.eu/TTIP/tabid/400/Default.aspx TTIP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321190740/http://www.amchameu.eu/TTIP/tabid/400/Default.aspx |date=2014-03-21 }} ([[American Chamber of Commerce to the European Union]])

* [http://www.businesseurope.eu/Content/Default.asp?PageID=867 Did you say TTIP?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927010913/http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=867 |date=2014-09-27 }} ([[Confederation of European Business]])

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