John J. McCloy: Perbedaan antara revisi
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John Jay McCloy (31 Maret 1895 – 11 Maret 1989) adalah seorang pengacara, diplomat, bankir, dan penasihat presiden Amerika. Ia menjabat sebagai Asisten Menteri Perang selama Perang Dunia II di bawah Henry Stimson , membantu menangani isu-isu seperti sabotase Jerman, ketegangan politik dalam Kampanye Afrika Utara , dan menentang pemboman atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki . Setelah perang, ia menjabat sebagai presiden Bank Dunia , Komisaris Tinggi AS untuk Jerman , ketua Chase Manhattan Bank , ketua Dewan Hubungan Luar Negeri , anggota Komisi Warren , dan penasihat terkemuka Amerika Serikat untuk semua presiden. dari Franklin D. Roosevelt hingga Ronald Reagan .▼
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[[Berkas:John McCloy, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany - NARA - 200186 (cropped).jpg|jmpl]]
▲'''John Jay McCloy''' ({{lahirmati||31
McCloy paling dikenang sebagai anggota kelompok tetua pembuat kebijakan luar negeri yang disebut " The Wise Men
▲McCloy paling dikenang sebagai anggota kelompok tetua pembuat kebijakan luar negeri yang disebut " The Wise Men ", sekelompok negarawan yang ditandai dengan sikap non-partisan, internasionalisme pragmatis , dan keengganan terhadap semangat ideologis.
== Tahun-tahun Awal ==
John Jay McCloy lahir di
Philadelphia
McCloy dididik di Sekolah Peddie di New Jersey, dan Amherst College tempat dia lulus pada tahun 1916. Dia adalah siswa di atas rata-rata yang unggul dalam tenis dan bergerak dengan lancar di antara putra-putra elit bangsa.
Pada tahun 1930, McCloy menikah dengan Ellen Zinsser, penduduk asli Hastings-on-Hudson, New York dan lulusan Smith College pada tahun 1918 . Dia aktif dalam organisasi sukarelawan dan sipil, seperti program keperawatan sukarelawan dan bertugas di dewan Girls Clubs of America cabang New York, sekolah perawat Rumah Sakit Bellevue, dan Palang Merah Amerika cabang New York
==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
==Bacaan tambahan==
▲McCloy dididik di Sekolah Peddie di New Jersey, dan Amherst College tempat dia lulus pada tahun 1916. Dia adalah siswa di atas rata-rata yang unggul dalam tenis dan bergerak dengan lancar di antara putra-putra elit bangsa. [6] McCloy adalah saudara dari persaudaraan Beta Theta Pi di Amherst.
* [[Bird, Kai]] (1992). [https://archive.org/download/KaiBirdTheChairmanJohnJ.McCloyTheMakingOfTheAmericanEstablishment2017SimonSchuster/Kai%20Bird%20-%20The%20Chairman_%20John%20J.%20McCloy%20%26%20The%20Making%20of%20the%20American%20Establishment%20%282017%2C%20Simon%20%26%20Schuster%29.pdf ''The Chairman: John J. McCloy & the Making of the American Establishment''.] New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|978-0671454159}}.
* Erdheim, Stuart (Fall 1997). [https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/11/2/129/798525 "Could The Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?"] ''[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]''. pp. 129–170. {{doi|10.1093/hgs/11.2.129}}.
* [[Gilbert, Martin]] (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2hsDwAAQBAJ ''Auschwitz and the Allies''.] Illinois: [[Holt, Rinehart, and Winston]]. {{ISBN|0030592844|978-0030592843}}.
* [[Max Holland|Holland, Max]] (Autumn 1991). [http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL15_A_1991_Article_01_1.pdf "Citizen McCloy."] ''[[The Wilson Quarterly]]'', vol. 15, no. 4. pp. 22–42. [http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/file/download/46 full issue.] {{JSTOR|40258158}}.
* [[Irons, Peter]] (1988). [[iarchive:courageoftheirco00iron|''The Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court'']]. New York: [[The Free Press]]. {{ISBN|002915670X}}.
* [[Walter Isaacson|Isaacson, Walter]], and [[Evan Thomas]] (1986). ''[[The Wise Men (book)|The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy]]''. New York: [[Simon & Schuster]].
* Roberts, Priscilla (Dec. 1992). [https://archive.org/download/roberts-priscilla-all-the-right-people-the-historiography-of-the-american-foreig/Roberts%2C%20Priscilla%20-%20%E2%80%98All%20the%20Right%20People%E2%80%99%20-%20The%20Historiography%20of%20the%20American%20Foreign%20Policy%20Establishment%20%28Journal%20of%20American%20Studies%2C%20vol.%2026%2C%20no.%203%2C%20The%20United%20States%20and%20World%20Order%2C%20Dec.%201992%29%2C%20pp.%20409-434%20%5BJSTOR%201406545%5D.pdf {{"'}}All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment."] ''[[Journal of American Studies]]'', vol. 26, no. 3. pp. 409–434. {{JSTOR|27555686}}.
* [[Rockefeller, David]] (2002). [[iarchive:memoirs0000rock|''Memoirs'']]. New York: [[Random House]]. {{ISBN|0812969731|978-0812969733}}.
* [[Thomas A. Schwartz|Schwartz, Thomas Alan]] (1991). [[iarchive:americasgermanyj0000schw|''America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany'']]. Cambridge, Mass.: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0674031156}}.
* [[Thomas A. Schwartz|Schwartz, Thomas Alan]] (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8PWp1GpWdX8C&pg=PA433 "John J. McCloy and the Landsberg Cases" (Chapter 21).] In: Diefendorf, Jeffry M., and Axel Frohn, Hermann-Josef Rupieper (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8PWp1GpWdX8C ''American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany 1945–1955''.] New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0521431200}}.
* Wilson, John Donald (1986). [[iarchive:chasechasemanhat0000wils|''The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–85''.]] Boston: [[Harvard Business School Press]]. {{ISBN|0875841341}}.
* Wolf, Thomas P. (Feb. 2000). [http://www.anb.org/articles/07/07-00189.html "McCloy, John Jay, Jr."] ''[[American National Biography Online]]''.
==Pranala luar==
▲Pada tahun 1930, McCloy menikah dengan Ellen Zinsser, penduduk asli Hastings-on-Hudson, New York dan lulusan Smith College pada tahun 1918 . Dia aktif dalam organisasi sukarelawan dan sipil, seperti program keperawatan sukarelawan dan bertugas di dewan Girls Clubs of America cabang New York, sekolah perawat Rumah Sakit Bellevue, dan Palang Merah Amerika cabang New York . Mereka memiliki dua anak: John J. McCloy II dan Ellen Z. McCloy
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100804031426/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FMcCloy%2C+John+J. Works related to John J. McCloy] at the [[Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]]
* [https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/archives/history/past-presidents/john-jay-mccloy Biography of John McCloy (website)]
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/bombau.html Could The Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?] by Mitchell Bard
* [http://encyclopedia.densho.org/John%20McCloy/ John McCloy] at ''[[Densho Encyclopedia]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030902060336/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5944/william-g-hyland/john-j-mccloy-1895-1989.html "John J. McCloy, 1895–1989"]—Spring 1989 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article by William G. Hyland
* [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/biographies/bio_mccloy-john.htm John J. McCloy], a biography on Nuclearfiles.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903165631/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom.htm Presidential Medal of Freedom] at [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/filmmore/reference/primary/bombjohn.html A letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323041217/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/filmmore/reference/primary/bombjohn.html |date=2017-03-23 }} to John W. Pehle
* [http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-mccloy.htm "The Splendid Reconciliation"]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011793}}
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/46 John J. McCloy (AC 1916) Papers] from the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
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