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Baris 1: ~~{{terjemah\|Inggris}}~~ {{Communism}} '''Maoisme''' atau '''Pemikiran Mao Zedong''' ({{zh-sp\|s=毛泽东思想\|p=Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng}}), adalah varian dari [[Marxisme-Leninisme]] berasal dari ajaran-ajaran pemimpin [[komunis]] [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok\|Tiongkok]] [[Mao Zedong]] ([[Wade-Giles Romanization]]: "Mao Tse-tung"). Baris 5 ⟶ 4: Perlu dicatat bahwa istilah ''Pemikiran Mao Zedong'' lebih disukai oleh [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT) dan bahwa istilah ''Maoisme'' tidak pernah dipergunakan dalam terbitan-terbitan bahasa Inggrisnya kecuali dalam penggunaan [[peyoratif]]. Demikian pula, kelompok-kelompok Maois di luar Tiongkok biasanya menyebut diri mereka [[Marxis-Leninis]] dan bukan Maois. Ini mencerminkan pandangan Mao bahwa ia tidak mengubah, melainkan hanya mengembangkan [[Marxisme-Leninisme]]. Namun, beberapa kelompok Maois, percaya bahwa teori-teori Mao telah memberikan tambahan berarti kepada dasar-dasar [[kanon]] [[Marxis]], dan karena itu menyebut diri mereka "Marxis-Leninis-Maois" (MLM) atau "Maois" saja. Di RRT, pemikiran Mao Zedong adalah bagian dari doktrin resmi Partai Komunis Tiongkok, ~~namun~~tetapi sejak [[1978]], permulaan pembaruan [[Deng Xiaoping]] yang berorientasi [[ekonomi pasar]], dengan konsep tampilnya ke barisan depan "[[sosialisme dengan ciri khas Tiongkok]]" dalam politik, diberlakukanlah [[pembaruan ekonomi Tiongkok]], dan definisi resmi serta pernaan [[ideologi]] asli Mao di RRT secara radikal telah diubah dan dikurangi (lihat ''[[Sejarah Tiongkok]]''). Di luar RRT, istilah ''Maoisme'' digunakan sejak [[1960-an]], biasanya dalam pengertian yang negatif, untuk menggambarkan partai-partai atau orang-orang yang mendukung Mao Zedong dan bentuk [[komunisme]]nya. Sejak kematian Mao dan pembaruan oleh Deng, kebanyakan partai yang secara tegas menyebut dirinya "Maois" telah lenyap, ~~namun~~tetapi berbagai kelompok komunis di seluruh dunia, khususnya yang bersenjata seperti [[Partai Komunis India (Maois)]], [[Partai Komunis Nepal (Maois)]] dan [[Tentara Rakyat Baru]] di [[Filipina]], terus memajukan gagasan-gagasan Maois dan memperoleh perhatian pers karenanya. Kelompok-kelompok ini biasanya berpendapat bahwa gagasan-gagasan Mao telah dikhianati sebelum sempat sepenuhnya atau dengan semestinya diterapkan. Maoisme dan turunannya dengan kuat mendukung [[Uni Soviet]] dari era pra-[[Nikita Khruschev]] dan menganggap perkembangan dari [[Bahasa Rahasia]] telah memulai "[[Revisionisme (Marxisme)\|revisionisme]]" dan "[[imperialisme-sosial]]" negara itu. Biasanya orang menganggap bahwa kaum Maois mengambil garis politik yang [[anti-revisionis]] dan yang umumnya lebih [[militan]] daripada "[[ko-eksistensi damai]]" yang diajukan oleh Soviet dan para pengikutnya setelah 1956. Biasanya kebanyakan Maois menganggap [[Joseph Stalin]] sebagai pemimpin sosialis sejati terakhir dari Uni Soviet. ~~[[jmpl]]~~ == Teori Maois == Berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk [[Marxisme-Leninisme]] yang lebih awal, di mana kaum [[proletar]] perkotaan dianggap sebagai sumber utama revolusi, dan daerah pedesaan pada umumnya diabaikan, Mao memusatkan perhatian pada kaum buruh-tani sebagai kekuatan revolusioner yang utama, yang, menurutnya, dapat ''dipimpin'' oleh kaum proletari dan [[pengawal]]nya, PKT. Model untuk ini adalah for [[perang rakyat berkepanjangan]] yang dilakukan oleh komunis Tiongkok di pedesaan pada 1920-an dan 1930-an, yang akhirnya mengantarkan PKT ke tampuk kekuasaan. Lebih jauh, berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk Marxisme-Leninisme lain di mana pembangunan industri besar-besaran dipandang sebagai suatu kekuatan positif, Maoisme menjadikan pembangunan pedesaan keseluruhan sebagai prioritasnya. Mao merasa bahwa strategi ini masuk akal pada masa tahap-tahap awal sosialisme di sebuah Negara di mana kebanyakan rakyatnya adalah buruh-tani. Berbeda dengan kebanyakan ~~ideology~~ideologi politik lainnya, termasuk ideologi [[sosialis]] dan Marxis, Maoisme mengandung doktrin [[militer]] yang integral dan ~~secara~~dengan ~~eksplisit~~jelas menghubungkan ideologi politiknya dengan [[strategi militer]]. Dalam pemikiran Maois, "kekuasaan politik berasal dari moncong senapan " (salah satu kutipan ucapan Mao), dan kaum [[buruh-tani]] dapat dimobilisasi untuk melakukan "[[perang rakyat]]" dalam perjuangan bersenjata yang melibatkan [[perang gerilya]] dalam tiga tahap. Tahap pertama melibatkan mobilisasi dan pengorganisasian kaum buruh-tani. Tahap kedua melibatkan pembanugnan wilayah basis di pedesaan dan peningkatan koordinasi di antara organisasi-organisasi [[perang gerilya\|gerilya]]. Tahap ketiga melibatkan transisi ke [[perang konvensional]]. Doktrin militer Maois menyamakan pejuang gerilya dengan ikan yang berenang di sebuah lautan yang penuh dengan buruh tani, yang memberikan dukungan logistik. Maoisme menekankan "mobilisasi massa yang revolusioner " (secara fisik memobilisasi sebagian besar penduduk dalam perjuangan demi sosialisme), [[Demokrasi Baru (konsep)\|konsep tentang Demokrasi Baru]], dan [[Teori Angkatan Produktif]] sebagaimana yang diterapkan dalam industri-industri tingkat desa yang tidak tergantung dengan dunia luar (''lihat [[Lompatan Jauh ke Depan]]''). Dalam Maoisme, pengorganisasin yang cermat atas kekuatan militer dan ekonomi yang besar adalah perlu untuk mempertahankan wilayah revolusi dari ancaman luar, sementara [[sentralisasi]] menjaga agar korupsi dapat terus diawasi, di tengah-tengah kontrol yang kuat, dan kadang-kadang perubahan, melalui kaum revolusioner di ranah [[seni]] dan [[ilmu pengetahuan]]. <!--A key concept that distinguishes Maoism from most other left-wing ideologies (save for mainstream [[Marxism-Leninism]]) is the belief that the [[class struggle]] continues throughout the entire socialist period, as a result of the fundamental [[antagonistic contradiction]] between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]]. Even when the [[proletariat]] has seized state power through a socialist [[revolution]], the potential remains for a [[bourgeoisie]] to restore capitalism. Indeed, Mao famously stated that "the bourgeoisie [in a socialist country] is right inside the Communist Party itself", implying that corrupt Party officials would subvert socialism if not prevented. This was officially the main reason for the [[Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution]], in which Mao exhorted the public to "Bombard the [Party] headquarters!" and wrest control of the government from bureaucrats (such as [[Liu Shaoqi]] and [[Deng Xiaoping]]) perceived to be on the capitalist road. ~~This is akin to the "Stalinist" theory of the [[aggravation of class struggle under socialism]].~~ Mao's doctrine is best summarized in the [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong\|Little Red Book]] of Mao Zedong, which was distributed to everyone in China as the basis of revolutionary education. This book consists of quotations from the earliest days of the revolution to the mid-1960s, just before the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. ~~<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Berkas:Mao propaganda.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|right\|Mao Propaganda]] -->~~ ~~<!--==Maoism in China==~~ Since the death of Mao Zedong in [[1976]], and the reforms of [[Deng Xiaoping]] starting in [[1978]], the role of Mao's ideology within the PRC has radically changed. Although Mao Zedong Thought nominally remains the state ideology, Deng's admonition to [[seek truth from facts]] means that state policies are judged on their practical consequences and the role of ideology in determining policy has been considerably reduced. Deng also separated Mao from Maoism, making it clear that Mao was fallible and hence that the truth of Maoism comes from observing social consequences rather than by using Mao's quotations as [[Holy Writ\|holy writ]], as was done in Mao's lifetime. In addition, the party constitution has been rewritten to give the pragmatic ideas of Deng Xiaoping as much prominence as those of Mao. One consequence of this is that groups outside China which describe themselves as Maoist generally regard China as having repudiated Maoism and restored [[capitalism]], and there is a wide perception both in and out of China that China has abandoned Maoism. However, while it is now permissible to question particular actions of Mao and to talk about excesses taken in the name of Maoism, there is a prohibition in China on either publicly questioning the validity of Maoism or questioning whether the current actions of the CCP are "Maoist." Although Mao Zedong Thought is still listed as one of the [[four cardinal principles]] of the People's Republic of China, its historical role has been re-assessed. The Communist Party now says that Maoism was necessary to break China free from its feudal past, but that the actions of Mao are seen to have led to excesses during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. The official view is that China has now reached an economic and political stage, known as the [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics\|primary stage of socialism]], in which China faces new and different problems completely unforeseen by Mao, and as such the solutions that Mao advocated are no longer relevant to China's current conditions. Both Maoist critics outside China and most Western commentators see this re-working of the definition of Maoism as providing an ideological justification for what they see as the restoration of the essentials of capitalism in China by Deng and his successors. Mao himself is officially regarded by the CCP as a "great revolutionary leader" for his role in fighting the Japanese and creating the People's Republic of China, but Maoism as implemented between [[1959]] and [[1976]] is regarded by today's CCP as an economic and political disaster. In Deng's day, support of radical Maoism was regarded as a form of "left deviationism" and being based on a [[cult of personality]], although these 'errors' are officially attributed to the [[Gang of Four (China)\|Gang of Four]] rather than to Mao himself. Although these ideological categories and disputes are less relevant at the start of the 21st century, these distinctions were very important in the early 1980s, when the Chinese government was faced with the dilemma of how to allow economic reform to proceed without destroying its own legitimacy, and many argue that Deng's success in starting [[Chinese economic reform]] was in large part due to his being able to justify those reforms within a Maoist framework. Some historians today regard Maoism as an ideology devised by Mao as a pretext for his own quest for power. The official view of the Chinese government was that Mao did not create Maoism to gain power, but that in his later years, Mao or those around him were able to use Maoism to create a [[cult of personality]]. Both the official view of the CCP and much public opinion within China regards the latter period of Mao's rule as having been a disaster for their country. The various estimates of the number of deaths attributable to Mao's policies that have been offered remain highly controversial. For more discussion of this period, see the article [[Cultural Revolution]]. Still, many regret the erosion of guaranteed employment, education, health care, and other gains of the revolution that have been largely lost in the new profit-driven economy. This is reflected in a strain of [[Chinese Neo-Leftism]] in the country that seeks to return China to the days after Mao but before Deng; for more on that current's beliefs, see its article. Some Western scholars argue that China's rapid industrialization and relatively quick recovery from the brutal period of civil wars 1911-1949 was a positive impact of Maoism, and contrast its development specifically to that of Southeast Asia, Russia and India. ~~==Maoism internationally==~~ ~~[[Berkas:Mrppmaoismo.jpg\|thumb\|Portuguese [[MRPP]] poster]]~~ From [[1962]] onwards the challenge to the Soviet [[hegemony]] in the [[World Communist Movement]] made by the CCP resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world. At an early stage, the [[Albanian Party of Labour]] sided with CCP. So did many of the [[mainstream]] (non-splinter group) communist parties in South-East Asia, like the [[Burmese Communist Party]], [[Communist Party of Thailand]], and [[Communist Party of Indonesia]]. Some Asian parties, like the [[Workers Party of Vietnam]] and the [[Workers Party of Korea]] attempted to take a middle-ground position. In the west and south, a plethora of parties and organizations were formed that upheld links to the CCP. Often they took names such as ''Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)'' or ''Revolutionary Communist Party'' to distinguish themselves from the traditional pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CCP movements were, in many cases, based amongst the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s. Only one [[Western world\|Western]] classic communist party sided with CCP, the [[Communist Party of New Zealand]]. Under the leadership of CCP and Mao Zedong, a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the [[Soviets]], although it was never as formalized and homogeneous as the pro-Soviet tendency. After the death of Mao in [[1976]] and various power-struggles in China that followed, the international Maoist movement was, in rough terms, divided into three. One section supported — although not necessarily with great enthusiasm — the new Chinese leadership under [[Deng Xiaoping]]. This category was highly [[heterogeneous]]. Another section denounced the new leadership as traitors to the cause of Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. A third section sided with the Albanians in denouncing the [[Three Worlds Theory]] of the CCP. (See [[Sino-Albanian Split]].) The pro-Albanian category would effectively start to function as an international tendency of its own, led by [[Enver Hoxha]] and the APL. That tendency was able to amalgamate most of the groups in Latin America, such as the [[Communist Party of Brazil]]. The new Chinese leadership had little interest in the various foreign factions supporting Mao's China, and the movement fell into disarray. Many of the parties that had been [[fraternal party\|fraternal parties]] of the Chinese government before 1975 either disbanded, abandoned the Chinese entirely, or even denounced [[Marxism-Leninism]] and developed into non-communist, [[social democratic]] parties. What is today sometimes referred to as the "international Maoist movement" evolved out of the second category — the parties that opposed Deng and claimed to uphold the legacy of Mao. During the 1980s two parallel regroupment efforts emerged, one centered around the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], which gave birth to the [[International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)\|ICMLPO]], and one that birthed the [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]], which the [[Shining Path]] communist guerrilla group and the [[Revolutionary Communist Party USA]] played a leading role in forming. Both the International Conference and the RIM tendencies claimed to uphold Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, although RIM was later to substitute that ideology with what they termed 'Marxism-Leninism-Maoism'. ~~==Maoism today==~~ Today the Maoist organizations grouped in RIM have their strongest hold in [[South Asia]], and are at the forefront of the armed struggles in [[Bangladesh]], and until recently [[Nepal]], where the Maoists signed a treaty to join the interim government. There are also lesser struggles going on in [[Peru]] and [[Turkey]]. ~~In the [[Philippines]], the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], which is not part of the RIM, leads an armed struggle through its military wing, the [[New People's Army]].~~ ~~In Peru, the [[Shining Path]] remnants are fighting a sporadic people's war, however since the capture of their leader, [[Chairman Gonzalo]] in 1992, the Shining Path has crumbled.~~ ~~In India, the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], or the Naxalites, have been fighting a people's protracted war.~~ In [[Germany]] the [[International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations\|ICMLPO]]-affiliated [[MLPD]] is the largest Maoist group in the country. Additionally there is the [[Workers Party of Belgium]], which has risen to become one of the major players in the [[International Communist Movement]]. Maoism has also become a significant [[political ideology]] in [[Nepal]], where until recently, the Maoist insurgency has been fighting against the [[Royal Nepalese Army]] and other supporters of the [[monarchy]]. The [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]], a RIM member, has declared the armed struggle over and will be joining the an interim government leading to elections for a national constituent assembly. ~~==Military strategy==~~ == Pengaruh internasional == Mao is widely regarded as a brilliant military strategist even among those who oppose his political or economic ideas. His writings on guerrilla warfare, most notably in his groundbreaking primer ''On Guerilla Warfare,'' and the notion of [[people's war]] are now generally considered to be essential reading, both for those who wish to conduct guerrilla operations and for those who wish to oppose them. Di Iran, [[Sarbedaran]] menjadi salah satu partai politik beraliran Maoisme. Organisasi tersebut dibentuk pada tahun 1976 setelah aliansi sejumlah kelompok Maois melakukan aksi militer di Iran. Pada tahun 1982, kelompok ini memobilisasi pasukan di hutan sekitar [[Amol]] dan melancarkan pemberontakan melawan Pemerintah Islam. Pemberontakan akhirnya gagal dan banyak pemimpin Sarbedaran yang ditembak. Pada tahun 1968 di Swedia, sekte ekstremis kecil Maois bernama ''Rebellerna'' didirikan di [[Stockholm]]. Dipimpin oleh Francisco Sarrión, kelompok tersebut tidak berhasil membuat kedutaan besar Tiongkok menerima mereka ke dalam Partai Komunis Tiongkok. Organisasi ini hanya bertahan beberapa bulan. As with his economic and political ideas, Maoist military ideas seem to have more relevance at the start of the 21st century outside of the [[People's Republic of China]] than within it. There is a consensus both within and outside the PRC that the military context that the PRC faces in the early 21st century are very different from the one faced by China in the 1930s. As a result, within the [[People's Liberation Army]] there has been extensive debate over whether and how to relate Mao's military doctrines to 21st-century military ideas, especially the idea of a [[revolution in military affairs]]. --> == Lihat pula == Baris 101 ⟶ 35: * [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm#mao-tse-tung The Encyclopedia of Marxism] Kehidupan Mao. * [http://burning.typepad.com# Red Flags] Berita dan Komentar dari berbagai perspektif Maois * [http://www.monthlyreview.org/0105commentary.htm Monthly Review Januari 2005] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032355/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0105commentary.htm \|date=2011-03-17 }} Teks dari selebaran-selebaran yang disebarkan oleh Zhengzhou Four. * [http://irtr.org It's Right To Rebel - Forum dan Sumber-sumber Maois] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125192753/http://irtr.org/ \|date=2021-01-25 }} * [http://mimnotes.info Berita dan Komentar Maois] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126205139/http://mimnotes.info/ \|date=2021-01-26 }} * [http://revmedia.net World Revolution Media] - film revolusioner, musik dan arsip seni Maois * [http://Naxalrevolution.blogspot.com Naxal Revolution] Blog pro-Maois * [http://parisar.wordpress.com parisar] Blog mahasiswa pro-Maois * [http://maoist.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page WikiMaoist] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707073357/http://maoist.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page \|date=2007-07-07 }} Wiki Maois === Organisasi terpilih didaftarkan secara alfatetis === Baris 118 ⟶ 52: * [http://www.kaypakkayahaber.com/ Communist Party of Turkey / Marxist–Leninist] * [http://www.frso.org/ Organisasi Sosialis Jalan Kemerdekaan] * [http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM Maoist Internationalist Movement (MIM)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226165012/http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/ \|date=2008-12-26 }} * [http://www.pcr-rcpcanada.org/ Partai Komunis Revolusioner Kanada (PCR-RCP)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207090047/http://www.pcr-rcpcanada.org/ \|date=2014-02-07 }} * [http://revcom.us/ Partai Komunis Revolusioner AS] - makalah ''Revolusi'' online * [http://www.awtw.org/rim/index.htm Gerakan Internasionalis Revolusioner] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406043227/http://www.awtw.org/rim/index.htm \|date=2007-04-06 }} - Komite dari berbagai partai Marxis-Leninis-Maois dari seluruh dunia === Revolusi === * [http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper277.html Makalah tentang "Maoists of Nepal" dari situs "South Asia Analysis Group" www.saag.org] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154620/http://saag.org/papers3/paper277.html \|date=2007-10-13 }} * [http://www.philippinerevolution.org/index.shtml Philippine Revolution Web Central] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001950/http://www.philippinerevolution.org/index.shtml \|date=2007-09-28 }} Informasi tentang Partai Komunis Filipina, Tentara Rakyat Baru, dan Revolusi di Filipina * [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&q=+site:news.bbc.co.uk+Maoists Search] [[BBC]] untuk berita tentang kaum Maois (menggunakan [[Google]]) * [http://news.google.com/news?q=Maoists&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=N&tab=wn Mencari Maois] di [[Google News]] {{Ideologies}} ~~[[Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Tionghoa]]~~ ~~[[Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris]]~~ ~~[[Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris Juni 2013]]~~ [[Kategori:Filsafat Tionghoa]] [[Kategori:Ideologi politik]] [[Kategori:Politik ~~Kiri-~~kiri jauh]] [[Kategori:Komunisme]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Politik Tiongkok]]