Populisme sayap kanan: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Populisme sayap kanan''' adalah [[ideologi]] politik yang menolak [[konsensus]] politik saat ini dan sering menggabungkan [[etnosentrisme]], dan [[anti-elitism]]e. Ideologi ini dianggap [[populism]]e karena daya tariknya untuk "orang biasa" sebagai lawan elit.<ref>Betz and Immerfall, pp. 4–5</ref> Di Eropa, sayap kanan populisme adalah sebuah ungkapan yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kelompok, politisi, dan partai-partai politik yang umumnya dikenal [[Opposition to immigration|menentang imigrasi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/the-metapolitical-long-game-of-the-european-new-right-75078|title=The metapolitical long game of the European New Right|last=Sharpe|first=Matthew|work=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> sebagian besar dari [[Dunia Muslim|dunia Islam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-the-geert-wilders-effect-20170313-story.html|title=The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands|last=Traub|first=James|work=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> dan dalam kebanyakan kasus, [[Euroscepticism|Euroskeptisme]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/opinion/sunday/how-the-dutch-stopped-being-decent-and-dull.html|title=How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull|last=Buruma|first=Ian|date=2017-03-10|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> Populisme sayap kanan di [[dunia Barat]] pada umumnya, tetapi tidak secara eksklusif, terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi seperti [[New Nationalism (21st century)|Nasionalisme Baru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.libertylawsite.org/2016/12/08/the-new-nationalism/|title=The New Nationalism|date=2016-12-08|website=Online Library of Law & Liberty|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/world/europe/a-central-conflict-of-21st-century-politics-who-belongs.html|title=A Central Conflict of 21st-Century Politics: Who Belongs?|last=Taub|first=Amanda|date=2016-07-08|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> [[Gerakan anti-globalisasi|antiglobalisasi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wuwm.com/post/rise-right-wing-nationalist-political-parties-europe#stream/0|title=The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe|last=North|first=Bonnie|language=en|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> [[Nativism (politics)|nativisme]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/fear-of-diversity-made-people-more-likely-to-vote-trump/|title=Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump|work=The Nation|issn=0027-8378|access-date=2017-03-24|archive-date=2017-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324180227/https://www.thenation.com/article/fear-of-diversity-made-people-more-likely-to-vote-trump/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-political-lexicon-of-a-billionaire-populist/2017/03/09/4d4c2686-ff86-11e6-8f41-ea6ed597e4ca_story.html|title=The political lexicon of a billionaire populist|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> [[proteksionisme]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/the-end-of-reaganism-214853|title=The End of Reaganism|work=POLITICO Magazine|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> dan [[Opposition to immigration|perlawanan terhadap imigrasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fesdc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/RightwingPopulism.pdf|title=The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States|last=Greven|first=Thomas|date=May 2016|website=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Sejak [[1990-an]] partai-partai beraliran populisme sayap kanan didirikan di badan-badan legislatif bermacam-macam demokrasi, termasuk [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Prancis]], [[Belgia]], [[Denmark]], [[Swedia]], [[Estonia]], [[Rumania|Romania]], [[Brasil]], dan [[Chili]] dan mereka memasuki [[pemerintahan koalisi]] di [[Swiss|Switss]], [[Austria]], [[Finlandia]], [[Yunani]], [[Slowakia]], [[Lituania|Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Belanda]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Italia]],{{Sfn|Norris|2005}} dan [[Israel]] dan mayoritas pemerintah di [[India]], [[Turki]], [[Hongaria|Hungaria]], dan [[Polandia]]. Meskipun gerakan sayap kanan ekstrem di [[Amerika Serikat]] telah dipelajari secara terpisah, di mana mereka biasanya disebut "[[Radical right (United States)|kanan radikal]]", beberapa penulis memandang mereka sebagai sebuah bagian dalam fenomena sama.{{Sfn|Kaplan|Weinberg|1998}} Populisme sayap kanan di Amerika Serikat juga berhubungan dekat dengan [[Paleoconservatism|paleokonservatisme.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/08/26/the-trump-phenomenon-and-the-european-populist-radical-right/|title=The Trump phenomenon and the European populist radical right|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> Populisme sayap kanan berbeda dari [[konservatisme]], tapi beberapa partai populisme sayap kanan berakar dari partai politik konservatif.{{Sfn|Kaplan|Weinberg|1998}} Partai populisme lainnya berhubungan dengan gerakan [[Fasisme|fasis]] yang ada kerika [[periode antarperang]] ketika fasisme [[Fasisme Italia|Italia]], [[Nazisme|Jerman]], [[Partai Salib Panah|Hungaria]], [[Spanyol di bawah Francisco Franco|Spanyol]], dan [[Kekaisaran Jepang|Jepang]] bangkit berkuasa.

Sejak awal 2010-an, gerakan populisme sayap kanan seperti [[Barisan Nasional (Prancis)|Barisan Nasional]] di Prancis, [[Lega Nord|Liga Utara]] di Italia, [[Party for Freedom|Partai untuk Kebebasan]] di Belanda, dan [[UK Independence Party|Partai Kemerdekaan BR]] mulali bertumbuh populer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-map-which-shows-how-ukip-support-is-growing-in-every-constituency-but-two-10252267.html|title=The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two|date=2015-05-15|work=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21614073|title=UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise|last=Hunt|first=Alex|date=2014-11-21|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> Di belahan besar karena bertumbuhnya perlawanan terhadap imigrasi dari [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika]], kebangkitan euroskeptisme dan ketidakpuasan dengan kebijakan ekonomi [[Uni Eropa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2016/12/02/europe-right-wing-nationalism-populist-revolt-trump-putin-524119.html|title=Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading|last=Lowe|first=Josh|last2=Matthews|first2=Owen|date=2016-11-23|website=Newsweek|access-date=2017-03-24|last3=AM|first3=Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02}}</ref> Pandangan Politik 2016 President [[Donald Trump]] telah diringkas oleh para cendekiawan sebagai populisme sayap kanan<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231|title=Trump's 6 populist positions|work=POLITICO|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> dan nasionalistnasionalis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-ends-election-2016-the-way-he-started-it-1478587823|title=Donald Trump Ends Election 2016 the Way He Started It|last=Reinhard|first=Beth|date=2016-11-08|work=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-nationalism-racism-make-america-great-again-521083|title=How Donald Trump’s nationalism won over white Americans|date=2016-11-15|work=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>

* {{flag|Austria}} – [[Partai Kemerdekaan Austria]],<ref name="Bieling2015">{{cite book|author=Hans-Jürgen Bieling|chapter=Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'|editor1=Johannes Jäger|editor2=Elisabeth Springler|title=Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65298-4|page=110}}</ref> [[Team Stronach]]<ref name="Micklin2015">{{cite book|author=Eric Micklin|chapter=The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential|editor1=Claudia Hefftler|editor2=Christine Neuhold|editor3=Olivier Rosenberg|display-editors = 3 |editor4=Julie Smith|title=The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqyYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|year=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28913-1|page=389}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

* {{flag|Belgia}} – [[Vlaams Belang]],<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA193|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31484-0|page=193}}</ref> [[Partai Rakyat (BelgiumBelgia)|Partai Rakyat]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Teun |last=Pauwels |title=Belgium: Decline of National Populism? |work=Exposing the Demagogues: Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe |publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, CES |year=2013 |page=85}}</ref>

* {{flag|Kanada}} - [[Partai Konservatif Kanada|Partai Konservatif]] (fraksi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-kellie-leitch-touched-off-a-culture-war/|title=How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war - Macleans.ca|date=23 September 2016|work=macleans.ca|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2016/11/26/groundswell-of-right-wing-populism-will-test-our-canadian-resolve-readers-say.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The popular comeback of populist politics|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2016/12/08/the-popular-comeback-of-populist-politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/kellie-leitch-latches-on-to-trump-victory/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Conservative Party Of Canada Is Ripe For A Populist Takeover - Kellie Leitch stands out in a crowd of conventional conservatives|url=http://www.themanitoban.com/2016/11/the-conservative-party-of-canada-is-ripe-for-a-populist-takeover/30017/|access-date=2017-07-10|archive-date=2019-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322070156/http://www.themanitoban.com/2016/11/the-conservative-party-of-canada-is-ripe-for-a-populist-takeover/30017/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* {{flag|Ceko}} – [[Fajar - Koalisi Nasional]],<ref name = "economistp">{{Citation |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/10/czech-elections |title=Czech elections: An angry electorate |newspaper=The Economist |date=25 October 2013}}</ref> [[FreedomKebebasan anddan DirectDemokrasi DemocracyLangsung]]

* {{flag|Denmark}} – [[Partai Rakyat Denmark]]<ref name="ZeitBieling2015"/><ref name="Bieling2015Zeit"/><ref name="CaramaniMény2005">{{cite book|author1=Daniele Caramani|author2=Yves Mény|title=Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwofe0Zg8MQC&pg=PA151|year=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-250-6|page=151}}</ref>

* {{flag|Estonia}} – [[Partai Rakyat Konservatif Estonia]]<ref name="Zeit"/><ref>{{cite web|work=[[openDemocracy]]|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/vassilis-petsinis/contentious-politics-in-baltics-new-wave-of-right-wing-populism|title=Contentious politics in the Baltics: the ‘new’ wave of right-wing populism in Estonia|date=28 April 2016|access-date=2017-07-10|archive-date=2019-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302000355/https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/vassilis-petsinis/contentious-politics-in-baltics-new-wave-of-right-wing-populism|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Zeit"/>

* {{flag|Uni Eropa}} – [[GerukanGerakan untuk sebuah Bangsa dan Kebebasan Eropa]], [[Aliansi Eropa untuk Kebebasan]], [[Aliansi untuk Demokrasi Langsung di Eropa]], [[Aliansi Konservatif dan Reformis di Eropa]] (fraksi)

* {{flag|PeranisPerancis}} – [[Barisan Nasional (FrancePrancis)|Barisan Nasional]],<ref name="Bieling2015"/><ref name="CaramaniMény2005"/> [[Prancis Bangkit]], [[PartaiLes Republik (Prancis)Républicains|Partai Republik]] (fraksi)

* {{flag|Jerman}} – [[Alternatif untuk Jerman]]<ref name="ZeitBieling2015"/><ref name="Bieling2015Zeit"/>

* {{flag|Yunani}} – [[Fajar Emas (partai politik)|Fajar Emas]],<ref name="euroscrepticism5">[https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/greek_right_wing_populist_parties_and_euroscepticism.pdf Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism](PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"</ref> [[IndependentYunani GreeksMerdeka]]<ref name="Zeit"/><ref name="Stefanova2014"/>

* {{flag|Hong Kong}} - [[Gairah Kewarganegaraan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/world/asia/pro-democracy-movements-vote-in-hong-kong-abruptly-called-off.html?_r=0|title=Pro-Democracy Movement’s Vote in Hong Kong Abruptly Called Off|date=26 OctoberOktober 2014|work=New York Times|first1=Chris|last1=Buckley|first2=Alan|last2=Wong}}</ref>

* {{flag|Latvia}} – [[Aliansi Nasional (Latvia)|Aliansi Nasional]]<ref name="Zeit"/><ref name="AuersKase">{{Citation |author1=Auers |author2=Kasekamp |title=Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia |pages=235–236}}</ref><ref name="Zeit"/>

* {{flag|Belanda}} – [[Partai untuk KemerdekaanKebebasan]]<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>

* {{flag|Polandia}} – [[Hukum dan Keadilan]],<ref name="Zeit">{{cite web|url=http://www.zeit.de/feature/populismus-extremismus-europa|title=Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa|first=Robert|last=Pausch|date=4 FebruaryFebruari 2015|publisher=|accessdate=28 April 2017|via=Die Zeit}}</ref> [[Kongres Kanan Baru]]<ref name="BPB">{{cite web|url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtspopulismus/242635/europakarte|title=Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa|date=December 2016|publisher=Federal Agency for Civic Education}}</ref>

* {{flag|Rusia}} – [[Partai Demokrat Liberal Rusia]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=16 March 2015}}</ref>

* {{flag|Serbia}} – [[Partai Radikal Serbia]],<ref name="Wolfram Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/serbia.html|title=Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe|accessdate=11 Desember 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Ruth |last1=Wodak |first2=Brigitte |last2=Mral |title=Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse |publisher=A&C Black |year=2013 |page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/stojarovavykoupilova2008020302.pdf|title=Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia|accessdate=24 January 2017|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013226/http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/stojarovavykoupilova2008020302.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Partai Kemajuan Serbia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3606719/After-Austria-election-look-Europe-right-wing-parties.html|title=After Austria election, a look at Europe right wing parties|accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/analyse-markets/serbia/political-outline?actualiser_id_banque=oui&id_banque=7|title=Serbian political outline|accessdate=April 28, 2017}}</ref> [[Dveri]]

* {{flag|Britania Raya}} – [[Partai SeikatSerikat Buruh Demokratik]]<ref name="dup">{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/britishpartysyst00ingl/page/n166 156]|title=The British Party System: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/britishpartysyst00ingl|first=Stephen|last=Ingle|publisher=Routledge|year=2008}}</ref>

* {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} – [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]] (fraksi)<ref name="rw politics">{{cite book|title=The Politics of the Right|first=Leo|last=Panitch|page=ix|publisher=NYU Press|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party|title=Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party|last=Cassidy|first=John|website=[[The New Yorker]]|date=29 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/07/populism-american-right/489800/|title=Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?|website=[[The Atlantic]]|last=Gould|first=J.J.|date=2 JulyJuli 2016}}</ref>

* {{flag|Belgia}} – [[Libertair, Direct, Democratisch]],<ref name="MuddeKaltwasser2012">{{cite book|author1=Cas Mudde|author2=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser|title=Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRy2H220Gi4C&pg=PA27|accessdate=30 July 2013|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02385-7|page=27}}</ref><ref name="nsd.uib.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/parties.html|title=European Election Database (EED)|work=uib.no|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-date=2011-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427100052/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/parties.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[VLOTT]]

* {{flag|Ceko}} – [[Partai Buruh Keadilan Sosial]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vile-netzwerk.de/rechtspopulismus-in-europa/articles/rechtspopulistische-parteien-in-tschechien.html|title=Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. - Vile Netzwerk|work=vile-netzwerk.de|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729051816/https://www.vile-netzwerk.de/rechtspopulismus-in-europa/articles/rechtspopulistische-parteien-in-tschechien.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Koalisi untuk Republik – Partai Republik Cekoslowakia]]

* {{flag|Italia}} – [[Api triwarna]], [[Die Freiheitlichen]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/styrol.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=2014-04-27}}</ref>

* {{flag|Spanyol}} – [[Vox (partai politik Spanyol)|Vox]], [[Platform untuk Katalonia]],<ref name=md>[http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/ Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071247/http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/ |date=2011-10-03 }} Minuto Digital (Spanish)</ref>

* {{flag|Swiss}} – [[Partai Kebebasan Swiss]], [[Geneva Citizens' Movement]],<ref name="Swissinfo 2009-10-11">{{cite news|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/24_heures_en_suisse/Les_populistes_brillent_aux_elections_genevoises.html?siteSect=104&sid=11337226|title=Les populistes brillent aux élections genevoises|date= 11 October 2009|publisher=[[Swissinfo]]|language=French|accessdate=2009-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926145531/http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/politique_suisse/Les_populistes_brillent_aux_elections_genevoises.html?cid=292402|archivedate=2012-09-26}}</ref><ref name="Cloud">{{cite web | title=Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result | url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/populism-triumphs_cross-border-issues-cloud-geneva-election-result/37306956 | date=November 11, 2013 | publisher=[[Swissinfo]] | accessdate=December 15, 2016}}</ref> [[Ticino League]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nfp40plus.ch/topic4356/story9096.html|title= Nationales Forschungsprogramm 40+|access-date= 2017-07-10|archive-date= 2009-01-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090130061335/http://www.nfp40plus.ch/topic4356/story9096.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref>

* {{flag|Ceko}} – [[Public Affairs (political party)|Public Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien |first=Alexandra |last=Klausmann |newspaper=[[Wiener Zeitung]] |date=21 May 2010 |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/default.aspx?tabID=3861&alias=wzo&cob=494591 |language=de |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122248/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/default.aspx?tabID=3861&alias=wzo&cob=494591 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* {{flag|Italia}} – [[Aliansi Nasional (Italia)|Aliansi Nasional]]<ref>{{Citation|first=Sarah L.|last=De Lange|title=Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership|year=2008|page=9 |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/poc2008/papers/DeLange_RightWingPopulistParties.pdf|accessdate=2017-07-10|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081610/http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/poc2008/papers/DeLange_RightWingPopulistParties.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* [[Left-wing populism|Populisme sayap kiri <br>]]

* [[New nationalism (21st century)|Nasionalisme baru (abad ke-21)]]

* [[Opposition to immigration|Perlawanan terhadap imigrasi]]

* [[Right-wing authoritarianism|Otoritarianisme sayap kanan]]